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获得性遗传这一概念在19世纪初被提出后就一直饱受争议,直到近几十年,随着分子生物学和表观遗传学的发展,科学家们才开始重新审视和探究获得性遗传现象的真实性,并对获得性遗传现象的遗传规律、分子载体和调控机制进行了深入的研究.作为新型表观遗传调控因子,非编码RNA表现出多维调控能力,在细胞命运决定、自我更新、细胞增殖和凋亡中发挥着不可或缺的调控作用.近年来的研究发现,非编码RNA及其RNA修饰可以作为表观遗传信息载体介导获得性遗传,为获得性性状的跨代遗传研究提供新的研究思路和视角.本文将针对近年来获得性遗传的研究进展,综述RNA在跨代遗传中的功能及调控机制. 相似文献
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《生命科学》2018,(11)
越来越多的证据表明,上一代在环境压力下产生的某些获得性性状可以"记忆"在配子中,并以一种不依赖DNA序列的方式传递给下一代,这种现象被称为获得性遗传。然而,关于精子中介导获得性遗传现象的分子机制尚不清楚。近年来,随着精子RNA领域的发展,我们实验室率先发现精子中一类来源于成熟tRNA的小RNA (tRNA-derived small RNAs, tsRNAs)及其RNA修饰可以作为一种新型的表观遗传信息载体,介导父代获得性代谢紊乱性状向子代传递。此外,我们进一步发现了调控精子RNA介导获得性遗传的关键分子——tRNA甲基转移酶DNMT2,从RNA修饰及修饰酶的角度为获得性遗传的机制研究打开了新思路。鉴于该领域的迅速发展,该文拟从精子tsRNAs、RNA修饰以及DNMT2的角度综述近年来精子RNA及RNA修饰介导的获得性遗传机制的研究进展。 相似文献
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哺乳动物胚胎发育受遗传和表观遗传的共同调控.精子作为重要的雄性生殖细胞,通过受精过程,将这些信息传递给卵子,进而影响子代的发育.精子中携带有丰富的表观遗传信息,其中小非编码RNAs(small noncoding RNAs,sncRNAs)在精子发育不同阶段发挥重要的作用,包括调控基因表达、介导蛋白质翻译,以及参与精子... 相似文献
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表观基因组在配子发生和早期胚胎发育中经历一个重编程过程。因此, 人们认为表观遗传信息不可能代间传递。表观遗传跨代继承表型的出现, 说明某些表观遗传标志可能逃脱了重编程。尽管该观点尚存争议, 但日益增多的实验证据表明表观遗传记忆确实存在于哺乳动物中。由于表观遗传修饰具有可逆性, 表观基因组易受各种环境因子(如化学物质、营养和行为等)的影响而改变。因此, 表观基因组提供了跨代传递环境影响的可能机制。文章介绍了表观遗传跨代继承表型的概念, 论述了表观遗传重编程和表观遗传信息跨代传递的分子机制, 列举了一些环境因子与表观遗传跨代继承性疾病。 相似文献
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研究表明,环境暴露(如饮食改变、精神压力、化学物接触等)会对机体的表型造成影响,导致多种疾病的发生.有意思的是,这种环境暴露导致的表型能通过不依赖DNA序列的方式传递到下一代.前期研究发现,获得性表观遗传在这个过程中发挥了重要的作用.非编码RNA作为一种种类繁多、功能灵活的新型表观修饰载体,不仅对环境暴露敏感响应,调控基因表达,还能通过生殖细胞将亲代的获得性表型传递到子代.本文对哺乳动物中可能介导环境暴露信息的非编码RNA及其变化进行了总结,并讨论了精子非编码RNA介导获得性表型的研究进展. 相似文献
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精子发生(Spermatogenesis) 是一高度复杂的过程, 包括有丝分裂、减数分裂和精子形成。精母细胞经过独特而广泛的染色质与表观遗传修饰重塑之后, 最终分化产生了具有特定表观遗传修饰的精子。最近研究表明, 成熟精子中的表观遗传修饰在发育的胚胎中发挥了重要作用, 其表观遗传模式的改变会导致某些疾病风险提高, 如受精失败、胚胎发生机能障碍、早产、出生体重低、先天畸形、新生儿死亡以及其他在辅助生殖技术后代中发现的发生频率较高的妊娠相关并发症。文章通过评价成熟精子中DNA甲基化、保留组蛋白修饰、RNAs和精蛋白等表观遗传修饰的重要意义及其在胚胎发育过程中的潜在作用, 阐述了成熟精子中改变的表观遗传修饰与相关疾病之间的关系, 为不育症的防治、精子表观遗传质量评价以及降低辅助生殖技术后代表观遗传疾病风险等提供基础资料。 相似文献
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在动物早期发育过程中,无论是生物个体的形态还是基因的表达都发生了巨大的变化,而表观遗传信息在此过程中起着重要的作用.近年来,随着基因组等技术的发展,人们对不同表观遗传信息在配子形成、跨代遗传和早期发育过程中的认识越来越丰富,发现在这些过程中往往会出现全基因组层次的重编程.本文主要介绍了DNA甲基化、染色质开放性、组蛋白... 相似文献
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高度特化的精子和卵子如何重编程形成全能性的受精卵?受精卵又是如何通过时空有序的分裂和分化形成各种细胞谱系,进而发育成一个完整的个体?这些问题是生殖生物学、发育生物学乃至整个生命科学领域基本和关键的科学问题。近年来,随着技术的进步和研究的深入,人们可以从全基因组水平以前所未有的广度、深度和精度窥探这一过程中重要的分子事件。研究发现, DNA的微环境染色质及其所携带的表观遗传信息在这些过程中发生了剧烈的重编程,以完成亲代到子代的转换。DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质开放程度以及染色质高级结构等表观遗传信息在配子发生和早期胚胎发育过程中经历了广泛的建立、擦除以及重建过程。同时,部分表观遗传信息可以从亲代传递到子代。该文总结了近年来在哺乳动物早期胚胎发育中表观遗传信息的传递和重编程方面取得的研究进展,同时阐述了表观遗传信息传递和重编程的潜在机制和生物学意义。 相似文献
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辅助生殖技术(assisted reproductive technology,ART)可通过直接操作、优化单个精子,用于男性少精、弱精、精子畸形、无精子和常规体外受精周期失败等,因违背自然受精的生物学法则而具有很大的遗传风险,其中精子质量优化是降低ART遗传与表观遗传风险的重要手段之一。本文对ART精子表观遗传缺陷及其相关疾病进行综述,以进一步认识精子表观遗传缺陷导致后代表观遗传风险增加的分子机理,阐明ART精子有待于通过DNA甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化、组蛋白甲基化等表观遗传因子进行严格质量控制,切实降低ART遗传及表观遗传缺陷风险的必要性。 相似文献
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Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis
It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis. 相似文献
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RICHARD E. NORRIS 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1991,106(1):1-40
Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera. 相似文献
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JOAN VALUÈS MONTSERRAT TORRELL NÚRIA GARCIA JACAS 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2001,137(4):399-407
Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted. 相似文献
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肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV
RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV
RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV
RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV
X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV
C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细 相似文献
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H.-R. GREGORIUS 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1984,23(2-3):157-165
For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment. 相似文献
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment. 相似文献