中国无患子科的花粉形态及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜对国产无患子科(狭义,Sapindaceae)23属30种1变种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。结果显示,该科花粉粒多为扁球形,部分为长球形,少数为球形或近球形,极面观多为三角形;从花粉萌发孔类型看,大多数种类具三沟孔,有的形成合沟,少数仅具三孔而无沟;从花粉外壁纹饰看,多数花粉外壁具网状或条纹状雕纹,少数花粉的外壁具刺状或颗粒状纹饰。花粉形态特征支持文冠果亚科(Xanthoceroideae)以及广义鳞花木属(Lepisanthes)概念,并支持仍将茶条木属(Delavaya)置于车桑子亚科(Dodonaeoideae)。观察发现黄梨木(Boniodendron minus)与栾树属(Koelreuteria),龙眼属(Dimocarpus)、荔枝属(Litchi)与韶子属(Nephelium)从花粉形态上表现出较近的亲缘关系。基于花粉形态特征编制了国产无患子科分属检索表。     

槭树科花粉形态及其系统学意义

报道了槭树科(Aceraceae)槭属21组33种和金钱槭属2种植物的花粉形态。本科花粉近球形至长球形,极面观为三裂圆形。从花粉萌发孔类型看,金钱槭属Dipteronia具三孔沟,槭属（Acer)除4组具三孔沟外,其余均为三沟。从花粉外壁纹饰看,金钱槭属2个种和槭属的大多数种为条纹状,罕为细条纹－拟网状和皱波状。通过花粉形态分析,并结合其它方向的证据,我们认为：（1）Sect.Palmata,Sect.Spicata和Sect.Microcarpa可能是槭属中与金钱槭属关系最密切的类群;（2）A.distalum和A.nipponicum代表了近缘的两个单种组;（3）A.pseudoplatanus不同于Sect.Acer的其它4个种而与A.saccharum可能存在更为密切的关系;（4）Sect.Carpinifolia(细条纹－拟网状外壁纹饰）和Sect.Negundo(皱波状外壁纹饰）则可能代表了槭属中最特化的类群;（5）按槭树科花粉三孔沟到三沟的演化规律,Dipteronia较Acer原始。     

中国东属植物花粉形态及其系统学意义

从系统学分类学的角度出发,对国产栎属31个种的花粉进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察。研究结果表明栎属的花粉萌发孔对该属的系统与分类无太大的参考价值;但栎属的花粉纹饰有颗粒状,聚粒状两种主要类型,具有重要的系统学分类学价值。花粉形态的研究结果支持将栎属植物划分为常绿类与落叶类的观点,栎属巴东栎组植物的花粉纹饰在种间存在分化,花粉形态的研究结果支持将巴东栎组至少划分为两个不同类群的观点;在佐以其他证据的情况下,栎属植物的花粉纹饰还具有重要的分类学价值。     

中国栎属植物花粉形态及其系统学意义

从系统学分类学的角度出发 ,对国产栎属 31个种的花粉进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察。研究结果表明栎属的花粉萌发孔对该属的系统与分类无太大的参考价值 ;但栎属的花粉纹饰有颗粒状、聚颗粒状两种主要类型 ,具有重要的系统学分类学价值。花粉形态的研究结果支持将栎属植物划分为常绿类与落叶类的观点 ;栎属巴东栎组植物的花粉纹饰在种间存在分化 ,花粉形态的研究结果支持将巴东栎组至少划分为两个不同类群的观点 ;在佐以其他证据的情况下 ,栎属植物的花粉纹饰还具有重要的分类学价值     

水鳖科9属15种植物花粉形态的研究

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对水鳖科Hydrocharitaceae 9属15种植物的花粉形态进行 了观察。水鳖科植物花粉为圆球形至近椭球形,无萌发孔或偶为单沟萌发孔,外壁纹饰通常为小刺状纹 饰,刺密集或稀疏,花粉表面具瘤状、疣状、颗粒状、皱波状突起或光滑。外壁由覆盖层、柱状层和基层组 成。覆盖层厚或较薄,柱状层小柱发育不明显,基层薄。水鳖科植物在花粉大小、纹饰类型、刺的长短、 密度、形态、萌发孔的有无以及花粉壁的结构等方面表现出了较为明显的差异,这些特征对探讨类群间 关系具有较重要意义。由于黑藻属Hydrilla和Stratiotes属花粉较为特殊,支持将它们各自作为一个独立 的族处理。水鳖科植物花粉外壁纹饰和结构特点表明该科与水雍科Aponogetonaceae、泽泻科Alismataceae 和花蔺科Butomaceae等近缘,而该科植物花粉大多无萌发孔等则反应了该科与茨藻目Najadales植物有密切联系。     

五味子科植物花形态及其系统学意义

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了五味子科Ｓｃｈｉｓａｎｄｒａｃｅａｅ２３种、６变种和１变型的９１份花粉的形态。其中５ 、４变种和１变型的花粉形态为首次报道。该科花粉为单花粉,异极,辐射对称,扁球形至超扁球形,其萌发沟的排列格局在被子植物中是独一无二的。若按萌发沟的数目划分,该科花粉可分为３沟型和６沟型两个类型。外壁为网状纹饰,网眼的大小和网脊的宽度与花的形态有一定相关性。研究结果不支持Ｐｒａｇｌｏｗｓｋｉ对     

猕猴桃属花粉形态及其系统学意义

由于天然种间杂交,猕猴桃属Actinidia Lindl.的分类存在着组间界限不清、近缘种之间很难区分的问题。本文试图通过对该属不同组、系的植物花粉及种间杂交后代花粉的扫描电镜观察,探讨该属物种的系统学关系。在扫描电镜下观察了猕猴桃属植物21种、 6变种和4个不同种间杂交F1代植株的花粉,描述了它们的花粉形态,并根据花粉形态特征建立了相应的检索表。研究结果表明：（1）猕猴桃属的花粉形状主要以长球形至近球形为主,变异较小,而花粉粒大小和外壁纹饰的种间差异较大。（2）多数迁地保护物种的花粉粒以三孔沟为主,不同于以前报道的以三拟孔沟为主,原因可能是花粉样本采集地的环境不一样,以及野外的广泛杂交造成的。（3）种间杂交后代花粉空瘪,无授粉能力,是由于所采用亲本植株染色体的倍性不同,后代不能产生正常花粉所致。（4）人工选育雄株花粉外壁纹饰较野生雄株花粉的精细,这种花粉外壁纹饰变小的特征可能有利于雌雄异株植物的授粉受精。这一现象值得进一步探讨。（5）雄株花粉大小与其雌株果实大小之间有一定相关性,这一现象有助于杂交后代的早期筛选。     

山小橘属 (芸香科) 花粉形态及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜（SEM）对芸香科山小橘属（Glycosmis）12个分类群16个样品的花粉形态特征（包括花粉大小、萌发孔及外壁纹饰等）进行了观察研究,其中光叶山小橘（G.craibii var. glabra）、长果山小橘（G.erythrocarpa）、锈毛山小橘（G.esquirolii）、长叶山小橘（G.longifolia）、亮叶山小橘（G.lucida）、海南山小橘（G.montana）、少花山小橘（G.oligantha）、小花山小橘（G.parviflora）和华山小橘（G.pseudoracemos）等9个分类群的花粉形态为首次报道。结果表明,国产山小橘属植物的花粉均为单粒花粉,近球形或长球形,花粉大小范围为(15.90~23.92)×(14.56~22.00)μm,极面观为圆形、三裂圆形或近三角形,极轴与赤道轴比值（P/E）范围为1.03~1.31,均为3孔沟;根据花粉外壁纹饰可以将国产种类划分为条网状、复条网状、条纹-穿孔纹饰以及孔穴状纹饰等四种类型,其中小花山小橘不同来源花粉的外壁纹饰差异较大,至少存在5种类型：(1) 极面穴状,赤面条网状或穿孔,(2) 极面穴状,赤面均匀分布圆形穿孔,(3) 具复条网状,(4) 条网状兼具不规则小穿孔,(5) 条网状兼近圆形穿孔纹饰。研究发现山小橘属植物的花粉形态特征具有较高的多样性,为该属植物的分类及系统学研究提供了可用的孢粉学资料。     

山小橘属(芸香科)花粉形态及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜(SEM)对芸香科山小橘属(Glycosmis)12个分类群16个样品的花粉形态特征(包括花粉大小、萌发孔及外壁纹饰等)进行了观察研究,其中光叶山小橘(G.craibii var.glabra)、长果山小橘(G.erythrocarpa)、锈毛山小橘(G.esquirolii)、长叶山小橘(G.longifolia)、亮叶山小橘(G.lucida)、海南山小橘(G.montana)、少花山小橘(G.oligantha)、小花山小橘(G.parviflora)和华山小橘(G.pseudoracemos)等9个分类群的花粉形态为首次报道.结果表明,国产山小橘属植物的花粉均为单粒花粉,近球形或长球形,花粉大小范围为(15.90～23.92)×(14.56 ～ 22.00) μm,极面观为圆形、三裂圆形或近三角形,极轴与赤道轴比值(P/E)范围为1.03 ～1.31,均为3孔沟;根据花粉外壁纹饰可以将国产种类划分为条网状、复条网状、条纹-穿孔纹饰以及孔穴状纹饰等四种类型,其中小花山小橘不同来源花粉的外壁纹饰差异较大,至少存在5种类型:(1)极面穴状,赤面条网状或穿孔,(2)极面穴状,赤面均匀分布圆形穿孔,(3)具复条网状,(4)条网状兼具不规则小穿孔,(5)条网状兼近圆形穿孔纹饰.研究发现山小橘属植物的花粉形态特征具有较高的多样性,为该属植物的分类及系统学研究提供了可用的孢粉学资料.     

中国蓼科篇蓄属植物花粉形态及其分类意义

利用扫描电镜研究了中国蔚蓄属（Polygonum）13种、1变种、1变型植物的花粉形态。结果表明,中国蔚蓄属植物的花粉粒为长球形或超长球形,具三孔沟,外壁纹饰可分为4种类型：（1）花粉粒表面具细网状纹饰;（2）花粉粒表面具颗粒纹饰;（3）花粉粒表面仅两端具颗粒纹饰,其余部分光滑;（4）花粉粒表面仅沟间区两端肩部光滑,其余部分具颗粒纹饰。根据花粉形态类型,结合该属植物的习性、叶柄基部及花柄上关节的有无、花柱和柱头的数目以及瘦果形态等特征,参照前人的研究处理意见,将中国蔚蓄属植物划分为4个组,即小灌木组section Fruticulosae（Boiss．）F．Z．Liet Y．T．Hou,stat．＆comb．nov．篇蓄组section Polygonum、丝茎蔚蓄组section Pseudomollia Boiss．和铁马鞭组section Plebeia Tzvel．。     

Pollen Morphology of the Genus Ligusticum from China and Its Systematic Significance

The genus Ligusticum (Umbelliferae)consists of over 60 specics. So far found are 34 species in China. In the present paper pollen morphology of 25 species of Ligusticum were investigated. Among them only L.scothicum L.is not distributed in China, but in the Soviet Union, Korea, Japan and North America. Pollen grains of all the species were examined by LM, SEM and four species examined under TEM. Seventeen species are palynologically reported here for the first time. Based on our observation and data from other authors the shape of pollen grains in Ligusticum may be divided into four types: (1)Rhomboidal, P/E 1.14-1.87; colpi slender; pores goniotreme, rectangular, protruding; exine 2-layered, nearly equal in thickness, columellae inaistinct, sculpture reticulate or obscure under LM, psilate and finely rugulate under SEM ( including L. franchetii; L. tachiroei and L. sikiangensis); (2) Ellipsoidal, P/ E 1.72-2.25; colpi slender, rarely syncolpate; pores pleurotreme, rarely goniotreme, subrectangular; exine 2-layered, nearly equal in thickness, columellae distinct, sculpture reticulate, distinct or indistinct under LM, rugulate or brevistriate-reticulate under SEM (including L. brachylobum; L.pteridophyllum); (3) Rectangular, P/E 1.71-2.42; colpi long, rather long or wide and short; pores pleurotreme, rounded, subrounded or lalongate; exine 2-layered, sexine thicker than nexine; columellae distinct, sculpture reticulate distinct or obscure under LM, rugulate, brevistriate or striate-reticulate under SEM ( L. angelicifolium L. capillaceum; L. multivittatum; L. sinense ; L. sinense cv. Chuanxiong ; L. sinense cv. Fuxiong ; L. jeholense; L. involucratum; L. oliverianum; L. scothicum; L. scapiforme; L. hispidum; L. daucoides; (4) Equatorial-constricted, P/E 2.00-2.42; colpi short or rather short; pores rounded, ellipsoidal or lalongate; exine 2-layered, sexine thicker than nexine, columellae distinct, sculpture distinctly reticulate under LM, rugulate, brevistriate or striate-reticulate undr SEM (L.filifolium; L. discolor; L. ajaense; L. acuminatum) The revolutionary trends of pollen types are as follows: rhomboidal→ ellipsoidal; rhomboidal→ lalongate-rhomboidal→ rectangular→ equatorial-constricted. The aperture is of two types i.e.goniotreme and pleurotreme. Regel (1858)treated Tilingia as an independent genus and Leute (1969)separated the genus Ligusticpsis from Ligusticum, but pollen information supports K.-Pol. (1916) and Hiroe's (1979)systematic arrangement, placing Tilingia and Ligusticopsis into Ligusticum, because Tilingia and Ligusticopsis are similar to Ligusticum in pollen morphology:tricolporate, exine 2-layered, columellae usually distinct and sculpture reticulate. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. 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中国木犀属花粉形态研究及其系统学意义

观察了中国木犀属4组21种植物的花粉形态。花粉为圆球形或近长球形,外壁表面均具网状纹饰。大多数种类都具有三孔沟的萌发孔,极少四孔沟,或六萌发孔。内孔明显或不明显,有9种植物同时存在具三孔沟和具三沟二种类型的花粉及中间过渡类型(显脉木犀同时存在具三拟孔沟和具四拟孔沟)。很多特点表明,木犀属花粉的萌发孔在木犀科中处于由简单萌发孔向复合萌发孔过渡的阶段。根据网眼从沟间区中央到沟边是否变细,可将本属花粉分为两大类型,与分组有一定的对应关系。综合一些花粉特征,可发现本属花粉形态差异较明显,与一般形态差异有一定的相关性。花粉形态在木犀属具有一定的系统学意义。     

Studies on Pollen Morphology and Taxonomy of Lespedeza and Its Allied Genera from NE China

The pollen morphology of 11 species and 1 variety in the genus Lespedeza and its allied genera (Campylotropis, Kummerowia) from NE China was examined under light and scanning electron microscopes. 1. Lespedeza Michx. (plate 1:1-6; 2:1-6; 3:1-6; 4:1-2) Pollen grains prolate, rarely subprolate or spheroidal, elliptic or rarely suborbicular in equatorial view, 3-lobed-rounded in polar view, tricolporate, colpus margins smooth or jagged. Polar axis 20.7-33.1μm long, equatorial axis 15.4-20.9 μm long. Exine reticulate or foveolate, lumina verrucose or smooth under SEM. 2. Campylotropis Bge. (plate 4:3-4) One species in NE China, C. macrocarpa (Bge.) Rehd. Pollen grains prolate, elliptic in equatorial view, 3-lobed-rounded in polar view, 3-colporate, colpus linear, 25.1μm long, 1.79μm broad, colpus margins jagged, with a series of verrucae equal in size along one side visible under SEM. Polar axis 19.7μm long, equatorial axis 14.6μm long. Exine reticulate, lumina nearly rounded, verrucose at periphery under SEM. 3. Kummerowia Schindl. (plate 4:5-6) Pollen grains spheroidal, oblate or prolate, elliptic in equatorial view, obtuse-triangular in polar view, tricolporate, colups linear, 25.1μm long, 2.01μm broad, colpus margins sinuate. Polar axis 24.7-27.9μm long, equatorial axis 19.7-26.6μm long. Exine reticulate or subreticulate, lumina nearly rounded, with verrocae visible under SEM. According to the pollen morphology of Lespedeza and its allied genera, the division of Lespedeza (s. lat.) into Lespedeza (S. str.), Campylotropis and Kummarowia by Schindler (1912) is reasonable. The subdivision of Lespedeza (s. str.) into Sect. Macrolespedeza and Sect. Lespedeza by many botanists, and the treatment of Lespedeze juncea (L. f.) Pers. var. inschanica Maxim. as an independent species (i.e. Lespedeza inschanics (Maxim). Schindl.) are also supported by the pollen morphology shown in the present work.     

26种丛藓科（Pottiaceae）植物孢子形态及其系统学意义

通过光学显微镜（LM）和扫描电镜（SEM）观察了26种国产丛藓科（Pottiaceae）植物孢子的形态特征,从孢子形态学角度佐证了这些类群在系统演化中的密切关系。结果表明：这26种植物的孢子在形态、近极面形状及孢壁纹饰等方面有较大的相似性,但在孢子大小和表面纹饰的细微结构及其分布等方面又有区别,显示了同科不同属、种间遗传的相似性及遗传分化。     

中国西南地区当归属植物花粉形态及其系统进化分析

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究了分布于中国西南地区的当归属(Angelica L.)16种植物的花粉形态,其中有7种植物的花粉形态为首次报道。研究结果表明当归属植物花粉粒较大,分化明显,包含了伞形科花粉的原始、中等进化和进化的类型,其形态以菱形、椭圆形、近长方形、赤道收缩形为主,萌发孔为角孔或边孔,从花粉的这种多类型证明该地区的当归属植物既起源古老同时又在不断分化着。从孢粉学角度初步分析了当归属的属下系统,为该属植物种的划分及系统演化关系的探讨提供依据。     

旌节花科及其相关类群花粉形态的研究

对旌节花科及其相关类群五桠果科、猕猴桃科、水东哥科、金莲木科、省沽油科和山茶科等7科19属37种花粉进行了光镜（LM）和扫描电镜（SEM）的观察和比较。其中有些种类是第一次观察和报道。研究表明,上述各科花粉多为近球形至球形,少数近扁球形或近长球形。极面观三裂圆形或近三裂圆形。直径20－30（－35μm）,但厚皮香亚科和省沽油科银鹊树属Tapiscia的花科特别小,仅12.5-20μm。3孔沟,罕有3沟或4孔沟。外萌发孔（沟）相对地较长而宽,内孔多数较发达。花粉外壁纹饰变化大,从模糊而粗糙的细突起到皱波状纹饰,细孔状纹饰,蜂巢状－穴状纹饰,穴－网状纹饰,网状纹饰和颗粒状纹饰等。从形状、大小、萌发孔类型和外壁纹饰的比较看,虽然上述各科花粉均在不同程度上具有一定的相似性,但其中以旌节花科、省沽油科和山茶科中厚皮香科的花粉具有更多的相似性,尤其表现在外壁纹饰特征上。就孢粉学而言,也许旌节花科与省沽油科和山茶科中的厚皮香亚科的关系相对地较为密切。不过,其孢粉学特征所表现出的亲缘关系似乎不如在分子生物学中所表现出的明显。     

国产黄耆属簇毛黄耆亚属花粉形态及其系统学意义

观察了国产黄耆属簇毛黄耆亚属6组12种植物的花粉形态。这些花粉的外壁表面纹饰可分为网状纹饰,穿孔或小沟渠状,以及穴网状纹饰3种类型。所有种类都具三孔沟的萌发孔,根据内孔明显与否可分为两类。虽然萌发孔类型与分组并没有严格的对应关系,但综合一些花粉特征,仍然发现6个组间花粉形态差异较为明显,与一般的形态差异有一定的对应性。特别是Sect．Robusti比较特殊,根据花粉大小等特征,推测它和Sect.Phyllolobium等有可能是本亚属的原始类群。Sect.Sesbanella的两个近缘种Astragalus heydei和A.hendersonii,花粉形态却很有区别。Sect.Bibacteola种类较多,有24种,花粉形态呈多样性。总之,花粉形态在簇毛亚属中具有一定的系统学意义。     

中国15种变豆菜属植物的花粉形态及系统学分析

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对变豆菜属15种植物的花粉形态进行观察。结果表明,变豆菜属15种植物的花粉大小为（28.51~54.29） μm~（12.23~28.98） μm,极轴与赤道轴比值（Polar axis/Equatorial axis）为1.48~2.46,具三孔沟。花粉粒赤道面观有近矩形、赤道收缩形、长椭圆形等类型,其中近矩形和赤道收缩形占多数;极面观为圆形或三角圆形。在扫描电镜下,其外壁表面纹饰为网状。我们研究结果支持在伞形科变豆菜亚科中,变豆菜属植物的花粉具有中等进化、比较进化的形态特征,花粉形态可为个别物种的分类处理提供孢粉学证据。