外源甲醇对油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以中国南、北2个主要栽培品种‘玉油二号’和‘秦油二号’油菜种子为供试材料,采用溶液培养方法研究了0~2 000mmol·L-1甲醇溶液处理下,油菜种子萌发、幼苗生长特征及其相关生理生化指标的变化。结果表明:(1)10~1 000mmol·L-1甲醇处理的油菜种子萌发指标(发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数)和幼苗生长指标(幼芽及幼根长度、鲜重、根冠比)均比对照显著增加,而甲醇溶液浓度为2 000mmol·L-1时油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长受到显著抑制;两个油菜品种种子萌发和幼苗生长在甲醇溶液处理下均表现为相同的变化趋势,但也存在品种的差异,‘秦油二号’生长受影响程度低于‘玉油二号’。(2)随着甲醇溶液浓度的增加,油菜种子萌发指标和幼苗生长指标表现出先增加后降低的趋势,并在甲醇溶液浓度为100mmol·L-1时均达到最大值,继续高于此浓度后促进作用即减弱以至消失,甚至产生抑制作用。(3)随着甲醇处理溶液浓度的增加,油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量呈先增后降的趋势,而同期叶片的MDA和过氧化氢含量却呈先降后升的相反趋势,且均在相同的100mmol·L-1浓度下分别达到最大或者最低值。研究认为,适宜浓度的甲醇溶液能够促进油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

甘蓝型油菜苗期生长阶段对NaCl胁迫的生理响应

以甘蓝型油菜自交系2205(强耐盐型)、487(中耐盐型)和1423(敏盐型)为材料,采用土培+水培方法于五叶期研究了0(无盐胁迫,CK)、60 mmol·L-1(低盐)、120 mmol·L-1(中低盐)、180 mmol·L-1(中盐)、240mmol·L-1(高盐)NaCl胁迫后的叶片MDA、可溶性糖、甜菜碱和叶绿素含量的变化特征,为油菜耐盐性评价提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)叶片MDA含量在低盐和中低盐胁迫下降低且显著低于CK,在中盐和高盐胁迫下显著升高,并以品系2205含量最低且升幅最小,品系1423最高且升幅最大。(2)叶片可溶性糖含量在低盐和中低盐胁迫下减少(但2205在中低盐胁迫下显著高于CK),在中盐和高盐胁迫下升高且显著高于CK,并以品系2205含量最高增幅最大且显著高于品系487和1423,品系1423含量最低且增幅最小。(3)叶片甜菜碱含量随NaCl浓度升高增加,品系2205和487在中低以上盐浓度胁迫下显著升高,品系1423仅在高盐胁迫下显著升高,并以品系2205含量最高且增幅最大,1423含量最低且增幅最小。(4)叶片叶绿素含量在低盐和中低盐胁迫下显著增加,且以2205叶片叶绿素含量最高且增幅最大,但在中盐和高盐胁迫下显著减少,并以品系1423含量最低且降幅最高。研究表明,120mmol·L-1以下NaCl胁迫对油菜苗期生长可能有促进作用,180mmol·L-1以上NaCl胁迫则有明显抑制作用,且NaCl浓度越高油菜受伤害越重;油菜苗期生长阶段,NaCl胁迫浓度在120~180mmol·L-1时各生理指标发生显著变化,可能是鉴定耐盐性强弱的适宜浓度;综合分析认为,品系2205具有强的耐盐性,品系1423耐盐性最差,这与之前萌芽期和幼苗期鉴定结果一致。     

内源抗坏血酸对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了解内源抗环血酸在水稻(Oryza sativa)种子中的作用,以野生型品种‘中花11’(ZH-11)、抗坏血酸合成关键酶GLDH基因的上调(超表达)株系GO-2及下调(干涉)株系GI-2为材料,研究了抗环血酸含量对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,GO-2株系的种子萌发率比野生型ZH-11高6%,比干涉型GI-2高60%。外源添加1 mmol L–1抗坏血酸后,干涉型GI-2萌发率提高了22%,GO-2及ZH-11则没有明显增加。GO-2株系在幼苗的根长、株高、分蘖数和鲜重等指标上均高于ZH-11和GI-2。实时荧光定量测定结果表明,GO-2株系叶片的GLDH基因表达量显著上调,而GI-2株系则显著下调。这说明抗坏血酸有助于维持水稻种子活力和促进水稻种子发芽和幼苗生长。     

Effects of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Oilseed Rape Seedling Growth under Herbicide Toxicity Stress

Weeds are one of the major constraints in oilseed Brassica production. Use of effective herbicides to control weeds in the fields is one of the major objectives of agronomists. To improve weed control efficacy and minimize the application costs, complex combinations of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and a new postemergence herbicide, propyl 4-(2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate (ZJ0273), were used to investigate their combined effects in relation to seedling growth and development of oilseed rape (Brassica napus cv. ZS 758). Brassica seeds were treated with different concentrations of ZJ0273 [100 (normal dose for rape), 200, 500, and 1000 mg/L] and ALA (0.1, 1, 10, and 50 mg/L). ALA was applied as pre- and post-treatment alone and in combination with ZJ0273. We found that ZJ0273 stress imposed negative effects on rape seedling growth. Shoot fresh weight, shoot length, and root fresh weight were inhibited significantly under ZJ0273 stress, and the rate of decline increased consistently with increased ZJ0273 concentration. Root oxidizability was also inhibited significantly under ZJ0273 stress conditions, and the higher the concentration of the herbicide ZJ0273, the lower the oxidizability. Herbicide ZJ0273 treatment produced a gradual decrease in antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase) and an increase in peroxidation substance (malondialdehyde accumulation). The increase and decrease were consistent with the ZJ0273 dosage. Our results indicated that pre- and post-treatments with a lower dosage of ALA (1 mg/L) improved rape seedling growth and root oxidizability parameters, whereas a higher concentration of ALA (50 mg/L) depressed growth. We also found that plants treated with 1 mg/L ALA produced the highest shoot fresh weights, shoot lengths, root fresh weights, and root oxidizability when the seeds were treated with different concentrations of ZJ0273. Lower dosages of ALA improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes, whereas the highest dosage of ALA increased the accumulation of peroxidation substance. These results indicate that ALA has promotive effects in the recovery of growth and development of rape seedlings under herbicide ZJ0273 toxicity stress.     

Lipid Accumulation during Canola Seed Germination in Response to Cinnamic Acid Derivatives

The objective of this research was to investigate how ferulic and p-coumaric acids affect lipid and fatty acid composition during canola (Brassica napus L.) seed germination. Data showed that both compounds increased total lipid and fatty acid contents in the cotyledons during germination. The largest accumulation in lipids occurred at 1.0 mM p-coumaric acid with an increase in all unsaturated fatty acids. The results suggest that allelochemicals interfere in canola seed germination by reducing lipid mobilization.     

芸苔素对铅胁迫下远志种子萌发和幼苗生长生理特征的影响

以远志(Polygala tenuifolia Willd.)为研究对象,采用3 mmol·L^-1醋酸铅溶液模拟铅胁迫,探讨两种处理方式(预浸种、拌种)不同浓度(0～100μmol·L^-1)芸苔素(EBL)对远志种子萌发、幼苗生长、生理生化特性及铅含量的影响。结果表明：(1)远志种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗的胚芽长度、鲜重、干重在铅胁迫下显著降低,EBL预浸种和拌种处理可有效缓解远志种子和幼苗遭受铅胁迫的伤害且具有剂量效应。(2)在铅胁迫下,远志幼苗游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量随EBL浓度的增加而先升后降,它们在0.01μmol·L^-1 EBL拌种处理下分别为0μmol·L^-1 EBL处理的1.99、2.31、1.95倍,且拌种处理影响较浸种处理更为显著。(3)在铅胁迫下,远志幼苗超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性均随EBL浓度的增加而先上升后下降,且预浸种和拌种处理的酶活性均在0.01μmol·L^-1 EBL浓度下最强。(...     

核桃青皮分解对小白菜生长及生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同剂量核桃(Juglans regia L.)青皮在土壤中分解过程中对受体植物小白菜(Brassica rapa L.var.chinensis)幼苗生长及其生理特性的影响,探讨核桃青皮的化感作用机理。结果表明:(1)核桃青皮在施入土壤的75d内,显著抑制了小白菜地上部分生物量的积累。(2)各剂量青皮处理小白菜叶片的叶绿素含量在施入20d时均较CK降低,且随着处理时间延长总体呈减少趋势。(3)各剂量青皮处理小白菜叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性在施入20d和75d时大多比对照显著升高,且有随剂量增加而增强的趋势,但过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则随添加量增大或处理时间延长多无显著变化。(4)小白菜叶片可溶性糖(SS)含量在施入20d时随青皮添加量的增加而增加,后期则表现为显著下降,而可溶性蛋白(SP)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量在整个处理期则呈减少趋势。研究认为,核桃青皮在土壤中分解可能对小白菜的生长和抗性生理指标产生了明显的化感作用,其化感作用强度随其分解时间延长呈先强后弱的变化趋势,且高添加量产生的效应比低添加量快而且强。     

Physiological and Biochemical Changes during Seed Filling in Relation to Leaf Senescence in Soybean

Field experiments with Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Ludou 11 and Ludou 4 were conducted to evaluate changes in photosynthetic rate, antioxidative enzyme activity, soluble protein, chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) contents in relation to leaf senescence during seed filling period. Photosynthetic rate, soluble protein content, catalase and peroxidase activities were the highest at 25 days after flowering (DAF). Chl a, Chl b and Car contents reached the maximum at 15 DAF and rapidly decreased after 33 DAF.     

PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对黄秋葵种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

为了解黄秋葵(Abelmoschusesculentus)对干旱胁迫的应答机制,采用PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,对‘纤指’和‘红秋葵’品种的种子萌发和幼苗的生理特性进行研究。结果表明,两品种的种子吸水率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、简易活力指数,幼苗下胚轴长、根长、苗鲜重和苗干重均随PEG-6000浓度的增加呈下降的趋势,旱害率则不断增加。PEG-6000浓度为20%时,两品种的种子均未能发芽。幼苗的SOD、POD和CAT活性和可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量随PEG-6000浓度的增加而增加,且均PEG-6000浓度为15%时最高。因此,干旱胁迫会抑制黄秋葵种子的萌发,提高细胞内含物的含量,同时引发其抗氧化系统的响应。     

3种滨藜属牧草苗期叶片解剖结构及生理特性对干旱的响应

通过盆栽控水试验,设置5个干旱胁迫水平,分别为最大田间持水量的80%(CK)、60%(轻度胁迫)、45%(中度胁迫)、30%(重度胁迫)、20%(极重度胁迫),并同步设计充足灌水后自然干旱实验,测定干旱胁迫对3种滨藜属牧草叶片形态解剖结构、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、可溶性糖含量、质膜相对透性和丙二醛含量等生理生化指标的影响,以明确3种滨藜属牧草的抗旱特性,并探索其抗旱机理。结果表明:(1)3种滨藜属牧草均具有适应旱生环境的典型叶片结构特征,即在干旱胁迫条件下叶片组织结构形态表现为叶片栅栏组织逐渐变薄,而海绵组织在胁迫早期先变薄后增厚的现象,叶肉组织结构紧密度也出现了先降低后增高的规律。(2)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶片的可溶性糖含量增加,而其相对含水量减少,3种滨藜属牧草在土壤含水量很低的情况下叶片仍能保持高于52%的相对含水量。(3)在干旱胁迫下,3种滨藜属牧草叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率都发生显著变化,细胞膜受到的伤害程度有明显差异。(4)3种滨藜属牧草抗旱能力均较强,在干旱胁迫下其抗旱性综合表现为灰白滨藜变种1灰白滨藜变种2四翅滨藜。     

NaHCO3胁迫对三色堇生长及抗逆生理特性的影响

以三色堇实生苗为材料,设置不同浓度的NaHCO₃［0(CK)、25、50、100、150和200 mmol·L^-1］处理,在胁迫后第7天和第14天分别测定各处理幼苗叶片的渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及株高生长量,探讨三色堇对NaHCO₃胁迫的生理响应机制。结果表明：(1)三色堇株高生长量在NaHCO₃浓度小于等于50 mmol·L^-1时较CK显著增加,在100 mmol·L^-1时与CK相近,在大于100 mmol·L^-1时较CK显著降低。(2)各浓度处理三色堇叶片可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量在胁迫第7天均显著高于CK;而胁迫第14天时,各浓度处理的SS含量、50 mmol·L^-1处理的SP含量以及150、200 mmol·L^-1处理的Pro含量仍显著高于CK。(3)胁迫第7天时,三色堇叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在各胁迫浓度下较CK均显著增强,但其过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均无显著变化;胁迫第14天时,各浓度处理的CAT活性、50 mmol·L^-1处理的POD活性以及100、150 mmol·L^-1处理的SOD活性均显著高于相应CK。(4)在NaHCO₃胁迫过程中,三色堇叶片MDA含量均随着胁迫浓度增加而逐渐增加,且均显著高于CK。(5)三色堇叶片的叶绿素含量在胁迫第7天时均无显著变化,胁迫第14天时也仅在150或者200 mmol·L^-1处理下较CK显著降低。研究发现,三色堇植株能耐受小于等于100 mmol·L^-1NaHCO₃胁迫,NaHCO₃对株高生长有低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的剂量效应;三色堇在NaHCO₃胁迫期间能够通过增加渗透调节物质含量、增强抗氧化酶活性来缓解胁迫诱导的过氧化伤害,一定程度上提高了幼苗的耐受能力。     

水飞蓟萌发期和苗期对盐胁迫的生长生理响应

为了探讨水飞蓟萌发期和苗期对盐胁迫的响应,比较不同水飞蓟类型耐盐性的强弱,以黑色果皮（SD）和白色果皮（HW）2个类型水飞蓟为材料,用不同浓度NaCl（0、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%、0.7%、0.9%）溶液处理种子和幼苗,观察种子发芽势、发芽率和芽苗和幼苗生长及其生理生化特征。结果表明:（1）NaCl胁迫下,水飞蓟种子发芽率、发芽势下降,芽苗生长表现为低浓度促进高浓度（HW为≥0.5%,SD为≥0.3%）抑制,且盐分对子叶长、胚轴长和鲜重影响较大,对干重无显著影响。（2）盐胁迫下水飞蓟幼苗叶片中MDA含量升高,光合色素（Chl a、Chl b、Car）含量下降,幼苗生长表现为低浓度促进高浓度（HW为≥0.9%,SD为≥0.7%）抑制;植株体内可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量及保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性先升高后降低,脯氨酸含量则持续增加,其中保护酶活性在0.7% NaCl处理下较对照显著下降,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量在0.9% NaCl处理下较对照显著下降。研究发现,在水飞蓟种子萌发期,盐分主要通过改变种子吸涨能力来影响芽苗生长;在苗期,水飞蓟幼苗主要通过提高渗透物质含量和保护酶活性来缓解盐分造成的伤害;水飞蓟萌发期和苗期耐盐性有所差别,萌发期耐盐能力明显低于苗期,2个类型水飞蓟耐盐性强弱表现为白色果皮类型＞黑色果皮类型。     

The Pattern of Changes in Photosynthetic Apparatus in Response to Cold Acclimation and De-acclimation in Two Contrasting Cultivars of Oilseed Rape

In spring and winter cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera), acclimation of photosynthetic apparatus to cold was connected with the increase in activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS). Conversely, cold de-acclimation entailed the decline of RuBPCO and SPS activities. The rate of this photosynthetic de-acclimation might depend on day temperature. On the other hand, temperature rise during de-acclimation (identical during the day and night) resulted in the improvement of photosynthetic activity measured by means of chlorophyll fluorescence. An increase in SPS activity (and even transitory increase in RuBPCO activity) was observed when the elongation growth rate (EGR) accelerated during de-acclimation. Throughout re-acclimation, plants with high EGR were unable to maintain or recover higher photosynthetic capacity, despite the fact that SPS activity remained high or even increased during re-acclimation.     

芥菜型油菜黄籽基因分子标记的开发

该研究在前期对‘吴旗黄芥’黄籽性状遗传图谱研究的基础上,利用白菜及拟南芥基因组信息,在芸薹属白菜A基因组BAC克隆KBrH105I15上设计了5对SCAR引物,在拟南芥第3染色体黄籽基因的同源区域At3g14120与At3g29615附近设计了6对IP引物,11对引物分别扩增F2群体(‘吴旗黄芥’ב武功褐芥’)的1 212个单株,开发与‘吴旗黄芥’黄籽基因更近的分子标记。结果表明:来自于白菜A基因组BAC克隆KBrH105I15上的Y12(Y12为共显性标记),以及来自于拟南芥第3染色体同源区域At3g24180的IP-6表现与‘吴旗黄芥’黄籽基因紧密连锁,其遗传距离分别为0.2和0.1cM,较之前最近的标记距离分别缩短0.3和0.2cM。这2个标记的开发对开展‘吴旗黄芥’黄籽基因的克隆奠定了基础。     

An Enhancing Effect of Exogenous Mannitol on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Roots of Wheat Under Salt Stress

The role of mannitol as an osmoprotectant, a radical scavenger, a stabilizer of protein and membrane structure, and protector of photosynthesis under abiotic stress has already been well described. In this article we show that mannitol applied exogenously to salt-stressed wheat, which normally cannot synthesize mannitol, improved their salt tolerance by enhancing activities of antioxidant enzymes. Wheat seedlings (3 days old) grown in 100 mM mannitol (corresponding to −0.224 MPa) for 24 h were subjected to 100 mM NaCl treatment for 5 days. The effect of exogenously applied mannitol on the salt tolerance of plants in view of growth, lipid peroxidation levels, and activities of antioxidant enzymes in the roots of salt-sensitive wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kızıltan-91) plants with or without mannitol was studied. Although root growth decreased under salt stress, this effect could be alleviated by mannitol pretreatment. Peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities increased, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities decreased in Kızıltan-91 under salt stress. However, activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, POX, CAT, APX, and GR increased with mannitol pretreatment under salt stress. Although root tissue extracts of salt-stressed wheat plants exhibited only nine different SOD isozyme bands of which two were identified as Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD, mannitol treatment caused the appearance of 11 different SOD activity bands. On the other hand, five different POX isozyme bands were determined in all treatments. Enhanced peroxidation of lipid membranes under salt stress conditions was reduced by pretreatment with mannitol. We suggest that exogenous application of mannitol could alleviate salt-induced oxidative damage by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities in the roots of salt-sensitive Kızıltan-91.     

镍离子对尖叶莴苣氮素吸收和生长生理的影响

以‘全年油麦菜’尖叶莴苣为试验材料,采用水培方式,研究3个浓度(0 mg·L^-1、0.1 mg·L^-1、1 mg·L^-1)Ni²⁺在22.4 mg·L^-1 N处理下对尖叶莴苣氮素吸收的生长及生理影响。结果显示：(1)尖叶莴苣根系和地上部生物量随处理时间的增加呈上升趋势。与对照T₁(0 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、112 mg·L^-1 N)相比,T₂处理(0 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)对尖叶莴苣根系及叶片生长具有一定抑制作用,植株鲜重、干重、根冠比、根系长度、平均直径、表面积、体积、根尖数、分根数、叶片表面积和体积在T3处理(0.1 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)下显著高于对照,T₄处理(1 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)对尖叶莴苣根系及其叶片生长具有一定促进作用,但对其根尖数和分根数表现出一定抑制性。(2)随着Ni²⁺浓度的增加,尖叶莴苣叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量呈先升后降的变化规律,且均在T₃处理下显著提高。(3)随着处理时间的增加,尖叶莴苣叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)逐渐上升,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)逐渐下降,且T₃处理叶片的G_s显著高于对照,其C_i最低,P_n最大。(4)施加Ni²⁺对尖叶莴苣有机酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量以及SOD和POD活性有显著影响,在T₃处理下有机酸含量降低,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,SOD和POD活性显著提高。(5)T₃处理尖叶莴苣根系中N及叶片中B和Ca含量较高;根系中Ni含量高于叶片,T₃处理叶片中的Ni含量较低,Mg含量较高;植株体内Cu含量随Ni²⁺浓度增加而下降。研究表明,外源Ni²⁺处理能影响低氮条件下(22.4 mg·L^-1 N)尖叶莴苣幼苗生长及生理状况,适宜浓度(0.1 mg·L^-1)Ni²⁺可有效提高尖叶莴苣根系对氮素的吸收利用效率,减少氮素施用量,促进尖叶莴苣根系和地上部叶片生长,增加光合色素含量,并提高净光合速率,进而改善植株的产量和营养品质。     

The fate of nitrogen from winter-frozen rapeseed leaves: mineralization,fluxes to the environment and uptake by rapeseed crop in spring

For environmental purposes, very early sowing of winter rapeseed may reduce winter nitrate leaching thanks to the high N uptake capacities of rapeseed in autumn. However, freezing could lead to high losses of leaf nitrogen, amounting to more than 100 kg N ha^-1 (Dejoux et al., 1999). Here we investigated the agronomic and environmental consequences of the decomposition of fallen leaves, based on field and laboratory studies with ¹⁵N labeled leaves (C:N=9). The potential kinetics of decomposition of leaves were measured by incubation in the laboratory. In the field, all leaves were removed at beginning of winter and replaced by labeled leaves, artificially frozen at −15°C , which were laid on the soil surface. Compared on a thermal time basis, decomposition proceeded as quickly in the field as in the incubations and was complete after 116 normalized days at 15 °C. The proportion of ¹⁵N derived from labeled leaves, absorbed again by the rape plants, was 28% at flowering and 24% at harvest. This high N recovery is assumed to result from the synchronization of leaves decomposition and active N absorption by rape in spring. Leaf N mineralization did not increase soil N mineral content at flowering or at harvest, but we observed a 40% loss of ¹⁵N. As no leaching was simulated, this loss was supposed to be gaseous. Such a high percentage could be explained by the fact that the decomposing leaves lay on the soil surface, and by climatic conditions conducive to such emissions. For environmental purposes, the quantity and nature of these gaseous N emissions have to be studied for other climatic conditions and types of leaves. As a proportion of N is reabsorbed, N fertilizer application rates could be reduced accordingly. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海岛棉Sus活性变化特征及时空表达模式与纤维比强度的关系

以海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense L.)品种‘C6015’和‘新海29’(高比强度组)以及‘巴1248’和‘比马1’(低比强度组)为实验材料,利用果糖和UDPG比色法以及qRT-PCR方法,对2个实验组不同纤维发育时期蔗糖合成酶(EC 2.4.1.13,Sus)活性变化特征及其基因家族时空表达模式进行测定,并分析与纤维比强度的关系,探讨海岛棉纤维比强度差异形成的主要生理与分子机理。结果显示:(1)品种‘C6015’和‘新海29’的平均纤维比强度分别为47.5和44.7cN·tex-1,‘巴1248’和‘比马1’分别为31.2和32.6cN·tex-1,两实验组平均纤维比强度差异极显著。(2)纤维发育过程中4个海岛棉品种的Sus活性变化特征均呈单峰曲线,且低比强度组的峰值出现较早,但高比强度组的峰值以及后期活性极显著高于低比强度组。(3)海岛棉纤维发育过程中高表达的Sus基因有Sus1A、Sus1 D、Sus3A、Sus3 D、Sus6A、Sus6 D、Sus8 D,但各基因成员在纤维发育过程中具有表达特异性;其中两实验组的Sus3A基因都是在纤维次生壁加厚初期(花后20d)开始大量表达且达最大值后下降,说明Sus3A基因在纤维次生壁加厚初期起作用;Sus1A、Sus1 D基因在高比强度实验组的纤维次生壁加厚后期和末期(花后30d)相对表达量较高并有明显上升现象,而同期在低比强度实验组中相对表达量很低且无上升现象,说明Sus1A、Sus1 D基因作用于纤维次生壁加厚后期和末期。(4)两实验组的Sus活性水平及其基因家族各成员相对表达量高低与纤维次生壁加厚后期维持高活性时间的长短存在明显差异,表现为高比强度组低比强度组;且两组Sus活性高低差异与Sus3A、Sus1A、Sus1 D基因的表达差异同步。研究表明,海岛棉Sus3A、Sus1A、Sus1 D基因的表达差异与纤维比强度的形成有关,可能是影响纤维比强度的关键基因。     

Exogenous treatment with salicylic acid leads to increased antioxidant capacity in leaves of barley plants exposed to paraquat

Our previous study suggests that salicylic acid mediates tolerance in barley plants to paraquat (Ananieva et al. 2002). To further define the role of SA in paraquat induced responses, we analysed the capacity of the antioxidative defence system by measuring the activities of several antioxidative enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), and guaiacol peroxidase (POX, EC 1.11.1.7). Twelve-day-old barley seedlings were supplied with 500 micromol/L SA or 10 micromol/L Pq via the transpiration stream and kept in the dark for 24 h. Then they were exposed to 100 micromol m(-2) s(-1) PAR and samples were taken 6 h after the light exposure. Treatment of seedlings with 10 micromol/L Pq reduced the activity of APX and GR, did not affect the activity of POX and DHAR but caused over a 40% increase in the activity of CAT. Pre-treatment with 500 micromol/L SA for 24 h in the dark before Pq application increased the activities of the studied enzymes in both the chloroplasts (SOD activity) and the other compartments of the cell (POX, CAT activity). The effect of SA pre-treatment was highly expressed on DHAR and POX activity. The data suggest that SA antagonizes Pq effects, via elicitation of an antioxidative response in barley plants.