p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝癌发生过程中PCNA的表达及意义

[目的]探讨乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原定位整合(p21HBsAg/HbsAg)转基因小鼠肝癌发生过程中PCNA的表达及意义。[方法]分别选取2,6,12,18,24月龄的SPF级转基因小鼠,取肝脏及肝脏肿瘤组织,进行免疫组织化学S-P法染色。[结果]①阳性肝细胞核内可见棕黄色反应颗粒;②2,6月龄转基因小鼠肝脏有少量散在分布的肝细胞呈PCNA阳性表达,阳性率分别为2.5%,3%;12月龄转基因小鼠肝脏PCNA阳性表达主要出现在非典型增生的肝细胞,阳性率23.65%;18月龄转基因小鼠发生的肝细胞癌PCNA阳性率61.68%;24月龄的转基因小鼠发生的肝细胞癌PCNA阳性率63.56%。12月龄转基因小鼠PCNA阳性率高于2,6月龄转基因小鼠(p<0.01),18月龄和24月龄的转基因小鼠PCNA阳性率高于12月龄转基因小鼠(p<0.05)。[结论]①PCNA能准确反映乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原定位整合转基因小鼠肝细胞的增殖能力,PCNA与肝细胞癌的发生、发展密切相关;②非典型增生的肝细胞有较高的PCNA阳性表达,是一群具有肿瘤增殖潜能的癌前细胞群。     

p21~(HBsAg/HBsAg)转基因小鼠肝脏病理学研究

[目的]观察p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏病理学改变。[方法]分别选取2,6,12,18,24月龄的SPF级p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠和p21+/+野生型小鼠,剖检进行大体观察,取肝脏及肝脏肿瘤组织,进行组织学HE染色及电镜超微结构观察。[结果]p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏大体、光镜和电镜下均有的明显病理改变。随着月龄的增加,肝脏色暗质硬,表面有结节和肿瘤形成;光镜下,肝细胞浊肿,炎症细胞浸润,脂肪变性,点状、灶状和碎屑状坏死,非典型增生,肝细胞癌。癌细胞分化良好,类似肝细胞,形成索状和腺泡状结构。癌细胞核深染,具核分裂像。电镜下,癌细胞核变形,核膜曲折凹陷,线粒体肿胀,数目增多,脊减少。4例18月龄转基因小鼠发生肝细胞癌(4/10),6例24月龄的转基因小鼠发生肝细胞癌(6/10),其中2例发现远处转移;[结论]p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏出现明显病理损害,18月龄小鼠开始发展成高分化的肝细胞癌,高龄小鼠形成的肝细胞癌能够转移。     

p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏病理学研究

目的观察p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏病理学改变.方法分别选取2、6、12、18、24月龄的SPF级p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠和p21+/+野生型小鼠,剖检进行大体观察,取肝脏及肝脏肿瘤组织,进行组织学HE染色及电镜超微结构观察.结果 p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏大体、光镜和电镜下均有明显病理改变.随着月龄的增加,肝脏色暗质硬,表面有结节和肿瘤形成;光镜下,肝细胞浊肿,炎症细胞浸润,脂肪变性,点状、灶状和碎屑状坏死,非典型增生,肝细胞癌.癌细胞分化良好,类似肝细胞,形成索状和腺泡状结构.癌细胞核深染,具核分裂像.电镜下,癌细胞核变形,核膜曲折凹陷,线粒体肿胀,数目增多,嵴减少.4例18月龄转基因小鼠发生肝细胞癌(4/10),6例24月龄的转基因小鼠发生肝细胞癌(6/10),其中2例发现远处转移.结论 p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏出现明显病理损害,18月龄小鼠开始发展成高分化的肝细胞癌,高龄小鼠形成的肝细胞癌能够转移.     

乙肝病毒HBx基因克隆及其转基因鼠表达载体构建

乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白HBx与肝细胞癌的发生有很高的相关性。PCR扩增并克隆了HBx基因及其失活突变体HBx-M13。构建了HBx基因及HBx-M13在小鼠肝脏的特异性表达载体。为建立转HBx基因及HBx-M13的小鼠动物模型、进一步研究HBx在肝癌发病过程中的分子生物学机理奠定了基础。     

可调控肝脏特异性表达HCV全基因转基因小鼠模型的建立

目的:构建一种可调控肝细胞特异性表达丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)全基因的小动物模型。方法:将9.6 kb的HCV全长基因JFH1插入Tet-on系统效应表达载体p TRE2中,并在HCV全基因3'端插入丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)核酶序列,从而构建转基因载体p TRE2-JFH1(HCV);将该转基因载体线性化后显微注射获得整合有HCV全基因的TRE2-HCV首建鼠;将该阳性鼠与本室保存的Alb-rt TA转基因小鼠杂交,获得肝细胞白蛋白启动子调控HCV全基因表达的Tet-on-Alb-HCV双转基因小鼠;在强力霉素(Dox)诱导后通过PCR、Western印迹、免疫组化等方法鉴定转基因小鼠HCV基因整合及HCV蛋白在肝组织中的表达;实时定量PCR检测小鼠血清及肝组织中的HCV滴度;用HCV反义小分子药物anti-mi R122评价该模型在药物评价中的应用。结果:获得了整合rt TA基因和HCV全长基因的双转基因小鼠;Dox诱导下,该转基因小鼠可在肝组织长期特异性表达HCV全长基因,小鼠血清中可检测到HCV的RNA;分子药物anti-mi R122可降低血清中的HCV滴度。结论:构建了可调控肝组织特异性表达HCV全基因的转基因小鼠模型,该小鼠模型可应用于HCV药物筛选和评价研究。     

HBx、ras基因的克隆及精原细胞转染法制备转基因小鼠的初步研究

目的:探索以精原细胞转染法制备乙肝病毒HBx基因及突变ras基因的转基因小鼠的可行性.方法:首先构建携带HBx基因和突变ras基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-HBx及pEGFP-N1-Kras.将上述两种重组载体混合后,用脂质体包被,用注入4只雄性小鼠之睾丸组织中.注射后4周,使上述处理过的雄性小鼠与雌性小鼠合笼交配.小鼠出生后2～4周,剪其尾尖,并以多聚酶链式反应(PCR)对基因整合进行鉴定.结果:共产仔小鼠35只,3只仔小鼠PCR阳性(阳性率8.6%).其中,两只HBx基因阳性,1只HBx、ras基因均为阳性.结论:以精原细胞作为栽体,建立带HBx及ms基因的小鼠模型是可行的,为建立树鼩转基因动物模型的研究打下基础.     

HBsAg阳性转基因小鼠肝脏中昼夜节律基因dbp转录水平变化的研究

目的 验证HBsAg阳性转基因小鼠肝脏中昼夜节律表达基因dbp (coding for the D site albumin promoter binding protein)转录水平的变化。 方法 用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应方法对比研究雌、雄及个体HBsAg阳性转基因小鼠及对照鼠肝脏dbp转录水平的变化。研究不同时间点HBsAg阳性转基因小鼠及对照鼠肝脏dbp转录水平的变化。 结果 #59 及#10 品系组HBsAg阳性转基因小鼠肝组织中dbp均较对照组动物上调, 但个体间差别较大。初步结果显示雌性正常小鼠dbp转录水平较雄性为高。而在雌性HBsAg阳性转基因小鼠中dbp的上调进一步增强。与此相反,雄性转基因小鼠dbp的上调则较同性对照鼠更弱。转基因小鼠dbp转录,在8：00时及14：00时平均水平均高于对照鼠,然而在20：00时及2：00时则与对照鼠相当。结论 本研究首次报道HBsAg阳性转基因小鼠肝脏中dbp表达的上调,提供了乙型肝炎病毒蛋白表达与昼夜节律基因变化有所联系的证据。至于本研究在转基因鼠中的发现是否在乙型肝炎患者中存在及其意义还有待在患者中作进一步临床验证与研究。     

C-myc、p53基因和AFP在家兔诱发性肝癌及癌旁组织中的表达

目的获得家兔二乙基亚硝胺诱发肝脏肿瘤的形态学资料,探讨Cmyc、p53基因和甲胎蛋白的表达情况。方法取5例家兔多结节肝癌的肿瘤性结节25个,瘤旁肝组织每例1块,进行一般病理组织学和超微结构观察。同时,以免疫组化方法检查Cmyc、p53基因和AFP的表达情况。结果和结论25个结节中,良性增生10个,高分化肝细胞癌11个,中分化肝细胞癌4个。家兔肝细胞癌的发生与Cmyc基因、AFP的过表达和p53基因的突变有关。参照肿瘤诱发过程中,增生性肝硬化、腺瘤样增生、高分化癌、中分化癌的变化顺序,在所检测的三种标志物中,Cmyc蛋白为最早出现的肿瘤标志物,p53基因突变相对较晚出现,AFP在恶性肿瘤结节中的表达率最高(933%)。     

Dkk3系统性表达转基因小鼠的建立

目的建立系统性表达Dkk3转基因模型小鼠,为研究Dkk3生理功能及对骨生长发育的作用提供工具动物。方法通过ISH来观察Dkk3于C57BL/6J小鼠全身组织中的表达。把Dkk3基因插入系统性表达CMV启动子下游,构建转基因表达载体,显微注射法建立C57BL/6J Dkk3转基因小鼠。PCR鉴定转基因小鼠的基因型,RT-PCR检测Dkk3在骨髓中的表达,Western Blot检测Dkk3在肺脏、脑及肝脏中的表达,BrdU标记染色观察转基因小鼠骨生长情况。结果在生理状态下,Dkk3基因广泛表达,在骨、心脏及脑等组织高表达。建立的2个转基因小鼠品系中,转入的Dkk3基因在骨髓、脑、肝脏及肺组织中均有明显表达。BrdU整合率实验显示转基因小鼠长骨骺区细胞增殖明显低于同龄对照小鼠。结论建立了系统性表达Dkk3转基因小鼠,转入的Dkk3基因明显抑制小鼠长骨骨骺区细胞增殖,为Dkk3对骨生长发育的作用研究提供了有价值的工具动物。     

Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, P53和Survivin在丙型肝炎病毒相关肝细胞肝癌中 临床病理意义

目的:研究cyclin D1,bcl-2,p53和survivin在丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)相关性肝细胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)癌组织及癌旁组织中的表达,探讨其表达与丙型肝炎病毒相关性肝细胞性肝癌患者临床病理特征及生存预后之间的关系。方法:采用免疫组化检测方法检测cyclin D1,bcl-2,p53和survivin在丙型肝炎病毒相关性肝癌组织、癌旁组织和基本正常的肝组织中的表达,统计分析各因子的表达情况以及与患者临床病理特征的关系,并利用Kaplan-Meier分析法进一步分析各因子与患者生存预后之间的关系。结果:cyclin D1,bcl-2,p53和survivin在基本正常肝脏组织、癌旁组织和癌组织中的表达呈现递增的趋势,且cyclin D1,bcl-2,p53和survivin在癌组织的表达显著高于癌旁组织和基本正常的肝脏组织(P0.05);经统计学分析,cyclin D1,bcl-2和p53与肿瘤的分化程度相关(P0.05),而survivin与血管的浸润情况相关(P0.05);Kaplan-Meier分析显示,cyclin D1,p53和survivin与患者的不良预后有关(P0.05),而bcl-2与患者的不良预后无关(P0.05)。结论:cyclin D1,bcl-2,p53和survivin可能与丙型肝炎病毒相关性肝细胞性肝癌的发生存在一定的联系,除此之外,cyclin D1,p53和survivin与丙型肝炎病毒相关性肝细胞性肝癌患者的不良预后相关,而bcl-2与预后不存在显著相关性。     

miR-101 is down-regulated by the hepatitis B virus x protein and induces aberrant DNA methylation by targeting DNA methyltransferase 3A

The hepatitis B virus x (HBx) protein has been implicated in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis. However, whether HBx regulates miRNA expression that plays important roles in gene regulation during hepatocarcinogenesis remains unknown. The expression of microRNA-101 (miR-101) in HBV-related HCC tissues and HCC cells was evaluated by real-time PCR. The direct target of miR-101, DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A), was identified in silico and validated using a 3′-UTR reporter assay. miR-101 was functionally characterized in cells with transiently altered miR-101 expression. HBx expression was found to have a significant inverse correlation with miR-101 expression in HBx-expressing HepG2 compared to control HepG2 cells. miR-101 expression was frequently down-regulated in HBV-related HCC tissues compared to adjacent noncancerous hepatic tissues and had a significant inverse correlation with DNMT3A expression in HBV-related HCCs. Further characterization of miR-101 revealed that it negatively regulated DNA methylation partly through targeting DNMT3A. HBx-mediated miR-101 down-regulation and DNMT3A up-regulation supported the enhanced DNA methylation of several tumor-suppressor genes in HBx-expressing cells. Our studies demonstrating the deregulation of miR-101 expression by HBx may provide novel mechanistic insights into HBV-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis and identify a potential miRNA-based targeted approach for treating HBV-related HCC.     

Liver-Specific Expressions of HBx and src in the p53 Mutant Trigger Hepatocarcinogenesis in Zebrafish

Hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process that starts from fatty liver and transitions to fibrosis and, finally, into cancer. Many etiological factors, including hepatitis B virus X antigen (HBx) and p53 mutations, have been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. However, potential synergistic effects between these two factors and the underlying mechanisms by which they promote hepatocarcinogenesis are still unclear. In this report, we show that the synergistic action of HBx and p53 mutation triggers progressive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation via src activation in zebrafish. Liver-specific expression of HBx in wild-type zebrafish caused steatosis, fibrosis and glycogen accumulation. However, the induction of tumorigenesis by HBx was only observed in p53 mutant fish and occurred in association with the up-regulation and activation of the src tyrosine kinase pathway. Furthermore, the overexpression of src in p53 mutant zebrafish also caused hyperplasia, HCC, and sarcomatoid HCC, which were accompanied by increased levels of the signaling proteins p-erk, p-akt, myc, jnk1 and vegf. Increased expression levels of lipogenic factors and the genes involved in lipid metabolism and glycogen storage were detected during the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis in the HBx and src transgenic zebrafish. The up-regulation of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, tumor progression and other molecular hallmarks of human liver cancer were found at later stages in both HBx and src transgenic, p53 mutant zebrafish. Together, our study demonstrates that HBx and src overexpression induced hepatocarcinogenesis in p53 mutant zebrafish. This phenomenon mimics human HCC formation and provides potential in vivo platforms for drug screening for therapies for human liver cancer.     

Epigenetic repression of miR-132 expression by the hepatitis B virus x protein in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatitis B virus x (HBx) protein is involved in the initiation and progression of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by regulating host protein-coding genes. However, the role of HBx in the epigenetic repression of miRNAs, which play important roles in gene regulation during hepatocarcinogenesis, remains largely unknown. In this study, the expression of miR-132 in HCC cells, HBV-related HCC tissues, and serum were determined using real-time PCR. The level of DNA methylation on the promoter of miR-132 was examined using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). MiR-132 was functionally characterized in HCC cells with transiently altered miR-132 expression. HBx-induced DNA hypermethylation of the promoter of miR-132 was found to be more prevalent in HBx-expressing HepG2 cells than in control cells. Consistently, MiR-132 expression was also more frequently down-regulated in HBV-related HCC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous hepatic tissues and had a significant inverse correlation with HBx expression in HBV-related HCCs. Serum miR-132 levels were found to be significantly correlated with levels in tumor tissue. Finally, proliferation and colony formation of HCC cells were found to be suppressed by miR-132-mediated inhibition of the Akt-signaling pathway in miR132 transfected cells. Our study has demonstrated the epigenetic repression of miR-132 expression through DNA methylation induced by HBx. This work provides novel mechanistic insights into HBV-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis and suggests that miR-132 may be a promising biochemical marker and may have therapeutic applications in HBV-related HCC.     

Blocking of G1/S transition and cell death in the regenerating liver of Hepatitis B virus X protein transgenic mice

The Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein has been strongly implicated in the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, effects of the HBx protein on cell proliferation and cell death are controversial. This study investigates the effects of the HBx protein on liver regeneration in two independent lines of HBx transgenic mice, which developed HCC at around 14 to 16 months of age. High mortality, lower liver mass restoration, and impaired liver regeneration were found in the HBx transgenic mice post-hepatectomy. The levels of alanine aminotransferase and alpha-fetoprotein detected post-hepatectomy increased significantly in the HBx transgenic livers, indicating that they were more susceptible to damage during the regenerative process. Prolonged activation of the immediate-early genes in the HBx transgenic livers suggested that the HBx protein creates a strong effect by promoting the transition of the quiescent hepatocytes from G0 to G1 phase. However, impaired DNA synthesis and mitosis, as well as inhibited activation of G1, S, and G2/M markers, were detected. These results indicated that HBx protein exerted strong growth arrest on hepatocytes and imbalanced cell-cycle progression resulting in the abnormal cell death; this was accompanied by severe fat accumulation and impaired glycogen storage in the HBx transgenic livers. In conclusion, this study provides the first physiological evidence that HBx protein blocks G1/S transition of the hepatocyte cell-cycle progression and causes both a failure of liver functionality and cell death in the regenerating liver of the HBx transgenic mice.     

The up-regulation of proteasome subunits and lysosomal proteases in hepatocellular carcinomas of the HBx gene knockin transgenic mice

Chronic infection of hepatitis virus B (HBV) has been proven to be one of the most important risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBx has been shown to function in the viral life cycle and the development of HCC. Recently, we have reported that HBx transgenic mice (p21-HBx), generated by gene knockin, develop HCC at the age of 18 months. To further study the function of HBx during the development of HCC in vivo, we performed proteomic analysis of the transgenic and wild-type control mice. The combination of 2-DE and MALDI-TOF MS revealed that proteasome subunits (PSMA6, PSMB4, PSMC2 and PSMD12) were up-regulated in tumor tissues of the p21-HBx transgenic mice. Cathepsin B, ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 1 and an ATP-dependent caseinolytic protease, which were involved in the cellular proteolytic process, were also found increased in tumors. The results were confirmed in tumors of transgenic mice and HCCs of human using RT-PCR. All these results suggested that the strengthened ubiquitin-proteasome and lysosomal pathway might contribute to the development of HBx-related HCC.     

大剂量HBsAg对HBV转基因小鼠T细胞免疫调节的研究

目的：研究大剂量HBsAg对HBV转基因小鼠其T细胞免疫效果的影响。方法：用大剂量血源性HBsAg免疫HBV转基因小鼠,采用ELISA方法观察转基因小鼠所诱生的HBsAg特异性Th1类细胞因子的水平,ELISPOT方法检测不同免疫方案对小鼠HBsAg特异性分泌IFN-γT细胞数量的影响,同时检测对小鼠淋巴细胞增殖的影响。结果：HBsAg组免疫后脾细胞产生的Th1类细胞因子（IFN-γ、IL-2）、HBsAg特异性分泌IFN-γT细胞及T细胞增殖水平较对照组显著增加（P〈0.05）。结论：大剂量的HBs-Ag可以诱导乙肝转基因小鼠产生高水平Th1类细胞因子并打破免疫耐受。