苦参生物碱的研究

从苦参(Sophora flavescens Ait)根中分离得到9个生物碱,用波谱等方法确定为槐果碱(sophocarpine)、苦参碱(matrine)、异苦参碱(isomatrine)、槐醇(sophoranol)、N-甲基野靛碱(N-methylcytisine)、槐定(sophoridine)、氧化苦参碱(oxymatrine)、氧化槐果碱(oxysophocarpine)和氧化槐醇(sophoranol N-oxide)。其中氧化槐醇是首次从苦参根中得到的。     

苦豆子中生物碱的分布及其在生长期内的含量变化

采用高效液相仪测定苦豆子植株不同部位和不同生长期间的生物碱含量。结果表明：苦豆子植株不同部位的总生物碱含量为21.346-41mg．g-1（DW）,以种子中为最高,花、根、果皮、根状茎、叶片、地上茎次之,复叶轴中最低;苦参碱含量为0．55-1．30m2．g-1（DW）,含量由高到低依次为种子〉花〉根〉果皮〉根状茎〉叶片〉地上茎〉复叶轴;氧化苦参碱和氧化槐果碱含量分别为3．76～12．29mg．g-1（DW）和3．36—13．33mg·g-1（DW）,这2种生物碱含量由高到低依次为种子〉花〉根〉果皮〉根状茎〉地上茎〉复叶轴〉叶片：根、根状茎、地上茎、叶中的苦参碱、氧化苦参碱和氧化槐果碱含量在7月份达到峰值;总生物碱含量在8月达到峰值。     

苦参碱类生物碱的应用进展

苦参碱是豆科植物苦参、苦豆子、广豆根等中草药的活性成分,是苦参碱类生物碱的代表,这一类生物碱主要还包括氧化苦参碱、槐果碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和槐胺碱等。而对苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的研究最为广泛。苦参碱对中枢神经具有解热、镇痛、抗惊厥、稳定神经等作用;对心血管系统具有明显的负性频率和正性肌力作用、能防治动脉粥样硬化、减轻心肌损伤等作用;对消化系统具有抗肝损伤、抗纤维化、升高白细胞等作用;还具有抗肿瘤、抗肝癌等作用。氧化苦参碱用于治疗白细胞低下和慢性乙型、丙型肝炎、阻止肝纤维化和肝硬化,有抗心律失常、强心、平喘等作用。槐果碱有明显抗柯萨奇B病毒(Coxsackie Virus B,CVB)的作用、免疫调节功能以及抗严重急性呼吸道综合症(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,SARS)病毒的作用。槐定碱有改善心功能、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗病毒作用。槐胺碱具有免疫抑制、抗心律失常作用。本文综述了这一类生物碱的成分分析及其部分化合物的药理活性和临床应用等方面的研究进展。     

苦豆子生物碱抗烟曲霉、须癣毛癣菌和新生隐球菌的作用研究

目的对比研究苦豆子总碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化苦参碱体外抗烟曲霉、须癣毛癣菌和新生隐球菌的敏感性,为苦豆子进一步开发利用奠定基础。方法分别用管碟扩散法和微量液基稀释法,测定苦豆子总碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化苦参碱对烟曲霉、须癣毛癣菌和新生隐球菌的抗菌活性。结果管碟法显示上述5种生物碱体外对烟曲霉、须癣毛癣菌和新生隐球菌均有不同程度的抗菌活性。前4种生物碱对烟曲霉的最低杀菌浓度(MFC)分别为25.0、4.25、5.0、3.125 mg·mL~(-1),氧化苦参碱对烟曲霉MFC500 mg·mL~(-1);对须癣毛癣菌的MFC分别为3.125、2.125、5.0、1.5625、125 mg·mL~(-1);对新生隐球菌的MFC分别为3.125、4.25、10、6.25、1000 mg·mL~(-1)。结论槐果碱、苦参碱及槐定碱其抗真菌活性与苦豆子总碱相当,氧化苦参碱的作用不显著。     

3种苦参生物碱对小鼠的毒性作用研究

以小鼠为试验对象,对3种苦参生物碱(氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、苦参碱)的毒性作用进行了系统的分析.结果显示:(1)混合后的苦参生物碱毒性增加,其中苦参碱+槐定碱的增效作用最强,协同毒力指数(c.f)值达59.1,氧化苦参碱+苦参碱混合给药,c.f值为37.3,为增效作用;氧化苦参碱+槐定碱混合给药,c.f值为13.6,为相加作用.(2)血常规检测结果显示,3种苦参生物碱处理组小鼠的白细胞计数(WBC)、血小板总数(PLT)、中粒细胞(GR)较之对照组显著增高;血液生化指标检测结果显示,槐定碱和氧化苦参碱各处理组小鼠的尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)水平均极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),苦参碱各处理组小鼠的丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基酸转移酶(AST)水平比对照组极显著升高(P＜0.01);脏器系数的统计结果显示:槐定碱、氧化苦参碱各处理组小鼠的肾脏系数、心脏系数以及肝脏系数均极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),苦参碱处理组小鼠的肾脏系数、心脏系数及肺脏系数显著地高于对照组(P＜0.01、P＜0.05、P＜0.05).研究表明,3种苦参生物碱对小鼠肝脏、肾脏有影响,初步确定它们作用的靶器官是肝脏和肾脏.     

甜荞品质与生态因子和农艺性状的相关性研究初报

试验研究了8个甜荞品种在全国19个不同地点的籽粒品质(黄酮和蛋白质含量)变化以及品质和产量与生态因子和农艺性状之间的相关性。结果表明:不同品种间及同一品种不同地点间甜荞籽粒黄酮、蛋白质含量均存在显著变异。黄酮含量与海拔、生育期平均温度,以及蛋白质含量与纬度,甜荞产量与株高、单株粒数、单株粒重均呈显著相关,相关系数分别为0.271^*、0.588^**、0.495^**、0.270^*、-0.330^**、0.212^*。通径分析显示,单株粒数是产量的主要因素,单株粒数多有助于提高产量; 生育期均温是黄酮含量的主要因素,荞麦生育期间均温适当偏低利于黄酮积累; 纬度是蛋白质含量的主要因素,选择纬度较高地区有助提高蛋白质含量。研究还发现不同品种对生态因子的敏感性不同。 关键词: 甜荞; 产量; 黄酮含量; 蛋白质含量; 相关分析; 生态因子; 农艺性状     

宁夏枸杞不同品种叶的总黄酮含量及清除自由基能力分析

采用紫外分光光度法和DPPH法分别对宁夏枸杞不同品种叶的总黄酮含量及其清除自由基能力进行分析。结果表明:宁夏枸杞不同品种的叶总黄酮含量和清除自由基能力之间均存在显著性差异。其中宁杞菜1号叶的总黄酮含量极显著高于其它几个品种(^**P<0.01),并且其清除自由基能力也最强,与其它品种之间差异显著(^*P<0.05)。说明宁杞菜1号是开发枸杞茶的优良品种。     

柯-青冈常绿阔叶林优势树种叶片性状变异及适应策略

厘清叶片功能性状的变异及性状间的权衡关系,对揭示植物对环境变化的响应及适应策略具有重要意义。以中亚热带柯(Lithocarpus glaber)-青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)常绿阔叶林为对象,测量了1 hm²固定监测样地内6个优势树种的叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、干物质含量(LDMC)、叶片厚度(LT)、叶片碳(LC)、叶片氮(LN)、叶片磷(LP)含量和叶片碳氮比(LC ∶ LN)8个功能性状,采用多重比较、主成分分析(PCA)法分析了群落叶片功能性状的生活型、种内和种间变异及性状间关系。结果表明：(1)群落内叶片功能性状种内、种间差异显著,变异中等(CV： 0.02-0.59),其结构性状的可塑性较化学性状保守,变异格局符合"性状空间变异分割假说";针叶树种的LA、SLA显著低于阔叶树种,常绿树种的LC和LDMC最小,而落叶树种的SLA、LN和LP最大以及LT和LC ∶ LN最小。(2)群落叶片功能性状变异主要来源于生活型和种间变异,种内变异亦有显著贡献;生活型对多数性状的贡献率较大,其对LDMC、LC ∶ LN的贡献分别高达93.11%和91.76%;种间变异(LDMC除外)对结构性状的贡献率均高于化学性状;种内变异对LP的贡献率(23.66%)较种间变异高。(3)叶片性状之间多表现出显著相关关系,针叶树和阔叶树在PCA排序图中聚集于不同区域,叶经济型谱在柯-青冈群落中具有适用性。不同树种通过叶片结构、化学性状之间的权衡策略来适应环境变化,从而实现群落物种共存。结果可为理解森林群落物种的环境适应策略、预测群落动态变化和制定植被恢复措施提供科学依据。     

喀斯特11种典型生态恢复树种凋落叶分解及其对土壤碳排放的激发效应

旨在探究喀斯特地区退化生态系统植被恢复树种凋落叶分解过程及其对土壤碳排放的激发效应,为选择合适的树种进行植被恢复提供数据支持。以中国林科院热带林业实验中心大青山石山树木园11种适应性强、耐干旱贫瘠的优良石山树种为研究对象,利用¹³C自然丰度法区分凋落叶和土壤来源CO₂并量化土壤激发效应,比较不同生态恢复树种凋落叶分解及其激发效应的差异,探讨凋落物分解及其激发效应与凋落物性状之间的关联。结果表明:(1)11个生态恢复树种凋落叶在碳相关化学性质(水溶性碳、半纤维素和单宁含量等)、养分含量(磷和镁含量等)及化学计量特征(碳磷比和氮磷比)等方面均表现出较高程度变异。(2)不同生态恢复树种凋落叶分解及其诱导的土壤激发效应具有极显著差异(P<0.001);在整个培养实验期间,11个生态恢复树种凋落叶平均分解了35.3%,其中海南椴分解最快,达到50%,而青冈栎分解最慢,仅分解16.5%。(3)总体上看,凋落叶处理的土壤呼吸速率(5.1 mg C kg^-1 土壤 d^-1)是对照土壤呼吸速率(2.3 mg C kg^-1土壤d^-1)的2.2倍,凋落叶添加显著促进土壤有机碳分解,平均达到37.6%;其中海南椴、割舌树和任豆凋落叶输入则抑制土壤有机碳分解(抑制程度分别为-13.2%、-6.9%和-22.5%),产生负激发效应。(4)凋落叶分解与非结构性碳(r=0.63,P=0.04)和水溶性碳(r=0.91,P<0.001)呈显著正相关,与叶干物质含量(r=0.64,P=0.03)、纤维素(r=0.62,P=0.04)和锰含量(r=-0.63,P=0.04)呈显著负相关。多元回归分析结果表明,水溶性碳、钾和钙含量相结合可以解释生态恢复树种凋落叶分解变异的98%;然而,凋落叶性状与土壤激发效应强度之间并没有显著相关性。从土壤养分归还角度考虑,喀斯特退化生态系统恢复树种可以选择光皮梾木、海南椴、顶果木和降香黄檀等凋落叶分解较快的树种,以促进土壤养分循环和植被恢复;另一方面,从土壤碳固持角度来看,海南椴、任豆和割舌树等凋落叶输入会抑制土壤有机碳分解,从而有利于提高退化生态系统土壤碳封存能力。     

四川盆地油用牡丹种子品质地区差异及其与生态因子的关系

以四川盆地12个引种地的油用牡丹‘凤丹’种子为研究对象,对其表型性状及营养成分进行测定分析,并结合气象、土壤养分和海拔等生态因子,探讨各性状与生态因子的相关性,揭示影响种子品质的关键生态因子,以期为‘凤丹’科学引种、高效栽培提供理论支撑。结果显示：(1)各采样地‘凤丹’种子表型性状横径、纵径、种形指数以及千粒重均具有极显著差异(P<0.01),其变幅分别为7.98~10.63 mm、7.75~10.86 mm、0.80~1.32以及311.23~393.15 g,且种子纵径和千粒重均以巴中市南江县最大(10.86 mm,393.15 g),横径和种形指数分别以乐山市峨边县、南充市西充县最大(10.63 mm,1.32)。(2)各采样地‘凤丹’种子营养成分中含油率、蛋白质、α 亚麻酸及亚油酸存在极显著差异(P<0.01),其变化幅度分别为20.5%～26.9%、15.6%～19.6%、42.8~47.1%和15.7%~19.6%,且均以巴中市南江县较高(26%、18.3%、47.1%和18.3%)。(3)‘凤丹’种子千粒重与α 亚麻酸、亚油酸含量(r= 0.760和-0.701),蛋白质与亚油酸、油酸含量(r= -0.686和0.665),α 亚麻酸与亚油酸含量(r= -0.904),以及棕榈酸与硬脂酸含量(r= -0.792)均呈极显著相关关系。(4)立地条件对‘凤丹’种子表型性状和营养成分贡献率大小为速效钾 >有机质 >海拔 >碱解氮 >有效磷>pH,气候条件贡献率大小为全年日照>1月均温>7月均温>年降雨量>年均温,其中海拔对种子表型性状的影响较大,速效钾对种形指数和油酸的影响较大,有机质和碱解氮对蛋白质和含油率的影响较大;海拔、速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮和温度与种子表型性状、含油率、α 亚麻酸、蛋白质和棕榈酸呈正相关程度大,与硬脂酸和亚油酸呈负相关关系。研究发现,四川盆地不同区域引种栽培的‘凤丹’种子表型性状及主要营养成分含量具有显著差异,气象、土壤养分和海拔等生态因子对‘凤丹’种子品质具有重要影响,在选择‘凤丹’种植基地时应选择海拔、温度较高,土壤养分(有机质、速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮)充沛的地区。     

Vermicomposting in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong

The treatment and disposal of pig-waste in Hong Kong has received much attention in recent years but, following any of the presently used treatment processes, solids remain to be further stabilized. Vermicomposting is a waste stabilization technique which converts waste into potentially recyclable materials such as worm protein and worm casts. The earthworm, Pheretima asiatica, can stabilize most of the solids arising from the treatment of pig-waste, including raw pig manure, suggesting that vermicomposting has a high potential as a unit process in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong.S.H. Wong is with the Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong; and D.A. Griffiths is with the Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.     

Removal of wastewater pathogen indicators in a constructed wetland in Leon, Spain

This paper studies the seasonal presence and removal of the pathogenous micro-organisms Escherichia coli, total coliforms (TC), Clostridium perfringens (Cp), faecal streptococci (FS), Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs, in a constructed wetland treatment system. The removal efficiency of this system with respect to the indicator micro-organisms achieved maximum values in spring and autumn at 99.9% for E. coli and TC, respectively, in winter at 97.0% for FS, in summer at 100% for Clostridium and throughout the year, also at 100%, in the case of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs. In general, very low protozoan and helminth egg counts were found, and the system demonstrated efficient reduction of the wastewater indicator pathogens.     

Biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in mitochondrial outer membranes

The results reported in this paper show two distinct ways for the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine into mitochondrial outer membranes. The first one is the glycosylation of dolichol acceptors, which is indicated by the inhibition of the synthesis of these products by the inhibitors of the dolichol intermediates (tunicamycin and GDP). The second one is the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine into protein acceptors directly from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This second way of glycosylation is only localized in mitochondria outer membranes.The existence of a direct route forN-glycoprotein biosynthesis has been based on the following evidence. First, the synthesis of theN-acetylglucosaminylated protein acceptors was not inhibited by tunicamycin or GDP. Second, the addition of exogenous dolichol-phosphate did not change the rate of biosynthesis of glycosylated protein material. Third, the sequential incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine and mannose from their nucleotide derivatives in the presence of GDP and tunicamycin led to the synthesis of glycosylated protein material which entirely bound to Concanavalin A-Sepharose. The oligosaccharide moiety of the glycosylated protein material resulting from the direct transfer of sugars from their nucleotide derivatives to the protein acceptor is of theN-glycan type. On sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this glycosylated material migrated as a marker protein with a molecular weight between 45 000 and 63 000. HPLC chromatofocusing analysis revealed that the fraction studied was anionic. The oligosaccharide moiety of the glycoprotein material can only be elongated by the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine and galactose from their nucleotide derivatives.     

Adaptive ecology of traditionally derived agroforestry in China

This research was designed to test the following hypothesis: Among traditional (nonliterate and minimally literate) people residing in their home environment, traditionally derived knowledge of specific cases of ecological processes can approximate scientifically derived knowledge of those same cases. After locating three minimally literate peasant family lineages in Lijiayang and Linfengkeng villages, Shouning County, Fujian Province, China, not applying science-based systems of agroforest management, a decision-tree model of an indigenous agroforest management system was constructed from extensive interviews. The system was centered around shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata),an important timber species with a long history of management in China. A major part of the management system is agricultural intercropping with a wide variety of cereal, cash, medicinal, and oil-producing crops. Intercropping is practiced in the initial phases of afforestation; is an integral aspect of site preparation and the tending of the young stand; and contributes to tree establishment, growth, and survival. The cases presented demonstrate that local peasant knowledge of the effects of burning, site preparation, crop selection, crop tending, and intercropping duration on soil quality and the survival and development of shamu is strongly analogous to the knowledge derived through systematic scientific research. This process of deriving scientifically valid ecological knowledge through traditional means is called protoscience.     

Isolation of spore-forming bacilli from mosquitoes in natural breeding habitats in Iraq

New isolates of spore-forming bacilli from larvae and pupae of 3 species of mosquitoes are recorded in central Iraq.Bacillus sphaericus Meyer and Neide was isolated fromCulex pipiens (L.) larva.Bacillus carotarum Koch andBacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland were isolated fromTheobaldia longiareolata (Macquart) pupae.Bacillus laterosporus Laubach andBacillus thuringiensis (H 18) were isolated fromAedes caspius (Pallas) larvae. In addition, unidentifiedBacillus spp. were isolated fromCx. pipiens, T. longiareolata andAe. caspius larvae. Examination of soil samples collected from mosquito natural breeding habitats revealed isolates ofB. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis H4a 4b; H 12 and H 16 and an unidentifiedBacillus sp.

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Résumé Des souches bactériennes sporogènes sont isolées de moustiques qui se trouvent dans la région centrale de l'Irak. Les résultats obtenus sont les suivants:Bacillus sphaericus Meyer & Neide [Culex pipiens (L.), larve],Bacillus carotarum Koch etBacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland [Theobaldia longiareolata (Macquart), nymphe],Bacillus laterosporus Laubach etBacillus thuringiensis (H 18) [Aedes caspius (Pallas), larvel]. L'examen des larves deCulex pipiens. T. longiareolata etAe. caspius, ainsi que l'analyse des échantillons du sol prélevés dans la région montrent la présence deBacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis H4a 4b; H12 plus H16 et d'autresBacillus non identifiés.

     

Mycoflora of Argentinian corn harvested in the main production area in 1990

Corn (Zea mays) is the main cereal produced in and exported from Argentina. The risk of contamination by mycotoxins is related to the mycoflora associated with the corn kernels. This paper reports on the identification of internal and external mycoflora of corn kernels harvested in the main production area in Argentina in 1990. A mycological survey was carried out on 178 corn samples, from five locations in that area and the isolation frequency and relative density of the prevalent fungal genera compared. GenusFusarium was the most prevalent component of the internal seedborne mycoflora in the five locations.Penicillium was prevalent in all locations, taking into account the frequency. However, this genus was predominant only in two locations, when the relative density was considered. The predominantFusarium wasF. moniliforme and the most frequently isolated species ofAlternaria, Aspergillus andPenicillium wereA. alternata, A. flavus andP. decumbens, respectively.Diplodia species were not isolated from any of the samples.     

The role of natural enemies in controllingIcerya purchasi in South Australia

The obscure occurrence of the cottony-cushion scaleIcerya purchasi Maskell in its native country Australia is generally attributed to its natural enemies. Twelve natural-enemy-exclusion experiments were conducted at monthly intervals to confirm the role of natural enemies. Each experiment had uncaged, open-caged, and caged treatments. The natural enemies were active throughout the year. The percentage of scales surviving to adults in the cages was significantly higher than in the open-caged treatments, except the April (first) cohort. In both open-caged and uncaged treatments, the percentage of scales surviving to adults was similar and matched the changes in the numbers of natural enemies, thus confirming their importance in controllingI. purchasi in South Australia.      

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Comparison of two methods for detection of Mollicutes (Mycoplasmatales and Acholeplasmatales) in cell cultures in The Netherlands

A total of 1949 cell cultures was tested for contamination with mollicutes by cultivation on and in mycoplasma media, 25.7% of the cell cultures was positive, 243 strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis were isolated. Furthermore, mainly M. arginini and M. orale were detected, less often Acholeplasma laidlawii, M. fermentans and M. pneumoniae. Optimal conditions for isolation were discussed. About one third of 217 hybridoma cultures and two third of 57 myeloma cultures proved to be contaminated, all with M. hyorhinis. A DNA fluorochrome staining method (DAPI-test) was compared to cultivation for testing 1039 cell cultures. The efficiency of the DAPI-test could be estimated to be about 96% that of cultivation about 89%, but cultivation is more specific. The highest assurance is obtained when both methods are applied.     

Advances in cultivation of Gelidiales

Currently, Gelidium and Pterocladia (Gelidiales) are collected or harvested only from the sea. Despite several attempts to develop a cultivation technology for Gelidium, no successful methodology has yet been developed. Initial steps towards developmental efforts in Portugal, Spain, South Africa and Israel have been published. More developments have probably been performed but have not been published. Two different technological concepts have been tested for Gelidium cultivation: (1) the attachment of Gelidium fragments to concrete cylinders floating in the sea, and (2) free-floating pond cultivation technology. These vegetative cultivation technologies might be partially optimized by controlling physical, chemical and biological growth factors. The pond cultivation technology is the much more controllable option. The effects of all factors are discussed in detail in this review. It seems that the main difficulty with cultivation of Gelidium is its low growth rate. The claimed yields of the two technologies are far from being economically attractive at this stage of their development. It seems that in order to introduce Gelidium into commercial cultivation, major efforts in genetic improvement through selection or genetic engineering will be required. Only high yield strains will have the potential to compete economically with the present harvesting tradition. However, accumulated experience with genetic improvement of other useful seaweed species suggests that this is possible.