CP7菌株抗菌物质对真菌的活性及其作用机制研究

旨在研究多黏类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)CP7菌株分泌的抗菌物质对玉米大斑菌和白色念珠菌的活性作用。结果显示,CP7菌抗菌物质对玉米大斑菌和白色念珠菌的菌丝、孢子生长有强烈的抑制作用,CP7菌抗菌物质处理后,玉米大斑菌的菌丝出现畸形、扭曲,细胞外壁皱缩,原生质发生凝聚,产生空泡,细胞器消溶,核区出现核固缩等现象;白色念珠菌的细胞壁和细胞膜模糊,原生质有凝聚现象,细胞器消溶,细胞核变形。推测CP7菌株抗菌物质是破坏真菌的细胞壁和细胞膜结构,形成通道,引起内容物外渗,破坏细胞内部结构,使原生质凝聚,细胞核固缩,最终使菌体死亡。     

植物内生菌生物抗菌活性物质研究进展

植物内生菌作为一种新型的微生物资源,分离和确定其代谢产物是一条寻找新型天然活性物质的重要途径。目前为止,许多研究者从不同的植物内生菌中分离到大量具有抗菌活性的新化合物,这些新的化合物被认为是解决日益严重的微生物多重耐药性的希望之一。本文从植物内生菌的多样性、抗菌活性物质多样性及国内内生菌研究进展等多个角度概述了当前有关植物内生菌研究的主要成果和最新进展,以期为植物内生菌相关研究提供借鉴。     

药用植物内生菌的分离及抗菌活性的初步研究

为研究药用植物金荞麦、款冬及黄皮树中内生菌的抗菌活性,筛选具有广谱抗菌效果的内生菌。以导致人畜及植物致病的15种病原微生物为拮抗菌株,采用改进K-B纸片法、生长速率法及琼脂二倍稀释法进行抑菌试验。结果从三种药用植物中共分离到内生菌38株,其中FE-R9、TE-R7、PE-S11三株内生真菌发酵液提取物对10种人畜指示菌的最低抑菌浓度(M IC)分别在7.50~15.00 g.L-1、3.13~12.50 g.L-1、0.39~15.00 g.L-1之间。FE-R9、TE-R7、PE-S11对多种病原微生物具有显著抑制生长的作用,这可为寻找天然抗菌物质提供资源。     

耐热小双孢菌212030的初步鉴定及抗菌活性评价

采用腐殖酸培养基,从海南文昌红树林中海芒果的根际土壤分离得到一株小双孢菌212030.该菌株在45℃下的生长速度比在28℃的生长速度要快,属兼性嗜热菌.菌株212030的耐盐度为0～5%,不添加NaCl的时候生长最佳.通过16S rDNA基因序列分析,菌株212030与Microbispora amethystogene JCM 3021T的相似率最高,为98.9%.菌株212030发酵液对聚团肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用.     

大花黄牡丹内生菌的分离鉴定及其抗菌活性菌株的筛选

采用研磨法从健康大花黄牡丹的根、茎、叶柄、叶和种子中进行菌种分离,依据其形态、培养特征及其他生物学特性对菌株进行初步鉴定;采用平板对峙法对分离的内生菌进行拮抗试验研究,并对强活性菌株进行16S rD-NA序列鉴定,以明确大花黄牡丹内生菌的种类,筛选对农作物病害有抑制作用的菌株.结果表明:(1)获得内生真菌188株,鉴定为10个属,以短蠕孢属(50％)、青霉孢属(18.6％)和曲霉孢属(12.3％)为优势种群.获得内生放线菌145株,以链霉菌属(98.6％)为优势种群.表明大花黄牡丹内生菌在数量和种类上存在极丰富的多样性,同时在不同组织存在一定的差异性.(2)抑菌试验结果显示,21.6％真菌对指示菌有抑菌作用,抑菌圈直径最大为10mm;27.8％放线菌对指示菌有抑菌作用,其中菌株PND31的抑菌活性较强,抑菌谱较广.(3)16S rDNA序列鉴定显示,菌株PND31与链霉菌属聚在一起,初步归为链霉菌属一个种.     

抗菌肽抗菌机制及其应用研究进展

抗菌肽是一类小分子肽,具有广谱的抗菌活性。以往对抗菌肽抗菌机制的研究主要集中在细菌细胞膜的作用上,包含"桶板"模型、"毯式"模型,"环形孔"模型和"凝聚"模型。近年来相继发现某些抗菌肽可以作用于细菌细胞内部,与核酸物质结合,阻断DNA复制、RNA合成;影响蛋白质合成;抑制隔膜、细胞壁合成,阻碍细胞分裂;抑制胞内酶的活性。本文从胞内机制和胞外机制两个角度对抗菌肽的抗菌机制进行综述,以期阐明各类抗菌肽的作用机制,为进一步研究菌株耐药性、杀菌效果及其杀菌机制提供科学根据。     

多孔板-MTT比色法测定植物抗菌成分对细菌的抑制活性

多孔板-MTT比色法测定植物抗菌成分对细菌抑制活性的步骤为：每孔加入浓度为10^6cfu／mL的供试菌液90灿,然后加入不同浓度的药液10μL,28℃暗培养24h后,每孔中加入5mg／mL的MTT溶液10μL,继续培养4h后加入10％二甲基亚砜100μL,振荡30min,在570nm处测定溶液的吸光值。采用以上方法,测定植物抗菌成分蓝桉醇对辣椒斑点病黄单胞菌（Xanthomonas vesicatoria）和枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）的半抑制浓度（IC50）分别为0．158和0．395mg／mL,小檗碱对溶血葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus haemolyticus）的IC50为0．587mg／mL。结果表明,多孔板-MTT比色法能快速、微量地测定植物成分对细菌的抑制活性。     

北极苔原土壤中可培养细菌的分离及其抗菌活性测定

【目的】北极地区具有高纬度、低温、高辐射等独特的环境条件。北冰洋及周围大面积的陆地区域鲜有人类踪迹,其中微生物数量不可低估。本研究旨在了解北极土壤中的可培养微生物的多样性及其抗菌活性。【方法】对来源于北极黄河站附近的7份不同植物根下苔原土壤进行直接涂布和富集培养后涂布。【结果】共获得细菌菌株721株,对其中608株进行细菌16S rRNA基因序列测定,归属于86个属,229个种,主要分布于变形菌门(Proteobacteria,54.3%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,21.2%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,12.8%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,10.0%)和奇异球菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus,1.6%)。其中从16S rRNA基因序列同源性推测有22株细菌菌株为潜在新种/属。从分离菌株中筛选出16株可抑制金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)或鲍氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacterbaumannii)生长的拮抗菌。【结论】获得了北极土壤地区特有的微生物菌株资源,为进一步筛选拮抗菌的活性物质提供了菌株基础。     

铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜对抗菌药物作用影响的实验研究

细菌生物被膜形成在难治性感染中起重要作用,本实验在体外进行铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜与抗菌药物作用的研究。铜绿假单胞菌在生理盐水特氟隆系统孵育6d,可在特氟隆表面上形成细菌生物被膜(Biofilm),经扫描电镜证实,它包裹在微菌落表面。应用环丙氟哌酸,甲红霉素,罗红霉素,穿心莲作用于生物被膜细菌并观察结果。发现与2倍MIC环丙氟哌酸作用4h后,悬浮细菌存活率降至002%,但生物被膜细菌存活率则为41%,当10μg/mL甲红霉素,12μg/mL罗红霉素,005g/mL穿心莲分别与环丙氟哌酸联合应用时,生物膜细菌存活率分别降至02%,05%和27%。结果表明生物被膜细菌对环丙氟哌酸的抵抗力较悬浮细菌明显增强,而环丙氟哌酸分别与甲红霉素,罗红霉素,穿心莲联合应用则有明显抑菌作用。推测此种联合用药方式可能提高对难治性感染的治疗效果     

Inhibition of Brochothrix thermosphacta and sensory improvement of tropical peeled cooked shrimp by Lactococcus piscium CNCM I‐4031

Aims: To investigate the antimicrobial spectrum of Lactococcus piscium CNCM I‐4031 and its protective effect in cooked and peeled shrimp against Brochothrix thermosphacta. Methods and Results: Sixteen pathogenic and spoiling bacteria were inhibited in Elliker, but not in shrimp juice agar plates. In shrimp packed under modified atmosphere and stored at 8°C, B. thermosphacta (10³ CFU g^?1) was inhibited by 4·1 log CFU g^?1 when co‐inoculated with L. piscium (10⁶ CFU g^?1). Brochothrix thermosphacta spoiled the product after 11 days, with the emission of strong butter/caramel off‐odours. In co‐culture with L. piscium, sensory shelf‐life was extended by at least 10 days. The inhibition was partially explained by a drop in pH from 6·6 to 5·6. The physicochemical composition of shrimp and shrimp juice was established to identify the inhibition mechanisms involved. Conclusion: Lactococcus piscium CNCM I‐4031 has a wide antimicrobial spectrum. The strain inhibits B. thermosphacta in shrimp and significantly prolongs sensory shelf‐life. Significance and Impact of the Study: Lactococcus piscium CNCM I‐4031 is shown to be a promising agent for improving shrimp quality and may be tested against pathogens and in other food matrices. Knowledge of the physicochemical composition of shrimp and shrimp juice will allow the development of a chemically defined model medium for determining the inhibition mechanisms involved.     

Genotypic characterization of Brochothrix spp. isolated from meat,poultry and fish

Aim: To study genotypic diversity of isolates of Brochothrix thermosphacta recovered from meat, poultry and fish. Methods and Results: A total of 27 bacteria isolated from 19 samples of meat, poultry and fish were identified phenotypically and genotypically using PCR amplification of 16S‐23S rDNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS‐PCR), repetitive sequence‐based PCR (rep‐PCR) and 16S rDNA sequencing. Using ITS‐PCR, all bacteria showed the same DNA profile as the reference strains of Br. thermosphacta, allowing typing of the isolates at species level. Using 16S rDNA sequencing, all isolates were identified, at genus and species level, as Br. thermosphacta. Identification as Br. campestris was observed with a lower, but very close, level of similarity. Rep‐PCR was more discriminatory than ITS‐PCR and allowed differentiation of four subgroups among the isolates. Conclusion: Minor genotypic differences among Br. thermosphacta strains from meat, poultry and fish were observed. Significance and Impact of the Study: A rudimentary exploration of genotypic differences of Br. thermosphacta from meat, poultry and fish resulted in preliminary confirmation of the suitability of ITS‐PCR for typing Br. thermosphacta and confirmed the value of rep‐PCR fingerprinting to discriminate between Br. thermosphacta strains.     

Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of chitosan solutions against apricot fruit rot pathogen Burkholderia seminalis

The in vitro antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of two kinds of acid-soluble chitosan and one water-soluble chitosan against apricot fruit rot pathogen Burkholderia seminalis was examined in this study. Results showed that water-soluble chitosan displayed limited antibacterial activity at four tested concentrations. However, two kinds of acid-soluble chitosan solution at 2.0 mg/mL had strong antibacterial activity against B. seminalis although weak antibacterial activity was observed at a concentration lower than 1 mg/mL. The antibacterial activity of acid-soluble chitosan may be due to membrane disruption, cell lysis, abnormal osmotic pressure, and additional chitosan coating around the bacteria based on integrity of cell membranes test, out membrane permeability assays and transmission electron microscopy observation. In addition, biofilm biomass were markedly reduced after treating with two kinds of acid-soluble chitosan at concentrations of 2.0 and 1.0 mg/mL for 3 and 12 h, indicating the importance of biofilm formation in the antibacterial mechanism of chitosan. Overall, the results clearly indicated that two kinds of acid-soluble chitosan had a potential to control the contamination of apricot fruits caused by B. seminalis.     

Antibacterial activity of different honeys against pathogenic bacteria

To study the antimicrobial activity of honey, 60 samples of various botanical origin were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against 16 clinical pathogens and their respective reference strains. The microbiological quality of honeys and the antibiotic susceptibility of the various isolates were also examined. The bioassay applied for determining the antimicrobial effect employs the well-agar diffusion method and the estimation of minimum active dilution which produces a 1 mm diameter inhibition zone. All honey samples, despite their origin (coniferous, citrus, thyme or polyfloral), showed antibacterial activity against the pathogenic and their respective reference strains at variable levels. Coniferous and thyme honeys showed the highest activity with an average minimum dilution of 17.4 and 19.2% (w/v) followed by citrus and polyfloral honeys with 20.8 and 23.8% respectively. Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were proven to be up to 60% more resistant than their equal reference strains thus emphasizing the variability in the antibacterial effect of honey and the need for further research.     

Antibacterial activity and action mechanism of a novel chitosan oligosaccharide derivative against dominant spoilage bacteria isolated from shrimp Penaeus vannamei

With the aim of exploring the potential application of a novel chitosan oligosaccharide derivative (COS-All-Tio) in shrimp preservation, six dominant spoilage bacteria in the spoiled shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) were isolated and identified as Shewanella putrefaciens (RMS1), S. putrefaciens (S2), Pseudomonas weihenstephanensis (P1), P. gessardii (P2), Aeromonas bestiarum (A1) and Aeromonas molluscorum (A2). The antibacterial effect of COS-All-Tio against the six bacterial isolates were studied. Bacterial inhibition zone determination, and minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays indicated that the antibacterial activity of COS-All-Tio was greatly improved when compared to that of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS). The antibacterial mechanism investigation against S. putrefaciens (RMS1) revealed that COS-All-Tio could inhibit bacterial growth by influencing of membrane integrity. Such disturbance of membrane structure resulted in the leakage of intracellular substance of the bacteria. A strong synergistic antibacterial effect against S. putrefaciens (RMS1) was observed when COS-All-Tio was used in combination with food preservatives (e.g. ε-polylysine hydrochloride). Therefore, COS-All-Tio might have potential in shrimp preservation.     

Antibacterial activity of indolyl-quinolinium derivatives and study their mode of action

Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) is recognized as a promising target for new antibiotics development because of its high conservatism and pivotal role in the bacteria cell division. The aromatic heterocyclic scaffold of indole is known showing merit medical functions in antiviral and antimicrobial. In the present study, a series of 1-methylquinolinium derivatives, which were integrated with an indole fragment at its 2-position and a variety of amino groups (cyclic or linear, mono- or di-amine) at the 4-position were synthesized and their antibacterial activities were evaluated. The results of antibacterial study show that the representative compounds can effectively inhibit the growth of testing strains including MRSA and VRE, with MIC values of 1–4?μg/mL by bactericidal mode. The mode of action assays revealed that c2 can effectively disrupt the rate of GTP hydrolysis and dynamic polymerization of FtsZ, and thus inhibits bacterial cell division and then causes bacterial cell death. In addition, the result of resistance generation experiment reveals that c2 is not likely to induce resistance in S. aureus.     

猪源产细菌素芽孢杆菌的筛选及抑菌特性

【背景】抗生素作为生长促进剂在畜牧业中的滥用,出现了严重的耐药基因富集和扩散问题,发掘新兴的生长促进剂作为饲料添加剂市场潜力巨大,目前益生菌制剂的开发最具潜力。【目的】通过对散养健康育肥猪粪便中芽孢杆菌的分离筛选,获得对典型肠道病原菌具有显著抑菌活性的芽孢杆菌,确定其产生的细菌素特性,以此对芽孢杆菌作为猪养殖业生长促进剂的潜力进行评价。【方法】采用梯度稀释涂平板法分离可培养细菌,利用牛津杯法检测菌株的抑菌活性。通过微生物形态及16S r RNA基因序列分析,确认6株产细菌素菌株的分类地位,并对其抗生素耐药性、细菌素稳定性及生理生化特征进行比较分析。【结果】从116株纯培养物中筛选得到6株对指示病原细菌具有显著抑菌效应的产细菌素芽孢杆菌,其中2株为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),3株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),1株为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。菌株B.licheniformis DY7和B.subtilis FX4对致泻、产肠毒素、出血性Escherichia coli均有显著的抑制效果,对头孢噻肟和红霉素高度敏感,其细菌素在p H 3.0-9.0、50-100°C水浴处理后仍具有明显的抑菌活性。【结论】猪源产细菌素芽孢杆菌DY7和FX4具有高效的病原细菌抑菌能力,所产细菌素稳定性较好,具有作为动物生长促进剂的应用潜力。     

纳米银的抗菌机制及临床应用研究

纳米银因具备抗菌谱广、效果好、安全性高等特性,其医疗制品在临床治疗方面应用广泛。现普遍认为纳米银可通过释放银离子(Ag+)和诱导活性氧自由基的表达等方式达到杀菌目的,但其发挥抗菌作用的效果受到表面正电荷和粒子直径等因素影响。本文就纳米银的抗菌机制及临床实践应用进行综述,对现有的各种抗菌材料进行分类,重点探讨纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、白假丝酵母菌和铜绿假单胞菌的杀菌和抑菌原理,以及其在抗菌过程中的影响因素,并阐述了纳米银及其复合材料在临床实践中的应用,以期为纳米银抗菌应用方面的后续研究提供一些参考。     

Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of tick defensin against Gram-positive bacteria

Defensins are a major group of antimicrobial peptides and are found widely in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. Invertebrate defensins have been identified from insects, scorpions, mussels and ticks. In this study, chemically synthesized tick defensin was used to further investigate the activity spectrum and mode of action of natural tick defensin. Synthetic tick defensin showed antibacterial activity against many Gram-positive bacteria but not Gram-negative bacteria and low hemolytic activity, characteristic of invertebrate defensins. Furthermore, bactericidal activity against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria including Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was observed. However, more than 30 min was necessary for tick defensin to completely kill bacteria. The interaction of tick defensin with the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and its ability to disrupt the membrane potential was analyzed. Tick defensin was able to disrupt the membrane potential over a period of 30-60 min consistent with its relatively slow killing. Transmission electron microscopy of Micrococcus luteus treated with tick defensin showed lysis of the cytoplasmic membrane and leakage of cellular cytoplasmic contents. These findings suggest that the primary mechanism of action of tick defensin is bacterial cytoplasmic membrane lysis. In addition, incomplete cell division with multiple cross-wall formation was occasionally seen in tick defensin-treated bacteria showing pleiotropic secondary effects of tick defensin.