向日葵对列当寄生的生理响应及关键代谢通路分析

【目的】分析向日葵对列当寄生的生理响应及其相关代谢通路,揭示向日葵对列当寄生的抗性分子机制。【方法】以抗列当向日葵材料(s41)和感列当向日葵材料(s26)为供试材料进行接种列当处理,对正常生长(s41_CK,s26_CK)和列当寄生胁迫(s41,s26)条件下的4个样本进行转录组测序分析,同时对部分关键代谢物质进行生理验证分析。【结果】(1)在列当接种条件下,向日葵高感列当材料的植株高度和根量明显受到抑制,而且已有部分列当出土,而高抗列当材料无明显变化,仅有极少数列当寄生。(2)通过对样品间进行差异基因筛选,得到差异表达基因(DEGs)数量分别为6 362,6 609,5 490,5 469个。GO分析表明,s26-s41、s26_CK-s41_CK、s26-s26_CK、s41-s41_CK 4个比较组参与生物过程的差异基因数量较多,参与细胞组分的差异基因数量次之,参与分子功能的较少;KEGG分析表明列当寄生对向日葵的植物信号转导、次生代谢物的生物合成、脂质代谢、...     

列当寄生对不同品种向日葵幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用连作重茬含向日葵列当的土壤,进行不同列当抗性向日葵品种苗期盆栽试验,调查播种后第30、50和70天向日葵幼苗根系列当的寄生率、幼苗地上部和地下部干物质量及株高,并测定其叶片丙二醛(MDA)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果表明:不同向日葵品种苗期对列当抗性明显不同,其中油葵品种‘T012244’和‘MGS’对向日葵列当寄生免疫,‘S31’和‘白杂9号’为高抗,而‘星火大白边’和‘白杂6号’为敏感。列当寄生后明显抑制敏感品种向日葵幼苗生长,而对免疫品种和高抗品种的影响较小。列当寄生后的敏感性品种‘星火大白边’幼苗叶片MDA含量迅速上升,PAL活性也大幅度增加,列当对幼苗生长伤害加重;而苗期免疫品种"T012244"和高抗品种"S31"MDA含量下降,PAL活性则变化不大。随接种时间延长,不同抗性向日葵品种苗期SOD、POD和CAT活性均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,且免疫品种的保护酶活性变化幅度大于敏感品种,说明列当寄生对敏感向日葵品种造成了逆境胁迫,诱导其幼苗叶片保护酶系统产生防御响应。     

Streptomyces rochei D74菌剂对向日葵、列当及其根际微生物的影响北大核心

【目的】研究娄彻氏链霉菌(Streptomyces rochei)D74菌剂促进向日葵生长和抑制列当寄生的作用,及其对根际微生物的影响。【方法】通过构建向日葵-列当-S.rochei D74共培养体系,观察D74菌株对列当寄生的影响;采用田间小区试验,测定D74菌剂接种对向日葵植物生理指标和列当出土数的影响;测定向日葵产量指标,研究D74菌剂对向日葵籽粒品质及产量的影响;利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和传统微生物培养方法,分析添加D74菌剂对向日葵根际微生物群落结构的影响。【结果】D74菌剂能够促进向日葵生长[茎秆重和花盘重分别显著增加(P<0.05)37%-40%和21%-37%],同时抑制28%-46%(P<0.05)的列当出土;还可以提高向日葵籽粒中粗蛋白含量5%-9%、大粒占比约66%(P<0.05)和百粒重8%-18%,并且通过产量测定表明,D74菌剂可增产约30%(P<0.05),这对提高农民经济收益具有深远意义。D74菌剂对向日葵根际微生物群落具有显著影响,调节了群落有益微生物数量。【结论】D74菌剂可以显著降低向日葵根部列当寄生病害的发生,促进花盘生长,使籽粒饱满,具有实际应用价值和推广意义。     

向日葵列当生物学特性及抗列当向日葵分子育种研究进展

向日葵是世界各国重要的油料作物,也是供食用的重要经济作物。向日葵列当是危害向日葵生长极为严重的一类草害,在全球均有发生,且列当种子生活力极强,难以根除。向日葵列当研究和抗列当向日葵育种是农业科研人员研究的重点。本文综述了向日葵列当的生物学特性、寄生与传播特点、为害症状、预防和控制措施,以及近来年抗列当向日葵分子育种研究进展,并对抗列当向日葵育种研究发展前景作分析和展望。     

‘锦苗标靶’诱抗剂抑制列当寄生向日葵的机制研究

该研究通过对2个向日葵品种(LD5009 和JK103)根系浇灌‘锦苗标靶’诱抗剂,于浇灌处理后0、24、48 和72 h分别对根系取样进行组织化学分析,测定根系H₂O₂含量、ROS清除酶活性以及抗性相关基因表达,并于浇灌处理后20 d检测向日葵生长指标和根瘤结数量,以明确‘锦苗标靶’对向日葵抑制列当寄生的诱抗机制。结果显示：(1)与对照(施用清水)相比,LD5009在‘锦苗标靶’处理后,列当瘤结数减少了95.5个,寄生率降低了98.20%;瘤结的鲜质量和干质量分别降低了94.60%和81.63%,而向日葵株高和茎粗分别相应增加了2.09 cm和0.52 mm,增长率分别为14.92%和15.29%;JK103在‘锦苗标靶’处理后,列当瘤结数较对照减少了37.5个,寄生率降低了98.04%,瘤结的鲜质量和干质量也分别降低了97.06%和82.69%,而向日葵的株高和茎粗分别增加了2.07 cm和0.39 mm,增长率分别为12.26%和9.70%。(2)‘锦苗标靶’诱抗剂浇灌处理后,2个向日葵品种根系中胼胝质的沉积量均有增加,但以JK103在处理48 h后增加幅度最为明显;JK103和LD5009中H₂O₂含量在处理24 h后均达到最大值,分别为3.53和2.68 μmol·g^-1,与对照相比,LD5009的H₂O₂含量增幅较大,为208.05%。(3)2个品种的ROS清除酶活性在处理后均呈先升高后降低的趋势,且均在处理48 h后达到最大值;JK103+锦苗标靶处理较清水对照的SOD、POD、CAT、PPO活性分别增加了69.77 U·g^-1、5.44 U·g^-1·min^-1、1.88 U·g^-1·min^-1和527 U·g^-1·min^-1,而LD5009+锦苗标靶处理后,上述4种酶的活性分别增加了25.91 U·g^-1、13.16 U·g^-1·min^-1、0.50 U·g^-1·min^-1和313 U·g^-1·min^-1。(4)抗性相关基因转录水平的检测结果显示,施用诱抗剂后2个品种抗性基因的转录水平都不同程度地被诱导,但以LD5009+锦苗标靶样本中被诱导的幅度最为明显,特别是CAT、Mn SOD和XTH6基因,其转录水平比对照均上调了50倍之多。研究表明,诱抗剂‘锦苗标靶’对向日葵列当的寄生有显著的抑制效果,且在向日葵列当寄生前(瘤结未形成)施用效果更佳;‘锦苗标靶’可促进向日葵根系细胞中胼胝质的沉积量增加,在结构水平上抵御列当对向日葵根系的侵染,并能够诱导向日葵根系ROS清除酶活性以及CAT、PAL、Mn SOD和XTH6等基因表达的提高,从而建立向日葵对列当寄生的获得性抗性,但诱导的程度由于品种不同而存在一定的差异。     

土壤pH值对何首乌生理及其光合特性和有效成分含量的影响

该研究采用盆栽试验,探究不同土壤pH (4.5、5.5、6.5、7.5、8.3、9.5)对何首乌生长、生理特性及有效成分含量的影响,以明确何首乌种植的适宜土壤pH。结果表明：(1)何首乌在土壤pH 6.5~9.5时能正常生长,在pH 4.5和5.5时出现叶片枯萎脱落,少数不能存活;叶面积在pH 4.5～9.5范围内先增加后降低,并在pH 6.5和7.5达到高峰值,且显著高于其余处理。(2)在土壤pH 4.5~9.5范围内,何首乌叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,并在pH 6.5和7.5时达到峰值;叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量总体上随pH升高呈降低趋势;叶片丙二醛含量随pH升高先降低而后增加,其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均随pH升高先升高后降低。(3)在土壤pH 4.5~9.5范围内,何首乌块茎有效成分含量随pH升高而降低,但均达到《中华人民共和国药典》标准,其中二苯乙烯苷含量和结合蒽醌含量分别为1.89% ～ 5.41%和0.10% ～ 0.25%;土壤pH为4.5时,何首乌块茎中二苯乙烯苷和总蒽醌含量达到最高,分别为5.41%和0.38%。研究认为,何首乌对土壤酸碱有一定的耐受性,但在进行何首乌人工驯化和种植时要尽量避免强酸性环境,且宜选择pH在6.5 ～ 8.3的中性至弱碱性土壤。     

不同列当抗性的向日葵品种根系分泌物对向日葵列当种子萌发的影响

以对向日葵列当抗性不同的向日葵幼苗为材料,利用水培法收集其根系分泌物,经二氯甲烷萃取后结合硅胶柱色谱分离法,研究不同列当抗性的向日葵品种根系分泌物对向日葵列当种子萌发的影响。结果表明:(1)在一定浓度范围内,向日葵根系分泌物对向日葵列当种子萌发具有低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的作用;二氯甲烷萃取的向日葵根系分泌物浓度为0.1mg/mL时,其向日葵列当萌发率高于其他浓度的作用。(2)‘星火大白边’和‘白葵杂9号’根系分泌物提取物作用下向日葵列当萌发率最高分别为46.92%和43.88%,显著高于免疫品种‘MGS’根系分泌物提取物作用下列当的萌发率(27.81%)。(3)根系分泌物提取物正己烷-乙酸乙酯1∶1洗脱组分的萌发刺激活性显著高于其他组分,‘星火大白边’、‘白葵杂9号’和‘MGS’的该组分作用下向日葵列当最高萌发率分别为49.90%、45.66%和30.00%。(4)‘MGS’的根系分泌物提取物与GR24或脱氢木香内酯共同作用时种子萌发率显著低于GR24或脱氢木香内酯的单独作用,说明‘MGS’根系分泌物中可能含有抑制GR24或脱氢木香内酯刺激向日葵列当种子萌发的物质,使其对向日葵列当表现出免疫特性。     

五台山臭冷杉林土壤呼吸时空变化特征

土壤呼吸是气候变化背景下森林生态系统稳定性的重要评价指标。本研究以五台山臭冷杉森林群落为对象,对不同海拔(2100、2200、2300 m)典型群落土壤理化性质及主要生长季土壤呼吸速率、土壤水热条件变化进行分析,并建立回归模型解析土壤温度、湿度与土壤呼吸速率变化的关系。结果表明:臭冷杉森林土壤为中性偏酸性,随海拔上升,土壤p H、有机碳、总氮、总磷、速效磷含量和土壤湿度增加,土壤温度和土壤呼吸速率降低; 7—10月,臭冷杉森林土壤温度和土壤呼吸速率逐渐降低,降幅分别为49.0%和64.9%,土壤湿度增加11.7%;土壤温度平均解释土壤呼吸速率变化的76.9%(P<0.001),且随海拔升高相关系数(R`2)减小、温度敏感性增加(Q₁₀),土壤湿度平均解释土壤呼吸速率变化的25.8%(P<0.001),二者共同解释土壤呼吸速率变化的71.2%(P<0.001)。本实验中,季节和海拔造成的土壤温度改变是影响土壤呼吸的主要因素,土壤湿度对土壤呼吸的影响较小。此外,土壤养分与土壤呼吸速率的RDA分析结果表明,土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷和速效磷含量是影响土壤呼...     

新疆列当的种类、分布及其防治技术研究进展

列当是一种根寄生种子植物,是我国进境植物检疫对象,同时也是我国的内检对象。新疆是我国列当发生面积最大、危害最重和种类最多的地区,对新疆的主要经济作物,如加工番茄、向日葵、甜瓜等已造成严重危害。在新疆文献记载的列当种类有18种,常见的有埃及列当、大麻列当、向日葵列当和弯管列当,并已广泛分布于新疆各县、市、团场。列当的防治技术主要包括检疫、田间管理、轮作等,但目前的防治效果均不理想。本文通过对新疆列当的相关文献搜集、整理分析,总结了目前新疆列当的种类、分布情况,以及综合防治技术,为今后列当的研究和防治提供参考。     

盐肤木林内间作对角倍蚜虫瘿数量的影响

对不同间作方式下盐肤木林的角倍蚜虫瘿数量进行研究,结果表明:(1)盐肤木纯林的单株虫瘿数、单叶虫瘿数和有虫瘿梢头率分别为14.1个、2.3个和78.4%,而盐肤木襄荷混作林的单株虫瘿数、单叶虫瘿数和有虫瘿梢头率分别为25.8个、3.2个和91.2%,分别为前者的1.8倍、1.4倍,有虫瘿梢头率增加了12.8%。(2)与盐肤木纯林相比,盐肤木襄荷混作林内的温度略低,全天平均低1.6℃,而相对湿度略高,全天平均高5.9%,高湿和较小温度变幅可能是虫瘿数量增加的主要原因。(3)当盐肤木与蔬菜混作时,单株梢头数和有虫瘿梢头数分别比纯林增加了1.4倍,增加的原因可能与蔬菜种植中的松土和施肥有关。综上所述,盐肤木与襄荷混作可以增加倍子产量,盐肤木与蔬菜混作可以增加有虫瘿梢头数量,两种混作模式均可在生产中推广应用。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.