子午岭桥山林区柴松群落主要种群种间联结性研究

基于2×2联列表,应用χ2检验、W检验、联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC等方法对陕西黄土高原子午岭桥山林区柴松群落乔木层14种主要种群、灌木层23种主要种群和草本层24个主要种群的种间联结显著性和关联强度进行了定量测定,以揭示柴松森林群落不同结构层次中主要植物种群的种间关系.结果显示:(1)柴松群落乔木层、灌木层和草本层主要物种的总体关联性均为正相关.(2)乔木层中柴松与辽东栎、山杏、山桃,辽东栎与山杏、山桃,白桦与山杨之间有明显的正联结;山杏与山桃之间有明显的负联结.(3)灌木层中灰栒子和五加、陕西荚蒾与野葡萄、陕西荚蒾与蒙古荚蒾、盘叶忍冬与忍冬以及草本层中凤毛菊与黄芩、铁杆蒿与地榆、悬钩子与薯蓣、荩草与油芒、菝葜与糙苏、防风与黄花蒿之间存在较为明显的正联结.(4)根据种间联结特征,将14个主要乔木树种划分为4个生态种组,其中柴松和辽东栎为第1生态种组,山楂、白桦、白蜡和山杨为第2生态种组,山桃、茶条槭、毛梾和侧柏为第3生态种组,杜梨、山杏、山荆子和盐肤木为第4生态种组.     

黄土高原马栏林区优势种幼苗与其种群径级结构的演替研究

对黄土高原马栏林区几种典型群落类型中优势种辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)、油松(Pinus tabulaefor-mis)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)和山杨(Populus davidiana)的幼苗和种群径级结构进行了研究。结果表明:(1)辽东栎幼苗在马栏林区7种典型群落类型中均有分布,且数量充足,实生苗更新良好,辽东栎在不同的群落类型中表现出不同的种群径级结构。在油松 辽东栎混交林和辽东栎林中趋于稳定型;在油松林、油松 白桦混交林、白桦林、山杨林和白桦 山杨混交林中则为增长型;(2)油松幼苗在油松 白桦混交林、油松林和油松 辽东栎混交林中分布较多,但均少于辽东栎幼苗。在这些群落类型中油松种群的径级结构属于稳定型;(3)白桦和山杨幼苗数量较少,无正常更新能力,种群径级结构趋于衰退,以白桦和山杨为主的群落类型将逐渐被以油松和辽东栎为主的群落类型所取代;(4)马栏林区优势种幼苗分布的广度和丰度受到光照、水和灌草层等非生物和生物因素及其相互作用的影响。表明在黄土高原马栏林区以天然恢复为主的辽东栎种群,将在该地植被的自然恢复过程中产生重要作用;油松种群不仅过去而且将来也同样会在该地区的植被恢复中发挥重要作用。     

黄土高原马栏林区主要森林群落物种多样性研究

应用丰富度指数(S)、多样性指数(H1)、优势度指数(D)和均匀度指数(Js)对子午岭马栏林区的主要森林群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明:41个样地共记录草本151种,灌木111种,乔木33种。马栏林区森林植物群落其总体多样性是混交林>纯林>人工林;不同森林群落各层的物种多样性基本都表现为灌木层>草本层>乔木层;物种多样性乔木层以油松(Pinus tabulaeformis) 辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)混交林和落叶阔叶混交林较高,灌木层以油松 白桦(Betula platyphylla)混交林、白桦林和天然油松林多样性较高;草本层则是人工刺槐 (Robinia pseudoacacia)林、白桦林和山杨(Populus davidiana)林多样性较高。人工刺槐林和人工油松林在乔木层和灌木层多样性指数都较低。物种均匀度乔木层是落叶阔叶混交林最高,人工油松林和人工刺槐林最低;灌木层各群落的均匀度较为接近;草本层则表现为人工刺槐林均匀度最高,混交林最低。β多样性分析显示人工刺槐林与其它森林群落相异性较大,而辽东栎林、天然油松林和油松 白桦混交林均与油松 辽东栎混交林的相异性较小。研究表明多树种营造混交林可以增加群落的多样性,建造具有较高物种多样性的群落应种植混交林取代单一物种的人工纯林,在选择树种时应优先考虑乡土树种。     

陕西子午岭森林植物群落种间联结性

用方差比率(VR)和基于2×2联列表,通过x2统计量检验、共同出现百分率(PC)、联结系数(AC)的方法,对地处黄土高原中部的陕西子午岭森林植物群落乔木层12个树种、灌木层20个树种和草本层21种植物的种间联结性进行了研究。结果表明,乔木层、灌木层总体种间关联性表现为显著正关联,草本层为不显著正关联。乔木层主要种群表现出相互独立的特点,但辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)和油松(Pinus tabulaefomis),油松和茶条槭(Acer ginnal),茶条槭和白桦(Betula platyphylla),杜梨(Pyrus betulaefolia)与辽东栎、油松、茶条槭、白桦等7个种对存在一定正关联。正关联的种对数是副关联的2倍。灌木层南蛇藤(Celastrus orbiculatus)和悬钩子(Rubus corchorifolius)、水栒子(Cotoneaster maltiflorus)和红瑞木(Cornus alba)、多花胡枝子(Lespedeza floribund)和华北丁香(Syringa oblate)之间存在极显著的正联结;华北绣线菊(Spiraea fritschiana)和野葡萄(Vitisamurensis)、冻绿(Rhamuns utilis)和栓翅卫矛(Euonymus phellomanes)、南蛇藤和野葡萄、南蛇藤和葱皮忍冬(Lonicera ferdinandii)之间存在显著的正联结。正关联和副关联种对数相当。草本层种间联结表现出较为松散的特征,无关联的种对数多达21个。正副关联的种对数约为3∶2。最好将多个指标配合使用能更好地说明种间联结程度。     

山西五鹿山植物物种多样性及其海拔梯度格局

采用典型取样法,沿海拔梯度对五鹿山自然植被进行调查。结果表明：五鹿山主要群落类型为辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)群落、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis) 群落、茶条槭(Acer ginnala) 群落、白皮松(Pinus bungeana)群落、暴马丁香-茶条槭（Syringa reticulate-Acer ginnala）群落和白桦(Betula platyphylla)群落。其中,辽东栎群落略占优势,这可能暗示着该地区植被具有继续向暖温带落叶阔叶林演替的倾向。各层次植物物种丰富度呈现出草本层>灌木层>乔木层特征,Shannon Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数整体规律为草本层>灌木层>乔木层。以五鹿山森林群落不同层次的各种物种多样性指数和森林群落总体重要值为测度指标,均暗示着五鹿山植被演替正处于亚顶极群落阶段。五鹿山植物多样性沿海拔梯度呈现出近似中海拔高的单峰格局,这是由于植物物种多样性受温度、湿度、人为等因素干扰。     

山西太岳山辽东栎群落林下草本植物功能群分类

辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林是暖温带落叶阔叶林区域典型地带性植被类型之一。辽东栎作为山西具有代表性的地带性植被类型,是山西森林的主要组成部分。以往的研究以辽东栎为对象的成果颇多,对其林下草本层的研究少有报道。太岳山辽东栎群落随着环境梯度(海拔)的变化,林下植物优势种变化明显,草本植物对环境的反应较为敏感,能较好地反映出植被与环境的动态关系。采用样方法,调查了太岳山七里峪辽东栎群落,根据调查结果,通过计算重要值并结合频度,在辽东栎林下草本层选取27个优势度相对较大的物种进行种间联结和相关性分析。以χ~2检验为基础,结合联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC来测定辽东栎林林下草本层优势种种间联结性,并根据此联结性及其聚类分析,以优势种为主体划分植物功能群。结果显示如此划分可行性高,可将辽东栎林下草本层优势种共划分为七组功能群:Ⅰ"广布型",Ⅱ"森林边缘草甸型",Ⅲ"湿润疏林型",Ⅳ"耐寒林隙型",Ⅴ"山坡林缘型",Ⅵ"高山型",Ⅶ"阴湿型"。研究表明:通过水热梯度下草本植物功能群的变化,能较好地反映出辽东栎与环境的相互关系。     

环境因子对山西太岳山典型森林类型物种多样性及其功能多样性的影响

该研究采用典型样地法,调查群落内物种分布并测量植物功能性状(叶面积和植株高度),对山西太岳山不同坡位华北落叶松-白桦混交林以及辽东栎次生林物种多样性及其功能多样性进行比较分析,探究环境因子对不同群落层次(乔木、灌木、草本)物种多样性及其功能多样性的影响机制,以及环境因子与群落构建之间的联系,为森林生态系统多样性研究以及经营管理提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)华北落叶松-白桦混交林的物种分布更加均匀,物种多样性和功能多样性(乔木层)均显著高于辽东栎次生林。(2)华北落叶松-白桦混交林乔木层功能均匀度与功能分散指数显著高于辽东栎次生林,但灌木草本层低于辽东栎次生林。(3)不同群落层次的物种多样性与功能多样性均呈正相关关系,影响物种分布和性状分布的环境因子存在差异,物种多样性受多种环境因子的综合影响,而单个环境因子对功能多样性影响较大,环境解释力与林分类型和群落层次相关。(4)乔木层物种多样性主要受土壤pH、冠层结构(MLA、林分开度)以及光照影响,灌木层物种多样性与土壤pH和MLA密切相关,林下总辐射、土壤养分(SOC、STN)、土壤相对含水率是影响草本层物种分布的主要环境因子;冠层结构(MLA、林分开度)是影响乔木层功能多样性最主要的环境因子,土壤pH和坡位分别是华北落叶松-白桦混交林和辽东栎次生林灌木层功能多样性的主要影响因子,影响草本层功能多样性的主要环境因子是土壤相对含水率与LAI。研究表明,在垂直分层的森林生态系统中,不同群落层次竞争的主要环境资源存在差异,乔木层通过改变冠层结构和林内环境限制林下物种分布和性状分布。     

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES BASED ON DOMINANT TREE SPECIES IN THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM AT FUNIU MOUNTAIN NATIONAL RESERVE, EAST CHINA

 乔木层优势种左右着森林生态系统的结构与功能, 以乔木层优势种为主体划分森林生态系统功能型, 可以对森林生态系统的功能、框架结构及类群分布有一个明确的认识。伏牛山国家级自然保护区是中国东部森林样带中的亚热带和暖温带的结合点, 具有南北气候过渡带的典型特征, 群落的优势种突出, 随着环境梯度(海拔)的变化, 乔木层优势种变化明显, 能较好地反映出植被与环境的动态关系。采用群落生态学的调查方法, 在伏牛山南北坡设置66个样地。根据调查结果, 通过计算重要值, 选取37个优势度相对较大的乔木树种进行种间联结及相关性分析, 以χ2检验为基础, 结合联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC来测定乔木优势种间的联结性, 根据优势种间的联结性及其在海拔梯度上的变化异同来划分植物功能群。结果表明, 栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、短柄枹(Q. glandulifera)、锐齿栎(Q. acutidentata)、华山松(Pinus armandi)依海拔升高分别具有最大的优势势性。以这4个优势种为主体将伏牛山自然保护区乔木层划分为4个植物功能型, 第一组功能型为: 栓皮栎、槲栎(Q. aliena)、山槐(Albizia kalkora)、茅栗(Castanea seguinii)(1 100 m以下); 第二组功能型为: 短柄枹、化香(Platycarya strobilacea)、黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)(1 100~1 400 m); 第三组功能型为: 锐齿栎、千金榆(Carpinus cordata)、漆树(Toxicodendron verniciflum)(1 400~1 800 m); 第四组功能型为: 华山松、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、六道木(Abelia biflora)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)、红桦(B. albo-sinensis)(1 800 m以上)。功能群间的形态特征有明显的区别, 如叶片的大小、形状等, 这些区别需要生理生态学的进一步研究。     

黄土高原马栏林区辽东栎林种内、种间竞争研究

利用Hegyi的单木竞争指数模型对黄土高原马栏林区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)的种内和种间竞争强度进行了定量分析.结果显示:(1)辽东栎种内竞争强度与种间竞争强度的总和大致相等,其种内及种间竞争强度均随对象木胸径的增大而逐渐减小,其关系服从幂函数规律,竞争主要发生在胸径小于15 cm的幼树阶段.(2)各组成树种对辽东栎影响程度(竞争指数)的大小顺序为:辽东栎>油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)>白桦(Betulaplatyphylla)>山杨(Populus davidiana)>杜梨(Pyrus betulaefolia)>湖北山楂(Crataegus hupehensis)>茶条槭(Acer ginnala)>陕西鹅耳枥(Carpinus shensiensis)>葛萝槭(A.grosseri).(3)油松是该地区的次优势种,对辽东栎有较大的竞争压力,在群落发展中可能会形成以油松占优势的混交林.(4)辽东栎胸径小于15 cm时,种内种间竞争是导致大量个体死亡的主要原因;胸径超过15 cm时,人为砍伐可能是个体死亡的主要原因.研究结果认为马栏林区混交林油松的密度不宜过大,尤其是在与未成熟辽东栎种群混交时密度应合理,应对该林区的混交林进行人工抚育,及时择伐密度过大的油松,而在辽东栎胸径达到15 cm之前择伐长势较差的植株,以促使森林群落尽快趋于稳定.     

子午岭森林与灌丛植被的主要类型及特征的研究

子午岭森林植被主要类型有油松林、侧柏林、辽东栎林、山杨林、小叶杨林、白桦林、油松—辽东栎林、侧柏—辽东栎林、辽东栎—山杨林、白桦—山杨—辽东栎林、辽东栎—山杨—槭树—漆树杂木林等11个群丛。子午岭灌丛植被主要类型有沙棘灌丛、单瓣黄刺玫灌丛、樱草蔷薇灌丛、白刺花灌丛、虎榛子灌丛、牛奶子灌丛、山杏灌丛、山桃灌丛、酸枣灌丛、杠柳灌丛、红皮柳—皂柳—乌柳灌丛、白刺花—酸枣—单瓣黄刺玫灌丛等12个群丛。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.