人促血小板生成素在转基因小鼠乳腺中定位表达的研究

通过转基因动物乳腺生物反应器大规模生产药用蛋白质已成为现代生物技术新的生长点之一。为研制表达人促血小板生成素的哺乳动物生物反应器的转基因小鼠模型,本论文以小鼠乳清酸蛋白（mWAP)基因5‘端调控区和牛α-sl-酪蛋白基因3‘端调控区作为调节元件构建了用于表达人促血小板生盛开纱的乳腺组织特异性表达载体pWAPTPO(Fig.l)。通过常规显微注射的方法把mWAP启动子指导的hTPO表达载体导入小鼠受精卵,获得出生小鼠16只,经PCR检测,有6只为转基因阳性（Fig.2)。G0代小鼠中转基因整合率为37.5%(6/16),用ELISA方法在G0代转基因雌鼠的乳汁中检测了促血小板生成素的表达,表达量在0.8μg/mL以上（Tablel)。这些结果表明我们已建立了乳腺表达hTPO的转基因小鼠模型,为以后大型家畜乳腺生物反应器的研制提供了科学依据。     

表达人尿激酶原突变体的重组山羊乳腺特异性表达慢病毒载体的构建

目的：构建山羊乳腺特异性表达尿激酶原突变体的重组慢病毒载体,证明其表达的有效性。方法：将劳氏肉瘤病毒增强子／启动子、复制缺陷型人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV-1）的5′端长重复序列（LTR）、HIV-1ψ包装信号、HIVRev反应元件、山羊β-酪蛋白调控序列、尿激酶原M13cDNA、AU3／3′LTR、牛生长激素（BGH）基因poly（A）依次连接,构建乳腺特异性表达的慢病毒载体,通过体外转染人乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7、中国仓鼠卵巢细胞及泌乳山羊乳腺注射证明其表达有效性。结果：酶切鉴定证实山羊乳腺特异性表达载体构建正确;将该载体转染细胞,采用溶圈法和Western印迹检测证实了其表达的有效性;慢病毒载体注射到泌乳山羊的乳腺,在乳汁中也检测到了尿激酶原的表达。结论：为在转基因动物乳腺中表达尿激酶原突变体奠定了基础。     

转基因小鼠乳腺表达人瘦蛋白的研究

利用转基因动物乳腺生产药用蛋白质是近年来研究的热点,在这方面已有不少成功的例子,展现出良好的应用前景[1,2].本研究选择人瘦蛋白基因作为目标基因是因为其表达产物瘦蛋白能对人体内脂肪的蓄积和能量消耗进行有效的反馈调控,美国科学家已将用E.coli表达的人瘦蛋白用于人肥胖症的治疗并取得了良好的治疗效果[3],但尚未见到利用转基因动物乳腺表达这种蛋白质的研究报道.     

转基因小鼠乳腺表达人胰岛素基因的研究

转基因动物乳腺生物反应器表达和生产医用蛋白是国际上的研究热点,目前已有很多成功的转基因动物乳腺表达出外源蛋白质［１］。在转基因动物乳腺表达的蛋白质包括凝血因子Ⅸ、组织纤溶酶原激活物（ｔＰＡ）、α１抗胰蛋白酶原、白介素２、蛋白质Ｃ、超氧化物歧化酶...     

体内精原干细胞转染法建立转基因小鼠

将人Bcl-2 cDNA与小鼠乳清酸蛋白(WAP)5’上游调控序列融合后,与脂质体按一定比例混合,再加入适量的台盼蓝制成转染液,注入到小鼠睾丸中的曲细精管中,转染精原干细胞以探讨建立转基因小鼠的可行性。共注射了3只公鼠,4天后将公鼠与发情母鼠合笼交配。共生仔鼠20只。检测结果表明,有3只呈PCR阳性,Southern blot检测,阳性鼠2只,1只公鼠,1只母鼠,其中,公鼠意外死亡;Western blot证实,1只母鼠的乳腺组织表达了Bcl-2蛋白,其F1代的16只小鼠中。有7只呈PCR阳性。证实了体内精原干细胞转染建立转基因动物的可行性。     

不含信号肽序列人尿激酶原全长cDNA的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

从pro—uK全长cDNA中切下包括信号肽序列的N端371bp片段,经Fnu4HI不完全酶切将信号肽序列去掉,回收304bp片段,该片段再与人工合成的含HindⅢ、EcoRV内切酶位点和起始密码ATG的寡核苷酸片段连接,转化得一重组质粒,该中间质粒经酶切和序列分析证明构建正确后再与pro—UK cDNA其余片段相连按,得到全长pro一UK cDNA。我们将所得不含信号肽序列的pro—UK cDNA重组到带有PRPL启动子的原核表达载体pHv220中,转化大肠杆菌JM101,42℃诱导6h,菌体超声破碎后其上清及不溶性成份均可测出尿激酶活性。用ELISA法检测尿激酶抗原性表现为强阳性;纤维蛋白溶解平板法(FAPA)测定活性可达500－1000IU／L,经复性活性可达60000lU／L,虽表达产物可被抗尿激酶血清特异中和,经相差显微镜及电镜观察均证明表达蛋白绝大部分以包涵体形式存在。Western blot分析证明表达产物为单链pro-UK,分子量约为47kDa,与国外文献报导一致。     

人尿激酶原cDNA在昆虫杆状病毒真核表达系统中的高效表达

人尿激酶原是一种新型溶栓剂,优于尿激酶,具有血纤维蛋白特异性,为了在昆虫杆状病毒表达系统中高效表达ｐｒｏ－ＵＫ,我们在ｐＡｃ３７３基础上,插入野生型ＡｃＭＮＰＶ ｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｉｎ启动子区－７～－１碱基序列,构建了一个高表达转移载体ｐＡｃＹＴ．分别经三次克隆将ｐｒｏ－ＵＫ ｃＤＮＡ正向插入到转移载体ｐＡｃ３７３或ｐＡｃＹＴ的ＢａｍＨＩ－ＫｐｎＩ位点上。用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ将ｐＡｃＹＴ－ＵＫＤＮ     

转基因小鼠乳腺表达G-CSF的研究

用PCR法从正常中国人脐带血提取总DNA作为模板,扩增出1.5 kb的人G-CSF基因组基因。序列分析证实其正确性。将其插入小鼠乳清酸蛋白(WAP)基因的起始密码子ATG前的KpnⅠ位点,使其受控于2.6kb的WAP调控序列,构建成乳腺表达载体pWGG。回收经EcoRⅠ酶切后的8.7kb片段用于显微注射。共注射1200枚受精卵,移植34受体母鼠,产仔鼠85只。经PCR检测和DNA印迹分析,证实获得两只整合有人G-CSF基因的雄性鼠,整合率为2.37％。建立的转基因鼠系表明,采用ELASA方法对F1代雌鼠乳汁检测,成功地表达出人G-CSF。表达量为120～250ng/ml。这一结果表明转基因的表达具有乳腺特异性。这为在大动物中实施转基因提供了依据。     

小鼠输精管内转染法建立人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（tPA）乳腺定位？…

The most established methods for development of transgenic animals are the microinjection of DNA into the fertilized eggs, but it is still a procedure of certain complexity and high cost. Therefore, the idea of using sperm as a vehicle to carry exogenous DNA into eggs is very attractive, and there have been some successful reports. Though the methods are rather simple they sometimes have low reproducibility. To improve the technique we transinfected the spermatozoa in testicular duct, not in vitro, to produce mice which expressed human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in mammary gland. The results demonstrated that: (1) 5 transinfected mice mated 10 female mice in 10 days after operation, (2) 79 founders were developed and 42 survived, (3) using PCR to detect foreign DNA integrated into the genome of founders, 7 out of 42 founders were positive (16.67%), (4) The expression level of tPA was 48-80 ng/ml in the milk of 5 PCR positive founders and (5) the foreign DNA integrated into the genome was detected in 2 out of 4 1st offspring by PCR technique.     

人G—CSF基因组基因的克隆及其在转基因小鼠乳腺表达的研究

采用ＰＣＲ方法以正常中国人脐带血提取总ＤＮＡ为模板,扩增出１．５Ｋｂ的粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）基因组基因,序列分析证实其正确性,将其插入小鼠乳清酸蛋白（ＷＡＰ）基因的起支密码子ＡＴＧ臆的ＫｐｎＩ位点,使其受控于２．６ｋｂ的ＷＡＰ调控序列,从而构建乳腺表达载体ｐＷＧＧ。回收经ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切后的８．７ｋｂ片段用于显微注射,共注射１２００枚受精卵,移植至受体３４母鼠,产生仔鼠８５只,经ＰＣＲ检测     

乳腺特异高表达人促红细胞生成素转基因奶山羊的制备

目的制备乳腺特异性高表达人促红细胞生成素（hEPO）转基因奶山羊。方法采用牛β-乳球蛋白基因（BLG）调控元件和hEPO全长编码序列基因组DNA构建真核表达载体,应用受精卵原核注射的方法制备hEPO转基因山羊。结果在原核注射获得的188头羔羊中,经Southern blot法检测有4头羊含有hEPO基因,其中3头为母羊,1头公羊于出生后20d死亡;3头转基因母羊hEPO基因的拷贝数分别为1、10、2;Western blot检测结果显示转基因羊乳中的hEPO分子质量为32kDa;MTT法检测结果表明,在泌乳10d的3只转基因羊乳汁中,每毫升乳汁中hEPO活性分别达到1.17×10^2IU、1.90×10^4IU、1.91×10^4IU。结论牛BLG能够调控hEPO基因在山羊乳腺中高表达,为实现其他药用蛋白在山羊乳腺中表达奠定了基础。     

Construction and Characterization of a Goat Mammary Gland cDNA Library

A lactating goat mammary gland cDNA library was constructed by using a modified commercially available cDNA library construction kit protocol. The resulting clones were sequenced and functionally analyzed through cross-species genomic comparison to assess (1) the capacity and functional quality of the constructed library for subsequent research and (2) the efficiency of the procedural modifications. The study resulted in the construction of a high-quality mammary gland cDNA library, which was characterized by (1) the total recombinants number of 1.4 × 10⁷ colony-forming units (cfus) that was at least 10 times greater than the number expected from the application of the standard kit protocol, (2) the recombinants rate of 96%, and (3) the average insert size of 1,082 bp. BLAST analysis of sequenced clones against GenBank databases determined 55.7% of clone redundancy, 22 known function gene clusters, and 29 novel gene clusters. The analysis of the primary gene expression profile showed that 59% of the tested clones were genes that coded for milk proteins while 16% of the clones coded for ribosomal, metabolism, immune response, and translation proteins. The remaining 25% of the tested clones were described as novel genes. Cross-species comparison showed that 77% of characterized gene clusters were successfully identified by using resources from other ruminants and unrelated species. This outcome is in consonance with the common belief that the genomic resources that have been generated across species are potentially powerful tools that could be used for enhancing the molecular understanding of less genomically studied species, such as goat.     

乳腺生物反应器特异高效表达载体的构建

乳腺生物反应器具有广阔的开发前景,而提高目的基因的表达量是该领域一个重要的研究课题。因此,选用强的非特异性启动子pCAG,而不是乳腺特异性启动子来实现高效表达;通过Cre/loxP系统和山羊β-乳球蛋白启动区（pBLG）表达Cre重组酶来实现载体的自删除以达到乳腺特异表达的目的。方法：构建含PolyA终止信号的Cre乳腺特异表达元件PolyA-pBLG-cre,插至强启动子pCAG驱动的报告基因lacZ表达载体中,构建成乳腺特异表达载体pCBCZ（pCAG-loxP-PolyA-pBLG-cre-loxP-lacZ）。转染细胞实验结果：PCR鉴定确认pCBCZ载体在小鼠乳腺上皮细胞（HC11）中发生Cre-loxP同源重组。X-Gal染色表明载体能驱动lacZ在HC11细胞中高效表达β-半乳糖苷酶,而在NIH 3T3细胞中仅少量表达。结论：构建的pCBCZ载体能高效驱动外源基因在乳腺细胞中表达,且具有较好的乳腺特异性,为研发乳腺生物反应器表达载体提供新的方法。     

乳腺生物反应器表达载体的检测方法

乳腺生物反应器研究和开发的周期长 ,成本大 ,风险高 ,在生产转基因动物之前有必要对乳腺特异性表达载体构建的合理性和有效性进行检测。综述了国内外载体检测研究的进展 ,以及这些检测方法在转基因小鼠、动物乳腺内表达法和细胞培养中的应用     

RT-PCR测定组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体(La-tPA)在转基因鼠乳腺表达的研究

利用所构建的乳腺表达组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体（Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ）载体．对５４０枚小鼠受精卵进行显微注射,经ＰＣＰ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ检测,获得６只整合有人Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ转基因小鼠．为了精确研究转基因在小鼠体内的表达,采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＰ方法测定转基因鼠在泌乳期１～２０ｄＬａ－ｔＰＡ基因的转录,结果表明,在转基因鼠乳腺的Ｌａ－ｔＰＡｍＲＮＡ水平在１０～１５ｄ最高,在２０ｄ时降为最低．外源基因在转基因小鼠乳腺的表达规律研究为未来利用转基因动物生产Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ提供依据     

Transgenic Mice Expressing Recombinant Human Protein C Exhibit Defects in Lactation and Impaired Mammary Gland Development

To determine if the production of recombinant human protein C (rHPC) could be increased in milk, we created two lines of mice homozygous for the mouse whey acidic protein (WAP)/human protein C (HPC) transgene. Females of both lines had normal growth, activity and fertility, but failed to lactate normally and were unable to raise litters. Histological analyses of mammary glands from lactating homozygous females showed barely distended alveoli filled with dense-staining milk. Epithelial cells within these alveoli had distinct, centrally located nuclei and contained intracellular lipid droplets. Hemizygous animals derived from these lines were able to lactate and raised normal sized litters. Northern blot analysis showed that the 6.4 homozygous (6.4H) line expressed the transgene at higher levels then corresponding hemizygous (6.4) animals, but the 4.2 homozygous (4.2H) line expressed the transgene at lower levels than the 4.2 hemizygous line. The 6.4H line also had increased rHPC levels in the milk as revealed by western blot analysis. The 4.2H, 6.4, and 6.4H lines showed decreased and/or delayed expression of WAP, -casein, and -lactalbumin mRNA's compared to wild type animals during lactogenesis. The 4.2 line showed decreased mRNA expression for -casein and -lactalbumin, but normal or higher expression of WAP during lactogenesis. Elevated levels of some proteins were detected in the milk of transgenic mice. From these results, it is concluded that expression of rHPC induced a lactational phenotype that involves abnormal morphological, biochemical, and functional differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. However, the induction of this phenotype does not appear to be directly related to the level of rHPC mRNA expression, thus suggesting that the basis of this phenotype may involve secondary, rather than primary, effects of rHPC on mammary gland development.Deceased.     

乳腺注射法表达人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂的研究

目的 :构建tPA乳腺定位表达载体 ,使其在牛乳汁中高效表达 ,观察目的基因表达的规律及其影响因素 ,为建立新型牛乳腺生物反应器提供理论基础。方法 :RT-PCR法克隆目的基因 ,通过酶切、连接、分离、纯化等方法构建含tPA-cDNA的乳腺定位表达载体 ;采用乳腺注射法将融合基因转入小鼠及牛的乳腺组织中。结果 :乳腺注射外源基因后 ,tPA可在小鼠和牛的乳汁中表达。结论 :乳腺注射法可使目的基因在乳腺组织中稳定地表达较长的时间 ,其表达量与显微注射法没有明显的差异 ,表明外源基因的表达不受转基因方法的影响。但tPA在牛乳汁中的表达量明显高于小鼠的表达量 ,提示不同动物的乳蛋白调控系统有一定的差异 ,可能受着不同的因素或调控系统的影响。     

转基因动物乳腺生物反应器相关技术及研究进展

转基因动物乳腺生产人类重组蛋白人血清白蛋白(h SA)、人纤维蛋白原(h FIB)、人蛋白C(h PC)、人凝血因子(h F-Ⅷ)和(h F-Ⅸ)等具有较高市场潜力,使其在医学领域获得广泛应用。对转基因动物乳腺生物反应器的优势、目的基因选择、载体构建、基因工程技术、重组蛋白在肿瘤治疗上的应用、当前困境和未来前景等方面进行较为全面的综述,以期能有助于转基因动物生物反应器的研究。此外较详细地探讨了利用CRISPR-Cas基因打靶技术生产高表达量的人类重组蛋白的可能性。