MAT2A与NDRG2基因在结直肠癌中表达情况及临床意义的研究

目的研究MAT2A(甲硫氨酸腺苷转移酶2A)和NDRG2(N-Myc下游调节基因-2)基因在结直肠癌组织中的表达及两者的相关性,为结直肠癌的研究及治疗提供重要参考。方法选取68例术中切除结直肠癌组织及相应的癌旁组织标本,应用RT-PCR(逆转录-聚合酶链式反应)和Western blotting(蛋白质印迹法)检测结直肠癌中MAT2A和NDRG2表达水平。结果结直肠癌中MAT2A和NDRG2mRNA表达情况:MAT2A阳性表达率(66.2%,45/68)高于癌旁组织(7.4%,5/68);NDRG2阳性表达率(36.8%,25/68)低于癌旁组织(91.2%,62/68);两者的表达与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤生长位置等因素均无关,与癌肿临床分期、分化水平及淋巴结转移密切相关。癌肿组织中MAT2A蛋白表达量相较于癌旁组织明显增多(t=39.1152,P=0.0000),而癌肿组织中NDRG2蛋白表达量较癌旁组织明显降低(t=46.5103,P=0.0000);且在结直肠癌组织中两基因的表达可能有相关性(χ~2=7.41,P=0.009)。结论在结直肠癌组织中MAT2A表达增高,NDRG2表达下降,两者与肿瘤的发生发展具有一定相关性,推测可能与DNA甲基化异常有关,但具体机制仍待进一步研究。     

纹状体A2AR/D2DR拮抗效应在运动功能调节中的研究进展

纹状体是运动调控的关键组成部分,对机体运动控制发挥重要作用。腺苷A2A受体(adenosine A2A receptor, A2AR)与多巴胺D2受体(dopamine D2 receptor, D2DR)在纹状体投射到苍白球的神经元中高度共表达,形成的A2AR/D2DR异聚体具有拮抗效应,共同调节纹状体接收到的谷氨酸能和多巴胺能投射,通过改变纹状体神经元的活性,控制投射向下级核团的GABA能输出,调节基底神经节直接通路和间接通路的平衡,最终对运动产生影响。A2AR/D2DR在细胞水平以及行为水平上的拮抗效应,为其在运动疲劳和帕金森病的运动功能改善上提供了新的靶点。该文将对A2AR/D2DR拮抗效应在运动功能调节中的研究进行综述,为后期研究运动的中枢干预靶点提供新的可能性。     

植物腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶研究进展

多胺对植物生长发育的调控以及生物或非生物逆境胁迫反应中起着重要的作用.腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶(S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase,SAMDC)是植物体多胺生物合成途径中一个关键酶,催化腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosylmethionine,SAM)形成脱羧的SAM,为多胺生物合成提供氨丙基供体.现对植物中SAMDC的种类、SAMDC基因的特征以及功能研究现状进行了综述.     

MAT2A基因小干扰RNA诱导人肝癌细胞凋亡的分子机制

为探讨甲硫氨酸腺苷转移酶2A(MAT2A)小干扰RNA对人肝癌细胞生长和细胞凋亡的影响及其机 制,采用脂质体转染法将MAT2A小干扰RNA质粒表达载体转染人肝癌细胞系Bel 7402细胞、HepG 2细胞和 HepG3B细胞.半定量RT PCR检测MAT2A mRNA表达,Western印迹检测MAT2A 蛋白质表达, M TT法观察MAT2A小干扰RNA对肝癌细胞生长的影响,流式细胞仪及DAPI染色检测siRNA对肝癌细 胞凋亡的影响.为探讨其作用机制, 进一步检测转染后肝癌细胞MAT的活性、MAT1A mRNA表 达及SAM、SAH含量.结果发现, MAT2A小干扰RNA特异性抑制人肝癌细胞MAT2A mRNA和蛋白质 的表达, 刺激MAT表达由MAT2A向MAT1A转变, 降低了肝癌细胞中MATⅡ活性（P<005） ,从而诱导肝癌细胞凋亡; MAT2A小干扰RNA诱导Bel－7402细胞、HepG 2细胞、 Hep 3B细胞凋亡 指数分别为19．3%±2．8%、22．8%±3．5%、21．8%±4．2%, 较对照组siRNA(凋亡指数为5 2%±19%)具有明显差异(P<005).DAPI染色显示, MAT2A小干扰RNA转染组可见多个细胞核 浓缩、碎裂成蓝色的小块状,染色质凝聚,形成典型的凋亡小体, 而对照siRNA转染组未发现典型的 凋亡小体.肝癌细胞的生长也受到抑制,MAT2A小干扰RNA转染Bel 7402细胞、HepG 2细胞 、HepG3B细胞72 h后,细胞生长抑制率达高峰,分别为39．62%、41．27%、38．84%.肝癌细胞 中SAM含量明显升高(P<001),而SAH含量改变不明显, SAM/SAH变化伴随SAM含量变化而改 变.提示靶向MAT2A基因的siRNA通过升高肝癌细胞中SAM含量,刺激MAT表达由MAT2A向MAT1A转变, 从而诱导肝癌细胞凋亡,抑制肝癌细胞生长.     

S- 腺苷蛋氨酸在肝病患者中抗抑郁作用的研究进展

S-腺苷蛋氨酸(S-adenosyl-L-methionine,SAMe)是一种天然分子存在于人体所有细胞中,在肝脏、肾上腺以及松果体中具有较高浓度,在大脑中亦均匀分布。S-腺苷蛋氨酸通过抗氧化自由基及促进肝细胞再生等机制对肝细胞具有多重保护作用长久以来被广泛应用于肝病所致的肝内胆汁淤积、抗肝纤维化等治疗。近年来,研究亦发现S-腺苷蛋氨酸可增加患者脑中神经元膜的流动性及促进兴奋性神经递质的产生等对改善肝病患者情绪、治疗肝病患者抑郁症等方面具有重要的双重作用。通过静脉或口服用药,均可提高患者脑脊液中SAMe浓度,对于轻、中度抑郁患者的辅助治疗,更具安全性、有效性,这为人类的"生理-心理"疾病的治疗带来更广阔的应用前景。现将其对肝病患者抗抑郁的作用机制及临床应用综述如下。     

蝉花虫草镇痛化合物对痛风大鼠转录组及Adora1等疼痛相关基因的影响

本研究采用活性追踪的方法从蝉花虫草Ophiocordyceps sobolifera中分离提取了镇痛活性物质N~6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷[N~6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine,HEA],并通过转录组测序技术探索了HEA对痛风模型大鼠疼痛相关基因的影响。结果表明932个基因存在差异表达,将差异基因与在线疼痛基因大数据及相关文献进行比对,发现了57个疼痛相关基因,其中12个基因与镇痛相关,包括上调表达的腺苷A1受体基因(Adora1)及A2A受体基因(Adora2a)。应用Western blot的方法验证了HEA(7.5mg/kg)诱导镇痛靶标受体腺苷A1受体(A1R)表达上调、腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)表达下调。选择性A1R拮抗剂DPCPX显著抑制HEA对A1R的上调表达作用。综上所述,蝉花虫草的镇痛活性物质为HEA,而HEA可能通过激活腺苷A1R、下调A2AR及调控一系列疼痛相关基因发挥其镇痛作用。     

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶反应条件的优化

优化了重组毕赤酵母表达的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶催化L-甲硫氨酸(Met)和ATP合成 S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的条件,确定了该酶的最适酶活力检测条件为20mmol/L的L -Met,26mmol/ L的ATP,52mmol/L的MgCl2,300mmol/L的KCl,8mmol/L的还原型谷胱甘肽,100mmol/ L的Tris,反应液pH 8.5,35°C反应 1h,比活力达到23.84U/mg.该酶还可以催化以DL-Met代替L-Met为底物的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成反应,以降低生产成本.     

腺苷A2A受体参与基底神经节间接通路运动调节的研究进展

运动功能是在神经系统的调控下完成的,皮层及基底神经节在运动功能调节中发挥信息整合及指令发放的作用,其中纹状体是基底神经节中接受传入信息的主要核团。腺苷A2A受体(adenosine A2A receptor, A2AR)在纹状体中高度表达,并在纹状体中整合多巴胺、谷氨酸和大麻素信号,参与间接通路运动抑制的信息编码。该文阐述了腺苷A2AR与多巴胺D2受体、代谢型谷氨酸mGlu5受体以及大麻素CB1受体的交互作用,探讨腺苷表达异常在神经疾病,如帕金森病、酒精成瘾等产生的作用,以及靶向干预腺苷改善相关疾病运动功能的机制,并对A2AR在间接通路运动调控及相关运动障碍中的研究进行总结,为后期运动功能中枢靶向干预提供理论参考。     

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1在脑疾病发生发展中的作用

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ATP binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)在脑组织中广泛表达,它将脑细胞内胆固醇转运给载脂蛋白E(apolipoprotein E,apoE)及载脂蛋白A1(apolipoprotein A1,apoA-Ⅰ)形成高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL),从而调控脑内胆固醇平衡.研究表明,ABCA1与胆固醇代谢相关脑疾病存在密切联系,包括阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)、创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)及脑梗死.虽然近来在ABCA1与相关脑疾病的研究取得了一些进展,但仍存在许多问题尚未阐明.本文对ABCA1在各种相关脑疾病发生发展中的作用做一综述,期望为相关脑疾病的治疗寻找新的靶点和方法.     

阻断消耗途径提高毕赤酵母工程菌S-腺苷甲硫氨酸产量

【背景】S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-L-methionine, SAM)作为所有生物体内的重要中间代谢物,不仅可作为膳食补充剂,还具有良好的临床应用价值。【目的】将毕赤酵母重组菌GS115/DS16的SAM消耗途径阻断,进一步提高SAM的产量。【方法】分别敲除毕赤酵母重组菌GS115/DS16的S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶基因sah1、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶基因spe2和L-甲硫氨酰tRNA合酶基因msm1,构建工程菌G/Dsah、G/Dspe和G/Dmsm。检测3个工程菌的生长和SAM产量,以及L-Met添加量对SAM积累的影响。【结果】与出发菌GS115/DS16相比,工程菌G/Dsah、G/Dspe和G/Dmsm的单位菌体SAM产量分别提高了29.3%、55.6%和24.8%,其生长无显著差异。L-Met添加量优化后(0.06%),G/Dsah和G/Dmsm单位菌体的SAM产量分别提高了26.4%和28.9%。【结论】构建的毕赤酵母工程菌可用于SAM的工业化生产,该代谢工程策略可用于改进其他化学品的生产。     

Induction of human methionine adenosyltransferase 2A expression by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Role of NF-kappa B and AP-1

Two genes (MAT1A and MAT2A) encode for methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), an essential cellular enzyme responsible for S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis. MAT1A is expressed mostly in the liver, whereas MAT2A is widely distributed. We showed a switch from MAT1A to MAT2A expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which facilitates cancer cell growth. Using DNase I footprinting analysis, we previously identified a region in the MAT2A promoter protected from DNase I digestion in HCC. This region contains NF-kappa B and AP-1 elements, and the present study examined whether they regulate MAT2A promoter activity. We found nuclear binding of NF-kappa B and AP-1 to the MAT2A promoter increased in HCC. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), which activates both NF-kappa B and AP-1, increased MAT2A expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, binding of both NF-kappa B and AP-1 to the MAT2A promoter and MAT2A promoter activity, with the latter effect blocked by site-directed mutagenesis of the NF-kappa B and AP-1 binding sites. Blocking NF-kappa B with I kappa B super-repressor or AP-1 with dominant-negative c-Jun led to decreased basal MAT2A expression and prevented the TNF alpha-induced increase in MAT2A expression. Although blocking NF-kappa B had no influence on the ability of TNF alpha to increase AP-1 nuclear binding, blocking AP-1 with dominant-negative c-Jun prevented the TNF alpha-mediated increase in NF-kappa B binding. In conclusion, both NF-kappa B and AP-1 are required for basal MAT2A expression in HepG2 cells and mediate the increase in MAT2A expression in response to TNF alpha treatment. Increased trans-activation of these two sites also contributes to MAT2A up-regulation in HCC.     

The X protein of hepatitis B virus inhibits apoptosis in hepatoma cells through enhancing the methionine adenosyltransferase 2A gene expression and reducing S-adenosylmethionine production

The X protein (HBx) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A) promotes the growth of liver cancer cells through altering S-adenosylmethionine homeostasis. Thus, we speculated that a link between HBx and MAT2A may contribute to HCC development. In this study, the effects of HBx on MAT2A expression and cell apoptosis were investigated, and the molecular mechanism by which HBx and MAT2A regulate tumorigenesis was evaluated. Results from immunohistochemistry analyses of 37 pairs of HBV-associated liver cancer tissues/corresponding peritumor tissues showed that HBx and MAT2A are highly expressed in most liver tumor tissues. Our in vitro results revealed that HBx activates MAT2A expression in a dose-dependent manner in hepatoma cells, and such regulation requires the cis-regulatory elements NF-κB and CREB on the MAT2A gene promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) further demonstrated that HBx facilitates the binding of NF-κB and CREB to MAT2A gene promoter. In addition, overexpression of HBx or MAT2A inhibits cell apoptosis, whereas knockdown of MAT2A expression stimulates apoptosis in hepatoma cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HBx reduces MAT1A expression and AdoMet production but enhances MAT2β expression. Thus, we proposed that HBx activates MAT2A expression through NF-κB and CREB signaling pathways to reduce AdoMet production, inhibit hepatoma cell apoptosis, and perhaps enhance HCC development. These findings should provide new insights into our understanding how the molecular mechanisms underline the effects of HBV infection on the production of MAT2A and the development of HCC.     

The effects of L-dopa on the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase: Relevance to L-dopa therapy and tolerance

L-dopa, the major treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), depletes S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). Since SAM causes PD-like symptoms in rodents, the decreased efficacy of chronic L-dopa administered to PD patients may result from a rebound increase in SAM via methionine adenosyl transferase (MAT), which produces SAM from methionine and ATP. This was tested by administering intraperitoneally saline, or L-dopa to mice and assaying for brain MAT activity. As compared to controls, L-dopa (100 mg/kg) treatments of 1 and 2 times per day for 4 days did not significantly increase MAT activity. However, treatments of 1 and 2 times per day for 4 and 8 days did significantly increase the activity of MAT by 21.38% and 28.37%, respectively. These results show that short interval, chronic L-dopa treatments significantly increases MAT activity, which increases the production of SAM. SAM may physiologically antagonize the effects of L-dopa and biochemically decrease the concentrations of L-dopa and dopamine. Thus, an increase in MAT may be related to the decreased efficacy of chronic L-dopa therapy in PD.     

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) modulates interleukin-10 and interleukin-6, but not TNF, production via the adenosine (A2) receptor

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is the first product in methionine metabolism and serves as a precursor for glutathione (GSH) as well as a methyl donor in most transmethylation reactions. The administration of exogenous SAMe has beneficial effects in many types of liver diseases. One mechanism for the hepatoprotective action is its ability to regulate the immune system by modulating cytokine production from LPS stimulated monocytes. In the present study, we investigated possible mechanism(s) by which exogenous SAMe supplementation modulated production of TNF, IL-10 and IL-6 in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, a murine monocyte cell line. Our results demonstrated that exogenous SAMe supplementation inhibited TNF production but enhanced both IL-10 and IL-6 production. SAMe increased intracellular GSH level, however, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), the GSH pro-drug, decreased the production of all three cytokines. Importantly, SAMe increased intracellular adenosine levels, and exogenous adenosine supplementation had effects similar to SAMe on TNF, IL-10 and IL-6 production. 3-Deaza-adenosine (DZA), a specific inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase, blocked the elevation of IL-10 and IL-6 production induced by SAMe, which was rescued by the addition of exogenous adenosine. Furthermore, the enhancement of LPS-stimulated IL-10 and IL-6 production by both SAMe and adenosine was inhibited by ZM241385, a specific antagonist of the adenosine (A(2)) receptor. Our results suggest that increased adenosine levels with subsequent binding to the A(2) receptor account, at least in part, for SAMe modulation of IL-10 and IL-6, but not TNF production, from LPS stimulated monocytes.     

Modulation of endotoxin stimulated interleukin-6 production in monocytes and Kupffer cells by S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine having primarily anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Recent reports have documented that IL-6 plays a key role in liver regeneration. Intracellular deficiency of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is a hallmark of toxin-induced liver injury. Although the administration of exogenous SAMe attenuates liver injury, its mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Here we investigated the effects of exogenous SAMe on IL-6 production in monocytes and Kupffer cells. RAW 264.7 cells, a murine monocyte cell line, and isolated rat Kupffer cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the absence or presence of exogenous SAMe. IL-6 production was assayed by ELISA and intracellular SAMe concentrations were measured by HPLC. We have found that exogenous SAMe administration enhanced both IL-6 protein production and gene expression in LPS-stimulated monocytes and Kupffer cells. Cycloleucine (CL), an inhibitor for extrahepatic methionine adenosyltransferases (MAT), inhibited LPS-stimulated IL-6 production. The enhancement of LPS-stimulated IL-6 production by SAMe was inhibited by ZM241385, a specific antagonist of adenosine (A2) receptor. Our results demonstrate that SAMe administration may exert its anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects, at least in part, by enhancing LPS-stimulated IL-6 production.