甜菜BvHAK基因家族全基因组鉴定及其在盐处理下的表达分析

高亲和性K⁺转运蛋白（high-affinity K⁺ transporter,HAK）是植物中最重要的K⁺转运蛋白家族之一,在植物K⁺吸收和转运过程中发挥重要功能。为探究甜菜BvHAK基因家族成员生物学功能及基因表达模式,采用生物信息学手段,预测了蛋白质的理化性质、基因结构、染色体定位、系统进化、保守基序、三维结构、互作网络、启动子顺式作用元件,并通过qRT-PCR分析了盐胁迫下BvHAKs基因在甜菜不同组织中的表达水平。共鉴定出10个甜菜BvHAK基因家族成员,含有8-10个外显子、7-9个内含子;平均氨基酸个数为778.30,平均分子量为88.31 kDa,等电点为5.38-9.41,跨膜区为11-14个。BvHAK4、-5、-7和-13定位在质膜,而其余定位在液泡膜。系统进化分析发现,高等植物HAK可分为5个簇,分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ簇,其中Ⅱ簇成员可进一步分为Ⅱa、Ⅱb和Ⅱc等3个亚簇;BvHAK家族成员则分布在前4簇,分别含有1、6、1和2个成员。甜菜BvHAK基因家族主要含有胁迫响应元件、激素响应元件和生长发育响应元件。进一步对BvHAK基因在盐处理下甜菜不同组织中的表达模式分析发现,50和100 mmol/L NaCl不同程度地诱导甜菜地上部和根部BvHAK基因家族成员的表达;高盐（150 mmol/L）则下调了其在地上部的表达水平。这些结果表明,BvHAK基因家族在响应盐胁迫过程中起重要作用。     

茶树CsBAP1基因的克隆与非生物胁迫和激素响应分析

该研究基于茶树转录组数据,从茶树‘龙井43’cDNA中克隆获得茶树CsBAP1基因,对其蛋白质序列特征和基因表达模式以及CsBAP1在茶树不同组织、不同激素处理及不同逆境胁迫下的表达水平进行荧光定量检测。结果显示：（1）克隆得到的茶树CsBAP1基因开放阅读框长度为543 bp,编码180个氨基酸;CsBAP1蛋白为亲水性蛋白,理论相对分子质量为19 398 Da,理论等电点为9.30,含有保守的Ca²⁺依赖性的C2结构域;茶树CsBAP1蛋白二级结构由8.89％的α 螺旋、7.78％的β 转角、35.56％的β 折叠和47.78％的随机卷曲组成;三级结构分析结果显示,CsBAP1包括螺旋和折叠结构,与二级结构吻合。（2）荧光定量分析结果显示, CsBAP1基因在茶树的花、花蕾、幼叶、老叶和成熟叶中均有表达,且在老叶中的表达量最高;外源施用ABA、IAA、MeJA、GA³以及SA均能够抑制茶树CsBAP1基因的表达;在高温（38 ℃）、低温（4 ℃）、干旱（200 g·L^-1 PEG）、高盐（200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl）胁迫下,CsBAP1的表达量均有所上调,且不同时间段的表达存在显著差异。该研究为进一步研究茶树CsBAP1基因的功能奠定了基础。     

多胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜SOS2基因家族表达的影响

该研究基于黄瓜基因组数据库,利用生物信息学和荧光定量PCR等方法,对黄瓜SOS2基因家族进行全基因组鉴定,并对其表达特性进行系统分析。结果表明：(1)在黄瓜基因组中,共鉴定到 15个SOS2基因(CsSOS2 1~CsSOS2 15),且不均匀分布在5条染色体上;亚细胞定位显示SOS2蛋白主要位于细胞质膜。(2)系统进化分析显示,CsSOS2 2和CsSOS2 6与AtSOS2亲缘关系更近。(3)顺式作用元件预测显示,SOS2基因启动子序列主要含有干旱诱导和防御应激响应元件。(4)结构分析显示,SOS2蛋白所含保守基序的排列顺序完全一致,且主要含有STKc和NAF保守结构域,这些结构可能在基因响应盐胁迫过程中起调控作用。(5)荧光定量试验表明,SOS2基因家族主要在黄瓜的根和叶片响应盐胁迫时上调表达,其中,盐胁迫处理1 d时有5个基因上调表达,并随处理时间延长盐胁迫下的基因表达有所下调;增施多胺显著上调了CsSOS2 1~CsSOS2 5、CsSOS2 8、CsSOS2 9、CsSOS2 12和CsSOS2 15在不同组织中的表达,说明盐胁迫下多胺能诱导黄瓜SOS2基因家族的表达,进而参与植物耐盐分子网络的调控。     

烟草NtSKOR1基因的克隆及功能分析

该研究利用拟南芥AtSKOR蛋白序列,通过NCBI的Blast搜索获得烟草NtSKOR1基因CDS序列。设计全长CDS扩增引物,通过RT PCR方法从栽培烟草中克隆得到NtSKOR1基因,对其进行生物信息学、表达特性等分析,并利用CRISPR/Cas9技术获得NtSKOR1的敲除材料。结果表明：(1)NtSKOR1基因CDS由2 466 bp核苷酸组成,编码821个氨基酸,推测NtSKOR1蛋白等电点为6.36,分子量为94.21 kD。(2)NtSKOR1定位于细胞膜,有6个跨膜区,无信号肽序列;NtSKOR1蛋白含有孔形成区(P)及锚定蛋白区(ANK)等典型SKOR类蛋白功能域。(3)进化树分析表明,烟草NtSKOR1蛋白与番茄和马铃薯的SKOR蛋白遗传距离最近,与禾本科植物的SKOR蛋白遗传距离较远。(4)组织特异性表达分析表明,NtSKOR1基因主要在烟草根中表达,其表达模式与拟南芥一致;钾胁迫处理后,NtSKOR1基因呈先降低后升高再降低的表达模式。(5)CRISPR/Cas9敲除NtSKOR1基因,烟草叶片钾含量显著降低,表明NtSKOR1基因是控制烟叶钾离子的关键基因之一。该研究结果为解析烟草钾离子吸收转运的分子机制提供重要依据。     

长穗偃麦草EeSKOR启动子的克隆及功能分析

为了研究外整流钾通道蛋白(stelar K⁺ outward rectifier channels,SKOR)基因SKOR在长穗偃麦草中的功能,利用热不对称交错PCR(Tail PCR)技术,克隆了长穗偃麦草EeSKOR启动子,并进行启动子顺式作用元件及基因表达分析。结果表明：(1)成功获得长穗偃麦草EeSKOR基因起始密码子上游798 bp启动子序列,命名为pEeSKOR。 (2)EeSKOR启动子除必须具备的核心启动元件外,还含有特异转录因子结合位点、植物激素响应元件、光响应元件、组织特异的启动元件和胁迫响应元件。(3)成功构建植物表达载体pEeSKOR∷GUS,经农杆菌介导的瞬时转化,EeSKOR启动子驱动GUS报告基因可在拟南芥的叶、叶柄和根中表达。(4)实时定量PCR检测显示,在NaCl、PEG、ABA和SA处理下长穗偃麦草EeSKOR基因在根中呈现不同的表达模式,NaCl处理下EeSKOR的表达量呈先下调后上调趋势;PEG处理下EeSKOR的表达量呈上调趋势,且随着时间的延长显著上调;ABA处理下EeSKOR的表达受到抑制且随处理时间延长呈显著下调趋势;SA处理下EeSKOR表现出先上调后下调趋势,且在处理72 h时表达量显著低于正常表达水平。研究认为,EeSKOR基因的表达受NaCl、PEG、ABA和SA的诱导调节。该研究结果为进一步系统研究长穗偃麦草EeSKOR基因功能提供重要理论依据。     

水稻OsMBF1c基因的克隆及表达分析

多蛋白桥联因子1(multi protein bridging factor 1, MBF1)在植物应对逆境胁迫中起着重要的作用,而对于水稻中MBF1是否参与重金属胁迫响应机制目前尚未见相关报道。为了揭示水稻MBF1家族与重金属胁迫的相关性及其潜在作用机制,该研究利用PCR技术克隆水稻OsMBF1c基因的全长编码序列,通过生物信息学对基因功能进行分析和预测,并通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)分析其在镉(Cd)胁迫下的表达特征。结果表明:(1)OsMBF1c的全长编码序列为468 bp,共编码155个氨基酸,相对分子量为16.154 kDa。(2)OsMBF1c与大麦TdMBF1a.1亲缘关系最近,具有光、厌氧等环境因子诱导相关的顺式调节元件。(3)重金属Cd可诱导OsMBF1c表达且在时间上和组织中的表达水平具有特异性,100 μmol·L^-1 Cd 处理1 h 后,地上部分OsMBF1c表达量明显上调,为对照组的7倍; 100 μmol·L^-1 Cd 胁迫处理6 h后,根部OsMBF1c表达量上调为对照组的3倍。该研究结果进一步完善了非生物胁迫下MBF1家族的生物学功能研究。     

拟南芥AtNHX2启动子的克隆及表达模式分析(英)

AtNHX2基因是拟南芥NHX基因家族的一员,编码了一种液泡膜中的Na⁺/H⁺反向运输体并对拟南芥的耐盐能力起着重要的作用.采用PCR扩增的方法克隆了拟南芥AtNHX2基因启始密码子上游约2.8 kb的DNA片段,并将其克隆到植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301-1中,通过基因枪轰击洋葱表皮瞬时表达的方法,初步检测启动子的活性.将重组质粒pCAMBIA1301-1/AtNHX2 promoter转化拟南芥并筛选纯合子.AtNHX2 promoter-GUS分析显示AtNHX2在所有的组织中均有表达,包括根尖.在保卫细胞中检测到了强烈的GUS表达,这一结果表明,AtNHX2对特殊细胞的pH调控和K⁺自身稳定方面起着重要的作用.AtNHX2启动子的活性可被NaCl抑制,并且抑制的强度和NaCl的浓度成正相关. 300 mmol/L KCl处理可增强启动子的活性,说明NaCl和KCl是在转录水平上调控AtNHX2的表达.在老叶中GUS活性比在新叶中GUS活性强,这说明了AtNHX2优先将有毒的离子积累在老叶中,从而有利于植物的正常发育.在根毛细胞中也观测到了强烈的GUS活性,这就暗示了AtNHX2在扩大的液泡中储存Na⁺.     

小麦苗期盐胁迫下DREB基因的表达

为了从全基因组和转录组水平鉴定响应盐胁迫的小麦DREB (dehydration responsive element binding,DREB) 基因,该研究对小麦耐盐材料CH7034苗期施加盐胁迫后的根部样本进行Illumina转录组测序,从中分离TaDREB家族成员的表达数据和可变剪接信息,并对其下游靶基因进行预测;利用 qRT PCR对盐胁迫响应TaDREB成员和预测靶基因进行验证。结果显示：(1)从小麦中共鉴定出48个DREB成员(204个拷贝序列),命名为TaDREB1~TaDREB48,分布于21条染色体。(2)TaDREB家族分为14组(G1~G14),位于G2、G5、G10和G14的TaDREB成员受NaCl胁迫后转录水平均无显著变化,其余组中共有25个(52%) TaDREB成员表现出对盐胁迫不同程度的响应;其中有9个成员在盐胁迫后持续上调(含5个新报道基因),有2个成员表现为持续下调;蛋白互作预测结果显示,下调成员TaDREB35的编码蛋白可能会受到1个小麦RING型E3泛素连接酶作用而降解。(3)盐胁迫后有9个成员TaDREB3、TaDREB6、TaDREB16、TaDREB19、TaDREB21、TaDREB24、TaDREB25.12、TaDREB43和TaDREB47发生了可变剪切变化。(4)从转录组差异表达基因中进一步鉴定出3个起始密码子上游2 000 bp序列,包含DRE/CRT元件且在A/B/D组间表达趋势一致的候选靶基因TaRD29、TaGLOS和TaCKX。(5)qRT PCR验证结果显示,上调成员中,除TaDREB19外,其余成员以及TaDREB16均表现出持续上升的趋势;下调成员中只有TaDREB25和TaDREB35的表达量呈持续下降的趋势;3个预测靶基因的表达量均持续上升,验证结果与转录组测序结果一致。该研究鉴定出的11个盐胁迫响应TaDREB成员以及预测的3个下游靶基因为小麦耐盐机制解析和分子育种奠定了基础。     

小麦TaWRKY47基因的克隆与表达分析

为了探究小麦WRKY基因的功能,该研究采用RT PCR方法,在小麦叶片组织中克隆WRKY基因,并对其进行生物信息学和不同逆境胁迫下的表达分析。结果表明：(1)成功克隆得到1个小麦WRKY基因,命名为TaWRKY47。(2)TaWRKY47基因开放阅读框长度为900 bp,编码299个氨基酸,含有一个WRKY保守结构域和一个C₂HC锌指结构域,属于WRKY基因家族的第Ⅲ类成员。(3)亚细胞定位分析结果显示,TaWRKY47蛋白定位于细胞核。(4)荧光定量PCR结果表明,TaWRKY47基因在小麦根、茎、叶、雄蕊和雌蕊中均有表达,其中在雌蕊中表达量最高,且受低温、干旱、盐、ABA和H₂O₂等胁迫表达增强,推测TaWRKY47基因参与了小麦的逆境胁迫过程。该研究结果为进一步研究TaWRKY47基因功能与抗逆机制奠定了理论基础。     

葡萄CBF4基因生物信息学及其对低温和硅酸钾响应分析

为探究葡萄CBF4基因的结构和表达特征,该研究以葡萄为材料,对葡萄 CBF4基因进行生物信息学及低温和硅酸钾响应分析。结果表明:(1)CBF4蛋白定位在细胞核,有5个磷酸化位点和14个糖基化位点,无信号肽,是一个亲水的、脂溶性较差的膜外蛋白。二级结构以无规则卷曲为主,比例为56.88%。该蛋白包含一个AP2/EREBP结构域。(2)CBF4蛋白的多序列和系统进化分析表明酿酒葡萄与美洲葡萄的同源性最高、亲缘关系最近。(3)荧光定量 PCR 分析显示,低温胁迫后CBF4基因在葡萄叶片中表达水平上调,说明CBF4基因可能参与了葡萄叶片低温胁迫的响应。低温条件下,施加硅酸钾CBF4基因表达具有差异性,说明该基因在不同的葡萄组织中对硅酸钾的响应机制可能不同。以上结果为进一步研究葡萄CBF4基因的功能和机理奠定了基础。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.