大叶醉鱼草访花昆虫行为与活动规律

于2009年4～9月对云南农业大学苗圃内栽植的大叶醉鱼草访花昆虫进行观察。结果表明,大叶醉鱼草的访花昆虫有63种,隶属双翅目、半翅目、膜翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目、革翅目和螳螂目;食蚜蝇科为大叶醉鱼草种群的主要传粉昆虫;不同月份访花昆虫的种类不同;天气变化会影响访花昆虫的种类和数量;同一天内不同时间,访花昆虫的访花频率有差异,一般每天12:00～16:00的访花频率最高。     

濒危植物翅果油树种群传粉生物学研究

对山西省南部平陆、乡宁和翼城3个翅果油树(Elaeagnus mollisDiels)种群分别进行了传粉生物学观察.结果表明:(1)翅果油树花期一般为8~12 d,单花花期3~4 d,结实率仅为0.42%;(2)访花者多属于膜翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、鳞翅目昆虫,蜂类是有效的传粉者;(3)翅果油树依靠芳香气味、花蜜、花粉和适度紧缩的生殖枝吸引访花昆虫;(4)昆虫的访花活动主要集中在11:00~16:00,访花活动易受气象因素影响;(5)自然条件下,翅果油树平均每日每花被访问的频次为(1.93±1.64)次,人工放蜂可显著增加传粉强度;(6)交配系统属居群内的异花传粉,仍属于广义的自花传粉范畴.传粉昆虫少,传粉效率低是翅果油树致濒的重要因素之一.     

南京郊区小菊访花昆虫的行为与活动规律

2006年6-10月对中国菊花种质资源保存中心内栽培小菊的访花昆虫进行了观察.结果表明:小菊的访花昆虫有32种,多数隶属于膜翅目、鳞翅目、双翅目和半翅目;不同月份访花昆虫的种类不同;不同种类访花者的形态特征、访花目的及访花行为有所不同,在植物传粉中的作用有很大差异;西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)为小菊的主要传粉者,其种群数量大,平均访花频率达16朵·min-1;晴天,西方蜜蜂和大红蛱蝶(Vanessa indica)的访花蜂数与温度的变化呈显著正相关(r=0.876,0.887);气温骤降、阴天及降雨会影响访花昆虫的种类和数量;同一天内不同时间,访花昆虫的访花频率有差异,一般每天11:00-13:00的访花频率最高.     

神农架地区典型草本群落中的昆虫访花行为比较

对神农架地区不同海拔高度(1,000–2,600 m)的典型草本群落中的昆虫访花行为进行了初步的监测和统计。在9个样地中共观察到鳞翅目、膜翅目、双翅目11科昆虫访花, 访花者的类群在不同海拔高度的群落中有所不同, 但明显与植物群落的物种组成有关。对昆虫访花频率的监测发现, 不同物种组成的草本群落中, 所有昆虫访花的总频率和不同类群的昆虫访花频率都有差异, 正在开花的物种较多的群落中通常能吸引相对较多的访花者。同一种植物在不同的群落背景中受访频率差异显著, 如花被不甚显著的酸模(Rumex acetosa)在某些群落中未观察到访花者, 在另一些群落中却有昆虫频繁访问。而花被显著的血见愁老鹳草(Geranium henryi)在各群落中都有频繁的昆虫访问。一些植物(如广布野豌豆Vicia cracca)虽然在不同群落中都有昆虫访问, 但访花者类群却有较大差异。作者认为, 在植物群落中, 不同植物的花在吸引昆虫传粉方面存在着一定的相互作用, 在研究特定植物的虫媒传粉时应重视该植物种群所处的群落背景所起的作用。     

燕山地区访花昆虫多样性及其影响因子

为了解燕山地区访花昆虫的群落结构及与其生境类型、干扰程度、海拔之间的关系, 本文采用样线法和灯诱法于2019年、2020年每年的7-8月对该地区湿地、森林、灌丛、草地、农田5种生境, 不同海拔梯度(0-1,200 m)的访花昆虫进行了采集。共采集访花昆虫1,306头, 隶属7目44科153种, 其中鳞翅目昆虫物种数最多, 半翅目昆虫个体数最多。灌丛生境的访花昆虫多样性最高。在中低海拔200-400 m段, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Simpson优势度指数均最高。双变量回归结果表明, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数分别与最暖季降水量和年降水量显著正相关(P < 0.05)。冗余分析(redundancy analysis)结果表明, 环境因子显著影响访花昆虫多样性, 但不同测度之间存在一定差异。温度和湿度均与Pielou均匀度指数呈正相关, 与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Simpson优势度指数呈负相关; 弱干扰和中干扰程度对访花昆虫多样性影响最小, 科学管理农牧活动是保护访花昆虫多样性的关键。     

枣树访花昆虫多样性及药剂的影响

为了解枣树花期的访花昆虫,更好地利用昆虫为其授粉,本文对山西运城市临猗县、晋中市太谷县和吕梁市临县3地枣树的访花昆虫进行了调查,结果表明:枣树访花昆虫共计23种,隶属4目12科。运城临猗与晋中太谷间群落相似性最高,相似性系数为0.27,属于中等不相似,其它为极不相似。日活动规律观察表明,膜翅目与双翅目都属于单峰型,活动高峰为9∶30-10∶00、7∶30-8∶00。同一生境下,喷施药剂会影响访花昆虫的数量,一天中喷施清水的枣树访花昆虫244头,喷施药剂的枣树访花昆虫仅61头。     

八角金盘传粉昆虫及其访花行为

八角金盘(Fatsia japonica(Thunb.)Dccne.et Planch.)为冬季开花植物,探讨其访花昆虫种类及访花行为对研究冬季开花植物的传粉生物学规律具有重要意义。对八角金盘访花昆虫种类、访花频率、访花时间、访花行为进行了初步研究。结果发现:八角金盘的传粉昆虫有2目、3科、3种,主要为膜翅目胡蜂科金环胡蜂Vespa mandarinia Smith、双翅目食蚜蝇科斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇Scaeva pyrastri(L.)及丽蝇科大头金蝇Chrysomya(Compsomyia)megacephala(Fabricius);八角金盘提供的酬物主要为花粉与花蜜,食蚜蝇舔食其花粉与花蜜,而金环胡蜂与大头金蝇主要吮吸花蜜;金环胡蜂、大头金蝇及斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇的访花高峰均在10:30—14:30;斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇访花时间较长,5～10min,金环胡蜂访花时间较短,8～30s,大头金蝇访花时间最短只有3～5s。八角金盘具有较低的自花授粉能力,但主要为异花授粉植物。     

丹参田花期昆虫群落结构及多样性研究

为明确丹参田花期昆虫群落结构,本文采用马氏网对丹参花期的昆虫进行收集,分类鉴定后开展群落结构及多样性分析。结果表明,丹参花期共收集到昆虫5 438头,隶属于膜翅目Hymenoptera、双翅目Diptera、半翅目Hemiptera、鳞翅目Lepidoptera、鞘翅目Coleoptera、直翅目Orthoptera、脉翅目Neuroptera 7目52科,双翅目、膜翅目昆虫为优势类群,群落丰盛度、丰富度指数较高,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数较为稳定,Simpson优势度指数较低,可见丹参田花期昆虫种群结构较为稳定。     

双翅目昆虫传粉研究进展

昆虫传粉不仅在自然生态系统中发挥着十分重要的作用,也和农业生态系统中产量密切相关。众所周知,膜翅目昆虫是最重要的传粉昆虫。双翅目昆虫分布广,物种多,数量大,也是一类十分重要的传粉昆虫,但其传粉作用未受到足够的重视。本文主要综述了双翅目传粉昆虫的主要种类、传粉效力、传粉特征、与植物的协同进化以及双翅目昆虫传粉的生态学意义。据记载双翅目昆虫中至少有71个科涉及虫媒种类,目前有资料显示访花昆虫类群中双翅目约有54 417种,按涉及的种数排序居于昆虫纲传粉昆虫目中第4位。尽管双翅目昆虫单次访问可携带花粉量相对较少(相比于膜翅目),但是较高访问速率及庞大的个体数量,保证了其作为有效传粉者的地位。传粉综合征能够有效揭示植物与传粉者的协同进化关系,尤其是对一些专化传粉现象(如五味子科-瘿蚊系统)和泛化传粉的深入研究,更加深了我们对协同进化的理解。就生态学意义而言,一方面双翅目传粉昆虫是膜翅目传粉昆虫的有益补充,另一方面在一些特殊环境中,双翅目昆虫具有不可替代的作用。当前传粉昆虫(包括双翅目)数量急剧下降,而且双翅目昆虫的传粉价值还利用较少。结合我国当前的研究现状提出了以下未来研究重点:1)加深双翅目传粉效力和适应意义的案例研究以明确双翅目昆虫在传粉体系中的地位;2)加强栖息地格局变化与昆虫多样性的研究以明确栖息地改变对昆虫的影响程度;3)梳理访花和传粉、专化传粉和泛化传粉等关系以更加明确双翅目昆虫在与植物协同进化中的作用;4)逐步深入探讨花粉浪费和花粉竞争以探究传粉策略和植物繁殖策略。这些努力将为双翅目传粉昆虫的知识普及、资源保护与利用研究等方面提供参考。     

山东莱西花生产区昆虫群落基本结构及多样性研究

【目的】花生是山东省主要油料作物,为阐明山东莱西花生田昆虫群落结构及多样性。【方法】2014年6月到2015年6月采用马来氏网法对该地区花生田昆虫群落结构进行了调查研究。【结果】全年共获得各类昆虫标本89 967头,分属于13目、117科;主要以膜翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、鳞翅目和半翅目为主,其中茧蜂科(膜翅目)、露尾甲科(鞘翅目)、缟蝇科(双翅目)、夜蛾科(鳞翅目)、蚜科(半翅目)为科级优势类群;花生蚜Aphis craccivora Koch、小绿叶蝉Jacobiasca formosana、小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon、棉铃虫Heliothis armigera、斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura、异色瓢虫Leis axyrids、蚜茧蜂(Aphidiidae)、啮小蜂(Tetrastichidae)、黑带食蚜蝇Epistrophe balteata De Geer等为优势种。【结论】多样性分析结果表明,该地区花生田昆虫群落结构的多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数较高,三者呈一致趋势,说明莱西花生田昆虫群落具有较高稳定性。     

The Restoration of Plant–Pollinator Interactions in Hay Meadows

Whether restoration programs successfully reinstate ecological interactions remains a contentious and largely untested issue. We investigated plant and pollinator interactions on two old and two restored hay meadows, with the aim of evaluating if quantitative patterns of insect visitation and pollen transport were comparable among old and restored meadows. In terms of structural diversity, few species of plants and insects were shared among the webs. In all four meadows, Diptera and Hymenoptera dominated the visitor community in terms of both species richness and abundance. Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera comprised the remainder of the flower visitors. No significant difference was found between restored and old sites in plant or insect species richness or in plant and insect abundance. In terms of function, the meadows appeared more similar, although a slightly higher proportion of the potential links between plants and insects was realized for old meadows. No difference was found in the proportion of plant species visited, and visited plant species were generalized, with all having more than a single species of insect visitor. We also sampled approximately 400,000 pollen grains from the flower‐visiting insects. There were no differences between old and restored sites in the amount of pollen being transported or in the average number of pollen grains per insect. At both types of meadows, Hymenoptera carried most pollen, followed by Diptera. Again, generalization was the norm, with all plants having more than a single species of pollen carrier. No difference was observed in the connectance of pollen transport webs between old and restored sites. Overall, although the four meadows showed considerable structural variation, they showed similarity with regard to the functional processes we studied. Because structural variation is expected among localities, we conclude that the two restoration projects have been successful.     

Floral traits and phenology drive pollinators diversity and pollinators visits in selected endemic Elaeocarpus spp. of the Western Ghats

The detailed studies on phenology, floral morphology in relation to pollination of six endemic species of Elaeocarpus were carried out at different forest areas of Southern Western Ghats, India. The pollinators were attracted by morphology and nature of flowers with different types of rewards offered by the flowers of Elaeocarpus. The number of flowers per tree has determined its type of pollinators, in which, Coleoptera and Diptera visitation was significant and positive relation with increased number of flowers per tree. However, the visitation by Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera were negatively related with flower numbers per tree. The visitation of Diptera was significant and positive relation with number of petal divisions (fringes) of flowers. Also, it has predicted that higher number of petal divisions may act as an optical advertisement to the floral visitors. Like this, the size of the flower was also one of the factors to attract the members Diptera. Also, the size of the flower was negative and significant relation with members of Hymenoptera. Moreover, the visitation of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera were also affected by the size of the flowers. The pollen production was also positive and significant relation with the visitation of Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. Therefore, it may be assumed that the primary reward for Hymenoptera and Coleoptera will be pollen grains.     

Indirect effects of grazing intensity on pollinators and floral visitation

1. The introduction of livestock in natural areas is a common disturbance that affects both plant and pollinator diversity and might affect their interaction. Understanding whether livestock affect a food resource for pollinators (i.e. flower abundance) and/or a pollinator assemblage (i.e. abundance and richness) has important implications for plant–pollinator interactions and still needs deeper investigation. 2. This study investigated how pollinator communities and flower abundance determined floral visitation frequency along a grazing gradient, using seven large paddocks in Patagonian Monte Desert that varied in livestock densities. Pollinator visitation frequency was measured in five of the most abundant native plant species of the region, present in all the paddocks, but that differed in reproductive strategy ranging from insect‐pollinated self‐compatible and self‐incompatible to wind‐pollinated. The influence of livestock density, insect, and flower abundance on visitation frequency was evaluated using D‐separation hierarchical path models. 3. Intermediate stocking densities showed the highest insect richness and abundance. Livestock density showed a negative quadratic relationship with insect richness; hymenopterans being the main insect group in the region. Flower density decreased with the increase in livestock density. The five plant species shared several pollinator species although each one supported a distinct assemblage. 4. The path model showed that livestock was not directly associated with pollinator visitation frequency; however, this apparent lack of association was as a result of opposite forces acting together. An increase in livestock density reduced visitation frequency through a decrease in insect abundance, yet, livestock simultaneously increased the pollinator visitation rate through decreased flower abundance. 5. This study describes how changes in the density of exotic mammals can affect pollinator and flower abundance, resulting in contrasting effects on flower visitation rates with, apparently, neutral net consequences. This illustrates the complexity of responses to plant–pollinator interactions to anthropogenic disturbances that alter the ecological context.     

The Pollination Biology of Heloniopsis orientalis (Thunb.) C. Tanaka (Liliaceae)

Abstract The pollination biology of Heloniopsis orientalis was investigated in the lowlands of south central Japan. The receptive stigma emerges from the perianth before the opening of the perianth, and anther dehiscence is late about two days for perianth opening. The flower therefore is protogynous even though no insects visit the unopen flowers. Receptivity of the stigma is maintained for about 8 days, and even the 10 day-old flower can produce seeds. Self-pollination may be rather common in H. orientalis , which is self-compatible, in particular in the flowers which open on days unfavorable for insect activity. Many species of Diptera and Hymenoptera forage on the flowers, and almost any insect can be their pollinator. Long life, self-compatibility of the flowers, and many kinds of pollinators seem to be factors favoring H. orientalis , which blooms in very early spring when the pollinator supply is unstable but which nevertheless bears many seeds.     

东北地区早春蜜源植物传粉昆虫多样性研究

为了揭示蜜源植物与传粉昆虫的关系,科学的保护和利用传粉昆虫资源,本研究选取东北地区早春常见蜜源植物柳树Salix、延胡索Corydalis和银莲花Anemone为研究对象,对其传粉昆虫种类和访花行为进行调查,分析不同蜜源植物的传粉昆虫种类、优势类群、多样性和访花行为。结果表明：东北地区早春蜜源植物传粉昆虫共采集726头,隶属于5目14科53种,其中膜翅目4科35种,双翅目5科13种,鳞翅目3科3种,同翅目1科 1种,鞘翅目1科1种。柳树的优势传粉昆虫为蜂类,延胡索的优势传粉昆虫为熊蜂类,银莲花的优势传粉昆虫为蝇类。延胡索的传粉昆虫多样性、均匀度和丰富度均最高。蜜蜂对柳树单位时间内访花次数和单花停留时间最高,为94.33次和18.90 s。熊蜂对延胡索单位时间内访花次数和单花停留时间最高,为76.42次和15.37 s,熊蜂在采集延胡索花时有明显的盗蜜行为,该行为有利于其它传粉昆虫生存。东北地区保护生物多样性和传粉昆虫资源,应结合蜜源植物保护,可在早春时期补种柳树、延胡索和银莲花,并合理搭配,为传粉昆虫提供良好食物源和栖息地。     

The impact of an alien plant on a native plant-pollinator network: an experimental approach

Studies of pairwise interactions have shown that an alien plant can affect the pollination of a native plant, this effect being mediated by shared pollinators. Here we use a manipulative field experiment, to investigate the impact of the alien plant Impatiens glandulifera on an entire community of coflowering native plants. Visitation and pollen transport networks were constructed to compare replicated I. glandulifera invaded and I. glandulifera removal plots. Invaded plots had significantly higher visitor species richness, visitor abundance and flower visitation. However, the pollen transport networks were dominated by alien pollen grains in the invaded plots and consequently higher visitation may not translate in facilitation for pollination. The more generalized insects were more likely to visit the alien plant, and Hymenoptera and Hemiptera were more likely to visit the alien than Coleoptera. Our data indicate that generalized native pollinators can provide a pathway of integration for alien plants into native visitation systems.     

Diversity of some insect fauna in industrial and non-industrial areas of West Bengal, India

The present work is designed to study diversity of five insect orders (viz., Hemiptera, Orthoptera, aculeate Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera) in the industrial region of Haldia (India) and in non-industrial area of the same district and to evaluate the impact of industrialization on the biodiversity of those insect orders. The objective also extended to find out the possibility of existence of bioindicator, if any. Eight study sites were selected from the East part of Midnapur district covering 40 km aerial distance. Out of eight different study sites, five were distributed in and around Haldia industrial complex and three in industry-free area. During this study, a total of 120 species under 98 genera in 37 families of insects were collected. Binary data of 5 orders revealed that the species richness of Hemiptera, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera is higher in non-industrial zone in comparison to that of industrial zone. Aculeate Hymenoptera shows no particular trend whereas Coleoptera shows higher species richness in industrial areas. Results of multivariate analyses are compared with the species richness data for all the eight study sites. It is concluded that even in an apparently homogeneous ecological condition species richness may drastically change with the influence of industries. Total insect fauna decline by at least 23.33% is noticed in industrial areas. It is found that some species of lepidopteran, hemipteran and orthopteran insects are susceptible to industrial pollution and some of the members of these orders may be considered as a bioindicator group.     

Lizard predation alters the effect of habitat area on the species richness of insect assemblages on Bahamian isles

Aim Anolis lizard invasions are a serious threat world‐wide, and information about how this invasive predator affects the diversity of prey assemblages is important for many strategic conservation goals. It is hypothesized that these predators reduce the slope of species–area relationships (SARs) of their prey assemblages. The effects of island area and predation by anolis lizards on the species richness of insular insect assemblages were investigated. Location Twenty‐four isles around Staniel Cay, Exuma Cays, Bahamas. Methods Flying insects were sampled using half‐sized Malaise traps for three consecutive days on each island in May 2007. First, the effect of island area on the probability of lizard presence was evaluated. Then, the effects of the presence–absence of predatory lizards on SARs were analysed for the overall insect assemblage and for the assemblages of five dominant insect orders. Results Our results indicated that anolis lizards occurred primarily on larger islands. The species richness of the overall insect assemblage and five dominant insect orders significantly increased with island area. The interaction between island area and predator presence–absence significantly affected the overall insect assemblage and Diptera and Hymenoptera assemblages (but not Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera assemblages). The presence of predators caused decreases in the slope of the SARs. Main conclusions The presence of predatory lizards strongly affects species richness of insular insect assemblages with the island area being a crucial determinant of the species richness. Therefore, the slope of the SAR can serve as a measure of the consequence of invasive predatory species on native insect assemblages.