外源ABA对藜麦种子萌发及ABA相关基因表达的影响

穗发芽会导致藜麦籽粒产量和品质严重受损,而脱落酸(ABA)与种子萌发和休眠密切相关。该研究以易穗发芽的‘大黑藜3’(BBQ3)、‘白藜6’(WQ6)和抗穗发芽的‘小黑藜1’(SBQ1)和‘白藜4’(WQ4)为试验材料,在种子萌发3 d内施加不同浓度ABA和氟啶酮(FL),探究ABA和FL对两种粒色藜麦种子萌发、ABA含量以及ABA合成基因NCED、裂解基因8′OH和信号转导基因ABI3表达的影响。结果表明：(1)各藜麦种子萌发均受到各浓度外源ABA抑制,并以25μmol·L^-1浓度效果最佳,同时受到外源低浓度FL促进,且施用2.5μmol·L^-1浓度即可;外源ABA和FL处理的SBQ1和WQ4发芽率降低和升高幅度分别小于BBQ3和WQ6。(2)对照组SBQ1和WQ4种子内源ABA含量分别显著高于BBQ3和WQ6;外源ABA处理可显著提高藜麦种子内源ABA含量,且WQ4显著高于WQ6,种皮略厚的SBQ1内源ABA含量显著低于BBQ3;外源FL处理下4份材料种子内源ABA含量均有所下降,但只有SBQ1达到显著水平。(3)对照组中,SBQ1和WQ4...     

FaMADS1和FaMADS2参与ABA调控的草莓果实成熟

本试验以‘红颜’草莓为材料,通过RT-PCR技术克隆得到FaMADS1和FaMADS2基因,并且用不同浓度脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)和其抑制剂去甲二氢愈创木酸(nordihydroguaiaretic acid, NDGA)处理脱绿期草莓果实,以探究FaMADS1和FaMADS2基因是否参与脱落酸调控的草莓果实成熟。结果表明,FaMADS1和FaMADS2基因序列在草莓不同栽培品种间高度保守,FaMADS1基因的表达变化随果实成熟呈现先增后降再增加的变化趋势,FaMADS2基因则呈现一个逐渐下降的趋势。虽FaMADS1和FaMADS2基因在草莓果实成熟中表达趋势并不一致,但外源ABA处理均会上调其表达,NDGA会下调其表达。草莓果实发育过程中内源ABA含量变化与FaMADS1和FaMADS2基因表达的相关性分析显示两者呈显著相关。由此说明,FaMADS1和FaMADS2参与了ABA调控的草莓果实成熟。     

外源脱落酸抑制花生种子发芽的生理机制

花生品种'汕油523'种子用10-3mol·L-1脱落酸(ABA)浸泡12 h后,种子发芽显著受抑制,胚α-淀粉酶活性降低,内源ABA水平提高.5 mmol.L-1ABA合成抑制剂钨酸钠处理的种子发芽率和活力指数提高,胚根增长,α-淀粉酶活性提高,内源ABA含量降低.据此认为ABA对种子萌发的抑制作用可能与α-淀粉酶活性和ABA含量有关.     

外源水杨酸对盐胁迫下小桐子幼苗脯氨酸代谢的影响

以小桐子幼苗为材料,设置盐胁迫(200mmol·L-1 NaCl)和外源水杨酸处理(0~2.0mmol·L-1 SA)水培试验,通过检测幼苗叶片脯氨酸含量、脯氨酸代谢关键酶活性及相关代谢酶基因的表达水平,研究了外源水杨酸对盐胁迫下小桐子幼苗脯氨酸代谢机理的影响。结果显示:(1)外源0.9mmol·L-1 SA处理可显著提高盐胁迫下小桐子幼苗的脯氨酸含量,上调脯氨酸合成关键酶Δ1-吡咯琳-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)和鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)活性,以及上调JcP5CS和JcOAT基因的表达水平。(2)SA也显著抑制了脯氨酸降解酶ProDH的活性及JcProDH基因的表达水平。(3)SA处理还显著提高了盐胁迫下小桐子幼苗的组织活力,降低了叶片电解质渗漏率和丙二醛(MDA)含量。研究发现,外源SA可通过活化脯氨酸合成的谷氨酸途径和鸟氨酸途径,以及抑制脯氨酸的降解途径来促进盐胁迫下小桐子幼苗脯氨酸的积累;外源SA处理也可提高小桐子幼苗的耐盐性,且这种提高可能与SA诱导脯氨酸的积累密切相关。     

春兰ב寒香梅’试管开花诱导及其生理基础

以春兰×寒香梅杂交种(Cymbidium goeringii×Cymbidium ‘Han Xiang Mei’)为材料,MS+琼脂4 g·L-1+蔗糖20 g·L-1+椰汁100 mL·L-1为基础培养基,通过单因素试验,探讨细胞分裂素(TDZ/6-BA)和无机盐浓度(P、K)对其试管花诱导的影响,测定花芽诱导的蛋白质、可溶性总糖含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及激素水平(IAA、ABA)。结果表明,添加0.2 mg·L-1 TDZ和2 mg·L-1 6-BA的花芽诱导率最高,分别为14.33%和14.00%;无机盐浓度3P/3K和3P/5K的培养基花芽诱导率较高,分别达16.67%和11.33%;花芽诱导最佳培养基为MS(3P, 3K)+TDZ 0.2 mg·L-1+椰汁100 mL·L-1+琼脂 4 g·L-1+蔗糖20 g·L-1,花芽诱导率可达34%左右。生理生化指标检测显示,可溶性蛋白、可溶性总糖含量及SOD活性与花芽诱导率呈正相关;稳定的内源激素IAA和ABA含量对花芽诱导有一定的积极作用,含量过高对花芽诱导有抑制作用。     

外源IAA对NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜‘津研四号’幼苗为试材,采用Hoagland营养液栽培,研究了不同浓度(0、0.01、0.1、1和10μmol·L-1)IAA处理对50 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的生长有抑制作用,0.01~1μmol·L-1外源IAA处理可显著增加黄瓜幼苗的生物量;使叶中Na+积累降低,K+积累增加,且IAA的缓解效果具有浓度效应。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量提高,净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)增加,以1μmol·L-1 IAA处理的效果最好。添加1μmol·L-1外源IAA显著提高了碱胁迫下黄瓜叶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性及还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,降低了碱胁迫诱导的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化反应;而10μmol·L-1外源IAA处理则加剧碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的危害。     

模拟干旱胁迫下马铃薯StNCED1表达量及与ABA含量的相关性分析

干旱缺水是限制马铃薯产量和品质的关键因素之一。ABA是干旱胁迫应答基因调控网络中的重要组成;9-顺式-环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶(NCED)是植物ABA生物合成途径的关键限速酶,该基因的表达模式直接影响ABA代谢。但干旱胁迫下有关马铃薯NCED基因表达与激素、表型间的相关分析的研究尚少。本研究克隆了马铃薯NCED1基因的全长c DNA序列,检测了4个马铃薯种质材料在不同模拟干旱(PEG-6000)胁迫强度处理下NCED1基因表达量、ABA含量及根系长度间的相关性。结果表明,St NCED1全长2181 bp,包含一个1800 bp的完整开放读码框,编码599个氨基酸。5%PEG-6000和15%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫4周后,4个品种均表现出随胁迫强度的加重植株生长缓慢、矮小,根系长度显著降低。干旱敏感型材料早大白中根系长度变化最大,ABA含量显著高于其他3个种质材料。CIP478.9、star和米拉3份种质材料中St NCED1表达量与对照植株有显著差异,且随胁迫强度增加而增大;早大白中St NCED1表达量表现出先降低后升高趋势。模拟干旱胁迫下,ABA含量与St NCED1表达量之间呈现出正相关关系(R0.7)。研究结果为解析马铃薯响应干旱胁迫的调节机制及其在抗旱种质资源筛选中的应用提供了基础数据。     

枸杞脱落酸生物合成关键酶基因NCED的克隆及表达分析

脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)对植物的生长发育具有独特的调控功能,并在植物适应逆境环境中发挥重要作用。9-顺式环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶(NCED)是高等植物中ABA生物合成途径的一个关键酶。根据GenBank中的植物NCED基因的同源序列设计简并引物,通过RT-PCR及RACE技术从枸杞叶片中克隆到1个编码NCED的基因,命名为LbNCED。其cDNA全长为2316 bp,含有1个1824 bp的开放阅读框,编码1个含607氨基酸残基,分子量为67.38 kDa、等电点(pI)为6.43的假定蛋白,其氨基酸序列与番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)和马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)的同源性达90%,在N-末端具有1个含15个氨基酸的叶绿体转运肽。Southern杂交结果表明,该基因在枸杞基因组中以低拷贝形式存在。盐处理和脱水处理的枸杞叶片中LbNCED基因的表达与内源ABA的积累同步变化。     

外源ABA对低温不同光周期下四季秋海棠叶片花色素苷的诱导机理

以‘超级奥林匹克’四季秋海棠(‘Super Olympia’ Begonia semperflorens)为材料,于常温（25 ℃/15 ℃）等日照条件下用0、5、10、50、100、500 μmol/L脱落酸(ABA)和低温（15 ℃/6 ℃）不同光周期下用10 μmol/L ABA分别喷施各处理植株,对不同处理下植株的色素含量、内源激素含量及其酶活性进行比较分析,探讨ABA对其叶片花色素苷合成的调控作用及其机理。结果显示：（1）常温等日照条件下,四季秋海棠叶片在5和10 μmol/L ABA处理后的第3~5天有明显变红趋势,且花色素苷含量和内源ABA含量显著增加,而内源赤霉素（GA）含量的下降幅度较为显著,相应的花色素苷合成关键酶和运输酶活性也显著提高。（2）低温条件下,四季秋海棠叶片花色素苷积累量与光周期密切相关,短日照处理的花色素苷积累量最大并显著高于等日照和长日照,但等日照与长日照下花色素苷积累量无显著差异;外源10 μmol/L ABA处理均可显著提高低温不同光周期下四季秋海棠叶片的花色素苷含量。（3）外施10 μmol/L ABA增加了低温下长日照和等日照处理中DFR（二氢黄酮醇 4 还原酶）还原反应中H供体NADPH的含量,促使DFR和UFGT（糖苷转移酶）的活性上调进而增加了花色素苷的含量;外施ABA处理均能够提高低温不同光周期处理组的内源ABA含量,降低内源GA的含量,与花色素苷的生成量相一致。研究表明,外源ABA能够通过调节花色素苷合成的关键酶来影响花色素苷的合成,外施适宜浓度ABA能够促进四季秋海棠叶片花色素苷的积累,可用于实际生产中的叶片着色调控管理。     

渗透胁迫下外源ABA对小麦幼苗根和叶中ABA及CaM含量的影响

渗透胁迫下外源ABA能提高小麦幼苗根和叶中的含水量,其对叶中的作用大于根部.外源ABA还能提高根叶中ABA及CaM含量,300 μmol·L-1 ABA对二者的作用比100 μmol·L-1更显著.随着胁迫时间的延长,根中ABA和CaM含量可分别高出叶片9倍和3倍.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.