化学修饰寡核苷酸在核酸配基扩增技术中的应用

核酸酸基扩增技术（SELEX)可从极大容量的随机寡核苷酸文库中筛选得到与靶分子高特异性和高亲和力结合的核酸配基。对寡核苷酸进行化学修饰,可以提高核酸配基的稳定性,增加其功能多样性及生物利用度。SELEX在基础研究、诊断和治疗试剂的研制及药物筛选等领域有广泛用途。     

应用SELEX技术筛选人类血型IgG适体的实验研究

目的:建立Rh(D)血型的IgG类抗体适体的筛选方法,为后续合成适体并进行新生儿溶血病的防治研究奠定基础。方法:利用SELEX技术,构建含有52个随机序列的单链DNA文库,利用硝酸纤维素膜法筛选与IgG类抗体分子高亲和力结合的核酸分子,同时探索并优化将其扩增为双链DNA核酸库的PCR反应条件;通过膜结合实验检测核酸分子的富集效果并用凝胶阻滞实验初步测定所得核酸适体与Rh(D)血型IgG类抗体的亲和力。结果:随着筛选的进行,核酸分子的富集库向着与靶分子亲和性增强的方向进化,经过了11个循环,筛选出与Rh(D)血型IgG抗体结合力较强的核酸分子,与核酸结合的IgG分子在凝胶阻滞实验中显示出阻滞带。结论:初步建立了利用SELEX技术筛选人类Rh(D)血型IgG抗体适体的方法。     

分子信标核酸检测技术研究进展

介绍了分子信标设计和分子信标核酸检测原理、技术特性和在基因突变大规模自动化检测中的应用. 分子信标是一种基于荧光共振能量转移现象设计的发卡型寡核苷酸探针,空间结构上呈茎环结构, 环序列是与靶核酸互补的探针,茎序列由与靶序列无关的互补序列构成,茎的一端连上荧光分子,另一端连上淬灭分子.通过空间结构改变决定分子信标发射荧光特性,从而对核酸进行定量检测. 分子信标技术具有操作简单、敏感、特异、可对核酸进行液相实时检测和对活体内核酸动态进行检测等特点,已应用于HIV辅助受体基因等基因突变的大规模自动化检测,是一种新型核酸定量检测技术.     

人FcγRI特异性核酸适配体的体外筛选及鉴定北大核心CSCD

人中性粒细胞FcγRI(即CD64),Ig G Fc高亲和力受体之一,是早期诊断脓毒血症和系统性细菌感染的一个灵敏和特异的新标志物;目前,采用流式细胞计量术测定,难以在一般实验室开展。本研究旨在应用新型的体外筛选技术——指数富集配基的系统进化(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX)技术——从体外合成的随机寡核苷酸文库中筛选人FcγRI的高亲和力和高特异性的核酸适配体(aptamer)。本文以人FcγRI为靶标,将其固定在羧基活化磁珠上,进行SELEX筛选。经过8轮筛选,共获得3个重点研究的单克隆适配体。生物信息学分析结果显示,人FcγRI适配体的模拟二级结构以茎-环和G-四聚体为主,可能是FcγRI与适配体的作用位点,G-T错配常见。流式细胞计量术和荧光显微镜分析显示,筛选出的典型单克隆适配体解离常数(the dissociation constant,Kd)均达到纳摩尔水平,而且适配体只与脓毒血症中性粒细胞结合,具有良好的亲和力和特异性。本研究表明,通过SELEX技术,成功获取了人FcγRI特异性核酸适配体,为以此适配体为分子探针,进一步建立用于脓毒血症早期诊断的新方法奠定了基础。     

重组蛋白G Fc结合区单结构域的纯化及理化性质

蛋白 G 是存在于链球菌 C 群和 G 群胞膜上的一种分子量为65kD 的膜蛋白,完整的蛋白 G 分子主要由四部分组成,其中第三部分能与许多动物的 IgG Fc段特异结合。近年来,蛋白 G 的应用研究已展示出广阔前景,它一方面可与多种标记物(如酶、放射性同位素、胶体金等)连接,用于免疫分析;另一方面,可用作纯化单克隆抗体及多克隆抗体的亲和配基。但是有关蛋白 G 的空间结构及其与 IgG Fc 的结合机制     

丙型肝炎病毒与人IgG,Fc片段的特异性结合

使用亲和捕获PCR法研究丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）和人IgG的相互作用,发现HCV能与IgG及完整的IgGFc片段结合,但不与Fab片段结合。这种结合可以被Fc片段所竞争抑制,而不能被Fab片段所抑制。HCVRNA阴性血浆不能阻断Fc片段与HCV的结合,推测这是一种HCV颗粒与IgGFc片段之间的特异性结合。本研究揭示了HCV与IgG之间的相互作用,探讨了HCV引起免疫复合物疾病的机理及丙型肝炎的慢性化倾向。     

SELEX技术及Aptamer研究的新进展

综述了近几年指数富集的配体系统进化(SELEX)技术的改良与寡核苷酸配基(aptamer)研究应用方面的新进展.Aptamer是指利用SELEX(systematicevolutionofligandsbyexponentialenrichment)技术,从随机寡核苷酸文库中筛选获得的能够与靶分子特异结合的短单链寡核苷酸配基,通常具有纳摩尔到皮摩尔的亲和力.高通量筛选的技术特点与aptamer精确识别、易体外合成与修饰等特性,使得aptamer在分析化学与生物医药研究方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

应用双向热循环消减SELEX技术筛选胃癌血清核酸适配体

胃癌是发病率及死亡率均较高的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,严重威胁人类的生命健康。血清肿瘤标志物的检测对提高早期胃癌的检出率,改善胃癌的治疗有重要的意义。核酸适配体以其灵敏度高、靶向性强等优势显示出了较强的临床适用性。本研究以双向热循环消减指数富集式配基系统进化(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX)技术为支持,纳米（琼脂）磁珠材料为载体,胃癌血清及正常人血清为筛选靶标,结合高通量测序技术建立了快速高效的核酸适配体筛选方法。经过19轮双向筛选,获得高重复率的胃癌血清特异性核酸适配体序列10条及正常人血清特异性核酸适配体序列8条。将这些序列分别混合并制成检测试剂A、B,结合实时荧光定量PCR（quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR）技术,对100份临床血清样本进行特异性验证。通过比较分析,建立了快速高效的胃癌血清检测技术。结果显示,核酸适配体G AP1与N AP1的二级结构类似于抗体的“Y”型,且呈茎环状。检测试剂A、B对胃癌及正常人血清的检出率分别为92%和88%。表明本技术可以较准确地筛选得到高特异性和强亲和力的核酸适配体,体现了核酸适配体作为新型肿瘤标志物在临床检测及治疗的应用潜力。     

人FcγRI特异性核酸适配体的体外筛选及鉴定

人中性粒细胞FcγRI(即CD64),Ig G Fc高亲和力受体之一,是早期诊断脓毒血症和系统性细菌感染的一个灵敏和特异的新标志物;目前,采用流式细胞计量术测定,难以在一般实验室开展。本研究旨在应用新型的体外筛选技术——指数富集配基的系统进化(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX)技术——从体外合成的随机寡核苷酸文库中筛选人FcγRI的高亲和力和高特异性的核酸适配体(aptamer)。本文以人FcγRI为靶标,将其固定在羧基活化磁珠上,进行SELEX筛选。经过8轮筛选,共获得3个重点研究的单克隆适配体。生物信息学分析结果显示,人FcγRI适配体的模拟二级结构以茎-环和G-四聚体为主,可能是FcγRI与适配体的作用位点,G-T错配常见。流式细胞计量术和荧光显微镜分析显示,筛选出的典型单克隆适配体解离常数(the dissociation constant,Kd)均达到纳摩尔水平,而且适配体只与脓毒血症中性粒细胞结合,具有良好的亲和力和特异性。本研究表明,通过SELEX技术,成功获取了人FcγRI特异性核酸适配体,为以此适配体为分子探针,进一步建立用于脓毒血症早期诊断的新方法奠定了基础。     

烟草环斑病毒IC-RT-Realtime PCR检测方法研究

本研究首次应用免疫捕捉反转录实时荧光PCR技术(IC-RT-Realtime PCR)检测烟草环斑病毒,由于综合运用了抗原抗体特异性结合、核酸分子杂交、高灵敏度实时荧光PCR技术的优点,从而使病毒检测在特异性、灵敏度、稳定性等技术指标上比传统的DAS-ELISA方法都有显著提高,解决了烟草环斑病毒检测工作中由于隐症、病毒浓度低、干扰物质存在而影响检测结果的问题.     

Aptamer-Based Sensitive Detection of Target Molecules via RT-PCR Signal Amplification

In the efforts to explore an aptamer-based approach for target sensing and detection with higher sensitivity and specificity, instead of directly labeling aptamer with fluorophores, we proposed a new strategy by attaching a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) template to an oligonucleotide aptamer selected by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), so that after aptamer target binding, the template moiety serves as the PCR template in real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR), and therefore, the binding event can be reported by the following RT-PCR signals. Using the subtractive SELEX method, the oligonucleotide aptamers specific for the Fc fragment of mouse IgG were selected and subjected to coupling with the PCR dsDNA template by using overlap and the asymmetric extension PCR method. The target binding affinity of the PCR template tethered aptamer has been proven by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and further template tethered aptamer mediated real-time quantitative PCR (A-PCR) was conducted to validate the application for such a template tethered aptamer to be a sensitive probe for IgG detection. The results show that the protocols of A-PCR can detect 10-fold serial dilutions of the target, demonstrating a new mechanism to convert aptamer target binding events to amplified RT-PCR signal, and the feasibility of the PCR template tethered aptamer as a facile, specific, and sensitive target probing and detection is established. This new approach also has potential applications in multiple parallel target detection and analysis in a wide range of research fields.     

mRNA display selection and solid‐phase synthesis of Fc‐binding cyclic peptide affinity ligands

Cyclic peptides are attractive candidates for synthetic affinity ligands due to their favorable properties, such as resistance to proteolysis, and higher affinity and specificity relative to linear peptides. Here we describe the discovery, synthesis and characterization of novel cyclic peptide affinity ligands that bind the Fc portion of human Immunoglobulin G (IgG; hFc). We generated an mRNA display library of cyclic pentapeptides wherein peptide cyclization was achieved with high yield and selectivity, using a solid‐phase crosslinking reaction between two primary amine groups, mediated by a homobifunctional linker. Subsequently, a pool of cyclic peptide binders to hFc was isolated from this library and chromatographic resins incorporating the selected cyclic peptides were prepared by on‐resin solid‐phase peptide synthesis and cyclization. Significantly, this approach results in resins that are resistant to harsh basic conditions of column cleaning and regeneration. Further studies identified a specific cyclic peptide—cyclo[Link‐M‐WFRHY‐K]—as a robust affinity ligand for purification of IgG from complex mixtures. The cyclo[Link‐M‐WFRHY‐K] resin bound selectively to the Fc fragment of IgG, with no binding to the Fab fragment, and also bound immunoglobulins from a variety of mammalian species. Notably, while the recovery of IgG using the cyclo[Link‐M‐WFRHY‐K] resin was comparable to a Protein A resin, elution of IgG could be achieved under milder conditions (pH 4 vs. pH 2.5). Thus, cyclo[Link‐M‐WFRHY‐K] is an attractive candidate for developing a cost‐effective and robust chromatographic resin to purify monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Finally, our approach can be extended to efficiently generate and evaluate cyclic peptide affinity ligands for other targets of interest. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 857–870. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

抗人IgG Fc片段及Fab段单抗的鉴定及应用

本实验采用木瓜酶水解,SPA柱亲合层析等手段得到人IgGFc段及Fab段,以Sigma抗人IgGfFc段和抗人IgG Fab段单抗为标准品,鉴定了细胞库中抗人IgG系列的部分细胞株,得到特异性分泌抗人IgG Fc段和抗人IgG Fab段单抗的细胞各一株。 在上述实验基础上,用抗人IgG Fc及抗人IgG Fab单抗分别制备了Sepharose4B亲合层析柱,提纯了酶解人IgG Fc、Fab片段,经ELISA法鉴定,相互之间无交叉反应。同时用此方法制备了人抗HBe Fab片段,并将该片段进行了过氧化物酶标记,用来配制HBe ELISA诊断盒,证明其生物活性未受影响,而且消除了类风湿因子引起的HBe Ag假阳性现象。因抗HBe单抗来源困难,如采用HBe多抗制备ELISA试剂,本法将是提高质量的一个好方法。     

Molecular cloning and expression of the mouse high affinity Fc receptor for IgG

Full length cDNA clones encoding the mouse Fc gamma RI were isolated by using redundant oligonucleotide probes based on previously determined amino acid sequence of protein bound to an IgG2a antibody column. Sequence analysis of cDNA clones indicates that mouse Fc gamma RI is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is composed of three disulfide bonded extracellular Ig binding domains unlike Fc gamma RII of man and mouse. These extracellular domains contain five potential sites of N-linked glycosylation; three sites in the first domain and one in each of the second and third domains. In addition a transmembrane region is present followed by a cytoplasmic tail of 84 amino acids. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the first two extracellular domains of Fc gamma RI indicate that these are highly homologous to the extracellular domains of Fc gamma RII; the third domain is different and shows a lower level of homology to other FcR domains but is clearly related to the Ig super-family. Transfected cells expressing Fc gamma RI were shown to bind immune complexes of rabbit IgG; and monomeric IgG2a bound to transiently transfected cells with an affinity of approximately 5 x 10(7) M-1, i.e. the receptor was of high affinity and therefore was by definition Fc gamma RI. Northern analysis demonstrated that Fc gamma RI mRNA could be detected in the Fc gamma RI+ myeloid cell lines WEH1 3B and J774. Finally, Southern analysis indicated that Fc gamma RI is likely to be encoded by a single copy gene of approximately 9 kb.     

Exploring variation in binding of Protein A and Protein G to immunoglobulin type G by isothermal titration calorimetry

Bacterial Protein A (PrtA) and Protein G (PrtG) are widely used for affinity purification of antibodies. An understanding of how PrtA and PrtG bind to different isotypes of immunoglobulin type G (IgG) and to their corresponding Fc fragments is essential for the development of PrtA and PrtG mimetic ligands and for the establishment of generic processes for the purification of various antibodies. In this paper, the interactions between the two IgG-binding proteins and IgG of two different subclasses, IgG1 and IgG4, as well as their analogous Fc fragments have been studied by isothermal titration calorimetry. The results indicate that both protein ligands bind IgG and Fc fragments strongly with Ka values in the range of 10(7) -10(8) M(-1) and for both ligands, the interaction with both IgG isotypes is enthalpically driven though entropically unfavorable. Moreover, variation in the standard entropic and standard enthalpic contribution to binding between the two isotypes as well as between IgG and Fc fragment implies that the specific interaction with PrtA varies according to IgG isotype. In contrast to PrtA, PrtG bound to F(ab')(2) fragment with a Ka value of 5.1 × 10(5) M(-1) ; thus underscoring the usefulness of PrtA as a preferred ligand for generic antibody purification processes.     

Chimeric Fc receptors identify functional domains of the murine high affinity receptor for IgG.

Chimeric Fc gamma R have been generated between the mouse high affinity receptor for IgG (Fc gamma RI) and the low affinity receptor for IgG (Fc gamma RII) by exchanging the first two domains of the three-domain extracellular structure of Fc gamma RI with the homologous two-domain extracellular structure of Fc gamma RII. Studies of the affinity and specificity of binding of mouse Ig classes to these receptors defined functional regions of Fc gamma RI and showed some surprising results. After removal of the third extracellular domain of Fc gamma RI, the remaining two domains (domains 1 and 2) retained the capacity to bind Ig in the form of immune complexes, however, they bound monomeric IgG2a with a reduced affinity. Surprisingly, these two domains in the absence of the third domain bound not only IgG2a but also IgG1 and IgG2b, i.e., the third domain of Fc gamma RI suppresses the intrinsic capacity of the first two domains to act as a low affinity Fc gamma RII-like molecule. Linking the third extracellular domain of Fc gamma RI to the two extracellular domains of Fc gamma RII resulted in a receptor that retained the specificity and affinity of Fc gamma RII. Thus, the removal of domain 3 from Fc gamma RI resulted in the conversion of Fc gamma RI to an "Fc gamma RII-like" receptor. These findings indicate that domains 1 and 2 of Fc gamma RI form an Ig-binding motif, and although domain 3 is not essential for Fc binding by Fc gamma RI, it plays a crucial role in determining the specific high affinity interaction of Fc gamma RI with IgG2a.     

重组腺相关病毒2型/人肿瘤坏死因子受体:Fc(rAAV2/hTNFR:Fc)的构建和生物学活性研究

为研究腺相关病毒2型载体应用于类风湿性关节炎进行基因治疗的可行性,首先构建携带人肿瘤坏死因子Ⅱ型受体胞外区和人免疫球蛋白IgG1Fc段融合基因的重组2型腺相关病毒(rAAV2／hTNFR：Fc),并对其生物学活性进行研究。以RT—PCR分别从U937和人淋巴细胞总RNA中扩增人肿瘤坏死因子Ⅱ型受体胞外区和人免疫球蛋白IgG1Fc段基因,并以重叠延伸PCR的方法将二者融合后克隆入pSNAV1载体质粒进行重组病毒生产,在进行重组病毒理化分析后,以TNFa细胞毒中和试验来研究该重组病毒的生物学活性。结果显示：所构建的重组病毒rAAV2／hTNFR：Fc基因结构与预期一致;病毒在体外感染BHK-21细胞后,含TNFR：Fc融合蛋白的表达上清可以有效中和人、大鼠、小鼠TNFα对L929的细胞毒性。所研究构建的重组腺相关病毒可以用来作为阻断TNFα的手段,进行类风湿性关节炎的基因治疗研究。     

Characterization of the optimized C2 domain of protein G: finding its additional chicken IgY-binding ability

The C2 domain of streptococcal protein G is a small (55 residue) peptide with immunoglobulin-binding activity. Following codon optimization, the gene was divided into four oligonucleotide fragments and amplified by overlap PCR. The recombinant plasmid pET30a-C2 was transformed into Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) PLysS for expression. After purification by Ni–NTA, the fusion protein was identified by western-blotting, Dot-ELISA and ELISA. His-tagged C2 bound to human, rabbit, cattle, pig, goat, mouse or guinea pig IgG had no affinity for goose, duck, wild duck, wild turkey and red-crowned crane IgY. Its affinity for chicken IgY, however, was comparable to that of guinea pig IgG. The C2 domain may therefore provide an ideal material for the purification and detection of immunoglobulin G from various mammals.     

Immunoglobulin G Fc fragment-binding proteins in Mycoplasma salivarium cells.

Cell proteins of Mycoplasma salivarium were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to membranes, then examined for reactivity with human IgG molecules, the Fc fragment of human IgG, and concanavalin A (ConA). Multiple protein bands bound IgG, and most of them also bound ConA. One (corresponding to a molecular mass of 90 kDa) of the IgG- and ConA-binding bands intensely interacted with the Fc fragment of IgG. The reactivity of proteins eluted from the band with the Fc fragment, tested by dot-blotting and ELISA, was inhibited (90%) by pre-incubation with IgG and to a lesser extent (50%), with IgM. Thus, M. salivarium contained a cellular protein with a molecular mass of 90 kDa, that bound the Fc fragment of human IgG.