人类活动对普氏羚分布的影响

根据卫星遥感（ＴＭ）影像与野外－－ＧＰＳ（全球定位系统）定位的实地考察资料,结合数字经物地形图、植被图与土地利用图、交通图,利用地理信息系统软件－－生态信息系统（ＥＩＳ）建立了地理信息系统模型,采用生境评价方法ＨＥＰ新人类活动对青海湖地区普氏原羚生境适合度的因素主要为基质类型、坡度、水源远近、植被类型与人类活动。当不考虑人类活动影响时,普氏原羚活动区的面积为７９５ｋｍ＾２,最佳为典型草原,其次为灌     

普氏原羚的活动规律与生境选择

普氏原羚生活在沙漠与干旱草原生态交错区(Ecotone)。青海湖畔沙漠中植被盖度较高, 沙地沙蒿群落中普氏原羚活动较多, 而沙地柏群落中普氏原羚活动较少。普氏原羚在沙地和距离沙地2～3 km以内的地域内活动, 利用起伏沙丘作为隐蔽生境。草原中的芨芨草群落、冷蒿—紫花针茅群落是普氏原羚的主要取食场所。普氏原羚具晨昏型活动规律, 在傍晚和清晨取食, 其活动避开牛羊的取食时间。普氏原羚常常聚群活动, 它们在繁殖期、育幼期和交配期形成大小不同的群体。群体的类型包括同性群、混合群和单一个体群。非繁殖季节普氏原羚雌雄分群活动。目前在人为活动影响下, 普氏原羚很难进行季节性迁移。     

普氏原羚的采食对策

从1998年8月到2000年6月,我们在青海省共和县和海晏县利用系统取样法测定了植物的地上生物量,利用粪样显微组织学分析法、目标动物记录法研究了约200只普氏原羚的食物组成和采食时间,同时研究了普氏原羚对采食生境的选择。我们发现：（1）采食是普氏原羚的主要活动之一,占其活动时间的40.0%-65.6%。普氏原羚晨昏采食时间超过总采食时间82.9%;（2）普氏原羚在人为干扰小、食物丰富度高的地方采集,人为干扰与食物丰富度对普氏原羚的采食活动影响显著（P＜0.01）;（3）普氏原羚是广食性物种,共取食16科50种植物,其食物组成季节性差异极为显著（P＜0.01）;（4）食物资源影响普氏原羚的食物组成。普氏原羚的食物中从11月份到第二年5月会出现替代性食物狼毒和马蔺,食物中狼毒和马蔺的比例随食物资源的下降而上升;在5月份,偶吃性食物沙蒿所占比例最大,为13.8%;（5）普氏原羚选择芨藤草草原以及其它食物丰富度高、隐蔽条件好和人类干扰少的生境作为采食区;几乎不在围栏内采食,但常在距离围栏1km内的生境中采食,对距离围栏1km以上的采食生境的选择为随机选择;普氏原羚不在沙丘中采食,而在沙丘边缘的生态交错带采食。基于以上结果,我们认为：人类活动和食物资源量对普氏原羚的采食对策影响显著。     

普氏原羚生境选择的数量化分析

1998 年8 月至1999 年8 月, 在湖东种羊场地区开展了普氏原羚生境选择的研究。在湖东—克图沙丘和草原交界处沿约30 km的样线开展种群调查, 在调查过程中, 共发现582 只普氏原羚。在研究中选择了8 类与普氏原羚生境选择相关的生态因子: 植被类型、食物丰富度、草原围栏、隐蔽条件、人为干扰、距公路距离、距沙丘距离和距农业用地距离, 研究了普氏原羚的生境选择。在研究中, 将这些生态因子分别分成3 个等级, 进行回归分析, 建立普氏原羚在不同生境中出现的概率的预测性方。通过对生态因子和普氏原羚在不同生境中出现的概率进行方差分析, 判断影响普氏原羚生境选择的主要生态因子是人为干扰和围栏, 其次为食物丰富度、距沙丘距离和农业用地距离, 植被类型、隐蔽条件和与公路距离对普氏原羚生境选择的影响不明显。     

普氏原羚的食性分析

普氏原羚（Ｐｒｏｃａｐｒａｐｒｅｚｗａｌｓｋｉ）是我国特有的珍稀动物,属国家Ⅰ级保护动物,在ＩＵＣＮ１９９６年版红皮书中被列为极危级。普氏原羚曾分布于内蒙古、甘肃和青海,现仅生存于青海湖西部的鸟岛及东北部的尕海、小北湖和湖东一带,数量不足３００只。它...     

普氏原羚的分布和种群数量调查

2003 年8 ～9 月,对青海省境内普氏原羚的分布和种群数量进行了专项调查。调查结果表明,普氏原羚现存7 个种群,累计数量为602 只;其中塔勒旋果种群属首次报道。与以往报道相比,目前元者和鸟岛种群数量呈下降趋势;海晏—刚察种群数量增长明显;湖东—克图种群数量有所回升,但仍没有达到20 世纪80 年代中期时的种群数量。普氏原羚种群数量变化与栖息地质量及人为干扰程度有密切相关。本次调查显示,普氏原羚现存栖息地呈不连续的间断分布,随着区域经济开发力度的加大,其栖息地在不断缩减、生存环境质量仍在继续恶化。     

普氏原羚的历史分布与现状

普氏原羚是我国特有的珍稀动物,曾分布于内蒙古和青海,现仅生存于青海湖北东北部及西部的鸟岛、察拉滩和小北湖一带,数量不足３００只,由于人类稠密地区的阻隔,位于青海湖西的种群与湖东北种群已无可能进行基因交流。由于种群小、易被偷猎、生境破碎和无采食场所等原因。它们已是我国,也很可能是世界上最濒危的有蹄类动物之一,必须立即采取保护措施,否则,普氏原羚有可能在近期内灭绝。     

普氏原羚昼夜行为时间分配的研究

在春（３－４月０、夏（６－７月０、秋（９－１０月）３个季节内对３８５只次个体进行了２３１０９２ｓ（６４．１９ｈ）目标观察,对普氏原羚季节间的行为差异做了比较和方差分析;春、夏及春、秋两季间的采食时间比例差异显著（分别为Ｄ＝０．１９６７〉Ｄ０．０５及Ｄ＝０．２５５６〉Ｄ０．０５）;移动时间夏季与秋季间的差异极显著（Ｄ＝０．０５６８６〉Ｄ０．０１）;在春秋、夏秋间的站立凝视时间比例的差异极显著（分别为     

普氏原羚种群大小及影响因素的初步研究

普氏原羚（P,ocar,a卯。ewal枕扣）为国家一级保护动物。其历史分布区为内蒙、甘肃和青海,而现只分布于青海省的青海湖周围;其种群数量由1986年的350只（蔡桂全等．1992．高原生物学集刊,11：63～90）降为1994年的300／q左右（蒋志刚等．1995．兽类学报,15（4）：241～245）,已成为世界上最濒危的有蹄类动物之一。因此对其种群动态、行为的胁迫适应及g！起种群数量下降原因的研究迫在眉睫。在对青海湖周围普氏原羚的种群数量进行调查的基础上,分析了繁殖后期普氏原羚的种群结构,提出引起种群数量下降的主要原因。1．研究地点和方…     

普氏原羚昼间行为时间分配的研究

在春（３～４月）、夏（６～７月）、秋（９～１０月）３个季节内对３８５只次个体进行了２３１０９２ｓ（６４．１９ｈ）目标观察。对普氏原羚季节间的行为差异做了比较和方差分析：春、夏及春、秋两季间的采食时间比例差异显著（分别为Ｄ＝０．１９６７＞Ｄ０．０５及Ｄ＝０．２５５６＞Ｄ０．０５）;移动时间比例在夏季与秋季间的差异极显著（Ｄ＝０．０５６８６＞Ｄ０．０１）;在春秋、夏秋间的站立凝视时间比例的差异极显著（分别为Ｄ＝０．１０７８４＞Ｄ０．０１及Ｄ＝０．０７８８２＞Ｄ０．０１）;卧息时间比例在３个季节间的差异不显著     

Factors affecting the distribution of dorcas gazelle

The dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas was very common and widespread in Tunisia. Nowadays, only some small isolated populations still survive in the desert areas of the southern part of the country. Factors affecting the distribution of this species in Tunisia have never been investigated despite the importance of such investigations for elaborating long-term conservation plans for the remaining wild populations. Using data on gazelle occurrence and on a set of habitat and human variables collected in south-eastern Tunisia, we aimed to identify the factors affecting gazelle distribution in this area. In particular, we investigated the relevance of habitat versus human factors for gazelle occurrence probability. As predicted, we found that human variables were the most relevant factors shaping the distribution patterns of gazelles in the studied area. Gazelles tended to avoid areas where agricultural development has occurred but did not seem to be disturbed by livestock. Overall, our results suggest that the occurrence probability of dorcas gazelle in southern Tunisia was mainly dependent on human presence and land use, rather than habitat characteristics. The recent intensification of agriculture in the more remote areas of southern Tunisia may thus constitute a serious threat to the conservation of this endangered species.     

乐清湾潮间带大型底栖动物群落分布格局及其对人类活动的响应

于2006年9月和2007年5月对乐清湾5条潮间带断面进行了大型底栖动物调查。 共鉴定出大型底栖动物113种, 其中软体动物40种, 多毛类25种, 甲壳动物24种, 棘皮动物9种, 其它动物15种。从季节来看, 物种数秋季(81种)高于春季(68种),但平均生物量和平均栖息密度春季(分别为(91.90±59.14) g/m²和(1541±1261.41)个/m²)明显高于秋季(29.20±22.20)g/m²和(201±52.97)个/m²);春季以焦河蓝蛤 幼体、彩虹明樱蛤 、婆罗囊螺 、绯拟沼螺 为主要优势种,而秋季以短拟沼螺 、彩虹明樱蛤、淡水泥蟹 、巢沙蚕 为主要优势种,说明乐清湾大型底栖动物群落特征随着季节有着较大的变化。各断面的Shannon-Winner指数(H')为2.34-3.31,平均为2.85±0.35;Margalef's species richness 指数(d)为3.02-6.42,平均为4.29±1.10;Pielou's evenness 指数(J')为0.46-0.73,平均为0.62±0.09。运用ABC曲线、等级聚类和MDS对大型底栖动物群落结构分析发现,群落结构已受到中度干扰,稳定性差。与以往历史资料相比,乐清湾大型底栖动物向次生型群落转化,原因可能与过度采捕、生境恶化、海岸工程以及围塘养殖等人类活动的影响有关。     

1982—2015年气候变化和人类活动对内蒙古草地净初级生产力的影响

研究1982—2015年气候变化和人类活动对内蒙古草地净初级生产力(NPP)的影响。结果表明: 1982—1998年和1999—2015年2个时期,内蒙古草地实际NPP(ANPP)增长速率分别为1.08和1.36 g C·m^-2·a^-1,草地以恢复为主,2个时期草地恢复面积分别占研究区总面积的81.6%和76.3%;草地退化面积有增加趋势,且气候变化和人类活动对不同类型草地的影响不同。2个时期气候变化对草地恢复贡献率分别为79.3%和94.1%,气候变化是草地恢复的主要因素,其中,ANPP与降水呈显著正相关,而与温度的相关性不显著,表明降水是影响草地恢复的主要气候因子。2个时期人类活动对草地退化的贡献率分别为83.3%和87.8%,说明人类活动是导致草地退化的主要原因。气候变化对内蒙古草地恢复起主导作用,而人类活动诸如放牧数量、耕地面积和造林面积的增加,加速了草地退化。     

大青山自然保护区人为活动空间分布及其对景观格局的影响

本文基于森林资源清查数据和野外调查资料,应用GIS空间分析技术和景观指数方法,研究了内蒙古地区的大青山自然保护区内西部、中部和东部3个分区中3种人为活动影响（居民点、道路、其他影响源）的空间分布、影响贡献率及其对景观格局的影响.结果表明： 自然保护区中人为活动影响强度在东西部较高、中部较低.在3个分区中,西区的景观格局主要受到其他影响源的作用,使其针叶林、阔叶林、灌木林的景观格局趋于聚集分布;中区的景观格局主要受到道路的影响,使其阔叶林与灌木林景观斑块聚集程度降低;东区的景观格局主要受到居民点的影响,使其针叶林与阔叶林破碎度增加,灌木林与草地的景观斑块聚集度明显增大.     

Breeding habitat use and the future management of the critically endangered Southern Corroboree Frog

Summary   The Southern Corroboree Frog ( Pseudophryne corroboree ) is one of Australia's most critically endangered frog species. The species occurs entirely within Kosciuszko National Park, which has a history of cattle grazing (up to the 1970s). A consequence of cattle grazing has been a significant reduction in the extent of montane and sub-alpine peat-bog systems that the species uses as breeding habitat. Furthermore, climate change and associated increased wildfire frequency is expected to further reduce the extent and quality of peat bogs throughout the Australian Alps. In this study, we investigated habitat selection for breeding pools and nest sites within peat-bog systems in order to inform the conservation management of the species and guide other management practices being undertaken in peat bogs where this species occurs. Occupancy of breeding males at bog pools was found to be positively associated with increasing pool area, water depth and mid-day temperature, and negatively associated with extent of bare substrate. The majority of breeding pools identified were ephemeral. Nest sites within vegetation where males call and where females deposit their eggs were located at mid-elevations in a range of vegetation types, with the majority of nests being within moss and sedge dominated by Sphagnum cristatum and Empodisma minor . We also found that male nest sites were not randomly distributed within the edges of pools, but were more often located in areas of loose vegetation. These results highlight the potential sensitivity of the Southern Corroboree Frog to predicted changes in peat-bog systems resulting from climate change such as earlier drying and a possible reduction in the size of bog pools. A monitoring programme focused on key features of the breeding habitat should be undertaken to provide a basis for developing and assessing management actions implemented in peat bogs occupied by this species.     

On the edge: habitat restoration priorities for three critically endangered bird species on Sangihe,Indonesia

Remnant forests on the small Wallacean island of Sangihe north of Sulawesi hold the entire ranges of more critically endangered (CR) bird species than any other comparable area on earth. We develop habitat association models for three of these CR species to identify critical habitat features as well as areas where habitat falls slightly short of suitability, and to determine whether another area of forest away from the largest block might be suitable as an insurance site for a translocated population. Hopes for all three species appear almost totally pinned to forest within a 13 km² area of the Sahendaruman crater, with virtually no near-suitable habitat away from this site. There is, however, little overlap in habitats between one CR species and the other two: cerulean flycatcher Eutrichomyias rowleyi is associated with mature streamside forest with full canopy cover, lianas, and mid-level growth, while Sangihe whistler Coracornis sanghirensis and Sangihe golden bulbul Hypsipetes platenae are restricted to ridgetop forest with full canopy cover and large trees. We pinpoint small areas (around 5 km²) of forest in the crater that are already suitable or can be made so with habitat management, and these are absolute priorities for conservation action. We show how habitat characteristics identified within models might be enhanced, and how features, especially certain tree species, can be used as indicators of future habitat improvement.     

人类活动对外来入侵植物黄花刺茄在新疆潜在分布的影响

明确区域尺度上外来入侵植物的潜在分布格局及入侵风险区对入侵种的预防和控制具有重要意义。以国家重点管理外来入侵物种黄花刺茄(Solanum rostratum Dunal)为研究对象,以其扩散蔓延的新疆地区为研究区域,基于生物气候、土壤、地形等60个自然环境因子和人类活动强度因子,应用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS空间分析技术分别构建了现代气候情景及人类活动干扰下的黄花刺茄适宜生境预测模型,分析探讨了人类活动及自然环境因子对黄花刺茄空间分布的影响。结果表明:人类活动干扰下的训练集和测试集的AUC值均大于无人类活动干扰的AUC值,无人类活动干扰下黄花刺茄在新疆的总适生面积为327784.36 km~2,人类活动干扰下总适生面积为445619.96 km~2;阿勒泰地区北部、塔城中部和南部、博州中部和东部、伊犁州中部、克州西部、五家渠市、阜康市、玛纳斯县、呼图壁县为高危入侵风险区;影响黄花刺茄潜在分布的主导变量为年降雨量、人类活动强度、海拔、下层土沙含量、降雨量的季节性变化和年平均温,黄花刺茄在新疆的扩散与人类活动强度呈正相关;黄花刺茄在新疆的分布未达到饱和且处于逐步扩散态势,呈现以昌吉州和乌鲁木齐市为中心,向天山以北和新疆以西的区域辐射状扩散。     

Soil properties and the distribution of the endangered Juliana's golden mole

The endangered Juliana's golden mole Neamblysomus julianae occurs in three small, geographically isolated populations within South Africa. As a sand-swimmer, it is a habitat specialist and has a highly fragmented distribution within each population. There is a need for a conservation action plan for this species, but this is difficult because of the dearth of knowledge of its biology, including its habitat characteristics. To better understand its patchy distribution, we selected 48 plots that were occupied or unoccupied by golden moles and measured the soil properties in each plot. The size distribution of sand particles influenced the density and compactability of the soil, and both were positively correlated with the presence of golden moles. These soil characteristics are thus vital in understanding and describing the distribution of this cryptic species.     

An assessment of human impacts on endangered red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) living in the Himalaya

Anthropogenic factors play an important role in shaping the distribution of wildlife species and their habitats, and understanding the influence of human activities on endangered species can be key to improving conservation efforts as well as the implementation of national strategies for sustainable development. Here, we used species distribution modeling to assess human impacts on the endangered red panda (Ailurus fulgens) in high‐altitude regions of Nepal. We found that the distance to paths (tracks used by people and animals), livestock density, human population density, and annual mean temperature were the most important factors determining the habitat suitability for red pandas in Nepal. This is the first study that attempts to use comprehensive environmental and anthropogenic variables to predict habitat suitability for the red pandas at a national level. The suitable habitat identified by this study is important and could serve as a baseline for the development of conservation strategies for the red panda in Nepal.     

Impacts of climate change on the seasonal distribution of migratory caribou

Arctic ecosystems are especially vulnerable to global climate change as temperature and precipitation regimes are altered. An ecologically and socially highly important northern terrestrial species that may be impacted by climate change is the caribou, Rangifer tarandus . We predicted the current and potential future occurrence of two migratory herds of caribou [Rivière George herd (RG) and Rivière-aux-Feuilles (RAF) herd] under a Canadian General Circulation Model climate change scenario, across all seasons in the Québec–Labrador peninsula, using climatic and habitat predictor variables. Argos satellite-tracking collars have been deployed on 213 caribou between 1988 and 2003 with locations recorded every 4–5 days. In addition, we assembled a database of climate (temperature, precipitation, snowfall, timing and length of growing season) and habitat data obtained from the SPOT VEGETATION satellite sensor. Logistic regression models indicated that both climatic and physical habitat variables were significant predictors of current migratory caribou occurrence. Migratory caribou appeared to prefer regions with higher snowfall and lichen availability in the fall and winter. In the summer, caribou preferred cooler areas likely corresponding to a lower prevalence of insects, and they avoided disturbed and recently burnt areas. Climate change projections using climate data predicted an increased range for the RAF herd and decreased range for the RG herd during 2040–2069, limiting the herds to northeastern regions of the Québec–Labrador peninsula. Direct and indirect consequences of climate change on these migratory caribou herds possibly include alteration in habitat use, migration patterns, foraging behaviour, and demography, in addition to social and economic stress to arctic and subarctic native human populations.