谷胱甘肽S-转移酶与昆虫抗药性的关系

谷胱甘肽S -转移酶 (GSTs)是一种对杀虫剂产生代谢抗性的重要酶系 ,参与许多分子的解毒机制 ,并可转运一些重要的亲脂性化合物。GSTs在保护组织以抵御氧化侵害及氧化压力中起重要的作用。GSTs是昆虫及螨类对有机磷类杀虫剂产生抗生的重要因素     

飞蝗解毒酶系活力测定方法

飞蝗Locusta migratoria是重要的农业害虫,代谢抗性是飞蝗主要的农药抗性机制之一。与代谢抗性相关的解毒酶系主要有:非专一性酯酶系(Non-specficesterases,ESTs)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶系(Glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)和细胞色素P450单加氧酶系(Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases,P450s),解毒酶系活力的测定是研究飞蝗农药代谢机制的重要途径。本文详细介绍了飞蝗解毒酶系的测定方法,为蝗虫及其他昆虫解毒酶系的测定提供参考。     

解毒酶基因cDNA克隆和高效表达

昆虫抗药性的一个重要机制是其产生的解毒酶可以将大剂量的农药脱去毒性[1] 。酯酶活性升高是库蚊对有机磷杀虫剂抗性的主要机制 ,与酯酶Ｂ1有关的抗性最高[2 ,3] 。酯酶与有机磷杀虫剂有非常强的结合力 ,可以迅速与之形成强结合体[4 ] 。酯酶的解毒作用具有很高的手性专一性 ,在有机磷化合物 ,特别是高毒的有机磷化合物的解毒作用中非常重要[1] 。高效表达解毒酶基因 ,将昆虫解毒酶用于人畜解毒的目的研究还未见报道。本文报道在大肠杆菌中高效表达昆虫解毒酶 ,并将产物用于实验动物有机磷中毒的解毒研究 ,为昆虫抗性相关基因的开发利用提…     

野桑蚕谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GSTs）基因的诱导表达定量分析

谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GSTs）在机体的解毒代谢和抗氧化中起重要作用。为了从分子水平上探究野桑蚕Bombyx mandarina对杀虫剂抗性的产生机理,本研究采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,对GSTs基因在正常饲养野桑蚕5龄幼虫及用敌敌畏和溴氰菊酯处理5龄幼虫不同组织中的转录水平进行检测,并采用Actin3内源参照基因对检测结果进行归一化处理。结果表明：用敌敌畏和溴氰菊酯处理5龄幼虫24 h后,GSTs基因在各组织中的诱导转录水平存在差异,但GSTs基因在脂肪体中的诱导转录水平最高,其次为中肠,可能与这2种组织是野桑蚕主要的解毒器官有关。其中,GSTe2和GSTe5基因诱导转录水平相对较高,推测这2个基因可能主要参与野桑蚕对外源物质的解毒代谢。     

昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其对昆虫抗药性的意义

植物次生物质(plant secondary metabolites)对昆虫的取食行为、生长发育及繁殖可以产生不利影响,甚至对昆虫可以产生毒杀作用。为了应对植物次生物质的不利影响,昆虫通过对植物次生物质忌避取食、解毒代谢等多种机制,而对寄主植物产生适应性。其中,昆虫的解毒代谢酶包括昆虫细胞色素P450酶系（P450s）及谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GSTs）等,在昆虫对植物次生物质的解毒代谢及对寄主植物的适应性中发挥了重要作用。昆虫的解毒酶系统不仅可以代谢植物次生物质,还可能代谢化学杀虫剂,因而昆虫对寄主植物的适应性与其对杀虫剂的耐药性甚至抗药性密切相关。昆虫细胞色素P450s和GSTs等代谢解毒酶活性及相关基因的表达可以被植物次生物质影响,这不仅使昆虫对寄主植物的防御产生了适应性,还影响了昆虫对杀虫剂的解毒代谢,因而改变昆虫的耐药性或抗药性。掌握昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其在昆虫抗药性中的作用,对于明确昆虫的抗药性机制具有重要的参考意义。本文综述了植物次生物质对昆虫的影响、昆虫对寄主植物次生物质的代谢机制、昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应性对昆虫耐药性及抗药性的影响等方面的研究进展。     

昆虫谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的基因结构及其表达调控

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferases, GSTs）属于一个超家族,目前已从20多种昆虫中克隆得到了近百个GSTs基因序列。这些基因分属于至少3个类别,Ⅰ（Delta）类,Ⅱ类和Ⅲ（Epsilon）类,其中Ⅰ类和Ⅲ类是昆虫特异性的类别。昆虫Ⅰ类GSTs基因通常由多基因家族编码,基因多态性在不同昆虫种类中差异很大。Ⅱ类基因的种类较少,基因的结构较简单,通常是单拷贝基因。Ⅲ类基因是最近才鉴定出来的新类别,目前仅在黑腹果蝇和冈比亚按蚊中明确了其在染色体上的定位。基因簇、可变剪接和基因融合等机制是导致昆虫GSTs基因多态性的主要原因。在抗性昆虫种群中,GSTs表达量的增加有mRNA水平的提高和基因扩增两种机制,但后一种机制的报道很少。GSTs活性的增加是由于属于一类或多类的多个同工酶的增量调控,也有少数是由于单个同工酶的增量调控。GSTs的表达受反式调控元件和顺式调控元件的调控。目前仅有少数含有调节基因的染色体大致位点和可能的调控元件得到鉴定。     

害虫抗药性的生化机理

害虫的抗药性是与杀虫剂穿透昆虫表皮速率降低,解毒作用增强和靶标部位敏感性降低有关。昆虫体内多功能氧化酶、磷酸酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽－Ｓ－转酶和脱氯化氢酶活力的增加是害虫抗性的主要生化机理。抗性昆虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂敏感性降低,中枢神经组织敏感性降低和“抗击倒基因”（Ｋｄｒ）的存在是拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的主要抗性机制。     

害早抗药性的生化机理

害虫的抗药性是与杀虫剂穿透昆虫表皮速率降低,解毒作用增强和靶标部位敏感性降低有关。昆虫体内多功能氧化酶、磷酸酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽－Ｓ－转移酶和脱氯化氢酶活力的增加是害虫抗性的主要生化机理。抗性昆虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂敏感性降低,中枢神经组织敏感性降低和“抗击倒基因”的存在是拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的主要抗性机制。     

本期重点推介

已有研究表明,昆虫体内解毒酶的解毒能力增强是昆虫对杀虫剂产生抗性的主要原因之一,而昆虫的抗药性在不同性别之间存在差异。苏州大学医学部和蚕桑研究所刘海涛等选用家蚕Bombyx mori     

昆虫对Bt毒素的抗性与中肠蛋白酶、解毒酶及保护酶系活性的关系

昆虫对苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt）毒素产生抗性的机理很多,其中Bt毒素与中肠细胞膜上受体结合能力的变化、Bt毒蛋白在中肠中水解作用的变化是抗性产生的两个主要环节。本文综述了昆虫取食Bt毒素后其体内中肠蛋白酶、解毒酶及保护酶活性的变化及这些变化与抗性之间的关系。结果表明,室内及田间对Bt毒素产生抗性的昆虫品系,可能与这三大酶系存在一定的关系。研究分析昆虫对Bt毒素的抗性机理,将有助于建立早期的抗性监测技术、实施抗性治理方案,实现Bt农药与转Bt基因作物的可持续利用。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.