通过双原核显微注射提高转基因小鼠研制效率的实验研究

目的建立高效的转基因小鼠制备技术,为开展遗传工程动物模型研究奠定技术基础。方法通过向小鼠受精卵原核中注入不同浓度的DNA分子,筛选最适注射用DNA浓度;将K14/hCTLA4-Ig基因表达载体分子通过显微注射分别导入小鼠受精卵雌、雄原核,并设立单原核注射对照组;利用输卵管腹壶部穿刺移植法将注射后的小鼠受精卵移植于同期发情的受体母鼠;利用PCR对出生的转基因首建小鼠进行筛选。结果最适DNA分子浓度为10ng/μl;在单、双原核注射组胚胎2细胞卵裂率分别为52.3%(132/253)和45.0%(108/240),差异有显著性(P<0.05);注射胚胎移植后体内存活率分别为18.1%(24/132)和16.7%(18/108),差异无显著性;转基因首建小鼠阳性率分别为3/24和5/18,转基因阳性小鼠占总注射胚胎的比例为1.2%(3/253)和2.08%(5/240),差异有极显著性(P<0.01)。结论尽管双原核注射对胚胎的2细胞卵裂率有一定影响,但通过双原核注射可有效提高转基因小鼠的制备效率。     

黏性卵鱼类受精卵一种快速高效的显微注射方法

黏性卵鱼类受精卵遇水后产生的黏性和卵壳变硬的现象严重影响着大批量显微注射操作的速度和随后的取材。研究建立了一种高效的黏性受精卵快速脱黏显微注射方法, 并利用荧光标记葡聚糖Alex-Fluor488-dextran评估了消化脱黏、直接注射和脱壳注射三种方法的技术特点和适用范围。结果表明: 在23℃, 用0.25%胰蛋白酶(pH=7.1-7.4)消化4min可获得脱黏受精卵。与直接注射和脱壳注射方法相比, 研究建立的消化脱黏方法兼具二者的优点: 在受精后5min可以开始显微操作, 无黏性, 容易进针, 胚盘清晰便于观察、注射后容易培养和取材。实验方法适用于研究与黏性卵鱼类卵子发生、卵-胚转换和早期胚胎发育密切相关基因的功能, 亦可满足追踪受精过程中核质细微变化研究的需要。     

自然干燥对冬虫夏草寄主蝠蛾卵孵化的影响

研究在室内自然空气湿度下放置的时间长短对冬虫夏草(Cordyceps)寄主昆虫贡嘎蝠蛾Hepialus gonggaensis Fu et Huang卵孵化率的影响。卵早期的研究结果为:第1批、第2批和第3批卵于室内自然空气湿度下保存的时间达26,11和16h后再保湿都可以正常孵化并且孵化率与对照无显著性差异,所孵化幼虫在饲养初期的成活率分别达62.0%,41.4%和43.4%,与对照无显著性差异。卵中期干燥放置36h的孵化率为66.7%,所孵化幼虫在饲养初期的成活率为50.0%,孵化率和成活率都与对照无显著性差异。卵晚期干燥放置24h的孵化率为70.0%,所孵化幼虫在饲养初期的成活率为49.0%,孵化率和成活率都与对照无显著性差异。以上结果表明,经历一定时间的干燥不会对卵的正常孵化有影响。     

线虫基因显微注射和整合技术——设备、操作与指南

秀丽线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)是研究动物遗传、个体发育和行为活动的重要模式生物,其主要优点是能够研究从分子细胞水平到整体系统水平的相关生命活动的作用机理．其中基因显微注射和整合是该领域的核心技术,广泛应用于研究线虫的基因表达、功能和基因间的相互作用等．显微注射技术使用尖端开口直径为微米级的玻璃微管,将所研究的目的DNA注射进线虫的性腺．注射的DNA被成熟的卵细胞吸收,以染色体外遗传物质的形式存在．但这种形式并不能稳定遗传,可采用基因整合技术将外源基因整合到染色体上,得到稳定遗传的线虫种系．显微注射是一项精细的实验技术,影响实验成功与否的因素较多,实际操作需要有一定的经验．在实践过程中逐步改进和完善了这项技术,在此主要介绍线虫显微注射技术的操作过程、创新方法以及注意细节．     

斑马鱼整胚原位杂交和显微注射转基因技术的建立（简报）

随着人类基因组框架图的完成,解读大量基因的功能和表达调控成为亟待解决的问题。因此通过模式生物从个体水平、细胞水平和分子水平研究基因功能及其表达调控日益成为一个重要的研究领域。斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)是近年来崛起的一种模式生物。它的显著优势在于：个体小,便于大批量饲养;产卵量大,胚胎透明,易于观察和操作;体外发育,发育迅速,2—3天即可完成主要器官的建成;可以方便的进行大规模的诱变和突变型筛选等研     

受精卵反义寡核苷酸显微注射影响因素的研究

以金鱼受精卵为材料,通过胚胎培养探讨反义寡核苷酸显微注射剂量、受精卵质量、胰酶消化浓度等对受精卵反义寡核苷酸显微注射的影响．研究表明,反义寡核苷酸注射剂量在4．6nL、胰酶消化浓度在0.4％的情况下,选用质量较好的受精卵注射,显微注射效果较好,可为之后的基因功能研究提供材料保障．利用显微注射法导入反义寡核苷酸来研究基因的功能．是研究基因功能的有效途径．     

一种改进的显微注射用DNA片段的纯化方法

目的显微注射用DNA的纯度是影响转基因动物制备成功与否的重要因素,本文建立一种可行的适用于普通实验室的纯化DNA方法,替代普遍使用的试剂盒纯化方法。方法分别使用酚-氯仿多次抽提法及常规的凝胶提取试剂盒纯化含有蚓激酶基因的DNA片段,通过显微注射技术将纯化的DNA片段导入小鼠受精卵的原核,制备转基因小鼠。根据转基因实验的结果对两种方法进行比较。结果使用两种方法纯化DNA均能获得转基因小鼠。在DNA纯度及注射卵的存活率上,两种方法无明显差别;在移植卵的出生率及转基因阳性率上,抽提法优于试剂盒法。结论本实验建立的抽提方法可以替代试剂盒方法纯化显微注射用DNA片段,在降低实验成本、简化实验条件及提高转基因阳性率方面具有优势。     

斑马鱼胚胎显微注射基因分析平台的建立

斑马鱼作为一种新的理想模式动物,已在发育生物学、环境毒理学和人类疾病及相关基因功能等研究中得到广泛应用。本文就建立斑马鱼胚胎的显微注射基因分析平台进行了探究,并通过piwil2基因的抑制和过表达实验验证了平台的可操作性,也对建立平台中所要注意的问题进行了讨论。     

显微注射法制备转基因小鼠的技术研究

转基因技术是发生工程学或胚胎操作技术中的一部分。这一技术包括有受精卵的采集,受精卵的体外培养,胚胎移植等技术,转基因动物制作是其应用技术之一,它是将外源ＤＮＡ片段用显微注射法直接注入受精卵原核,使外源ＤＮＡ随机整合到寄主基因组中而形成转基因小鼠。我们建立完善这一技术的目的是在实验动物的生产中为转基因动物的生产提供稳定可靠的保证。我们将ｐＣＸＴＧＡＰ、ｐＣＳＬＮ等基因分别注入受精卵原核制备相应的转基因动物模型,并从中总结较佳的操作技术。结果经检测阳性转基因小鼠占出生幼鼠的１６３８％。我们认为不仅要有精细的微注射技术、动物的选用和饲育、严密的胚胎操作都是转基因动物制作成功的重要条件。     

家蚕转基因技术中若干因素对转基因效率的影响

建立高效、稳定的家蚕Bombyx mori转基因技术对于推进家蚕功能基因组研究, 解决蚕丝产业重大问题以及向非绢丝产业拓展等具有重要意义。本文在已建立的基于piggyBac的家蚕转基因技术基础上, 探索了多个影响转基因效率的因素。结果显示：以家蚕品种大造 (P50) 为供试材料、pBac［GOI］为供体质粒、pHA4PIG为辅助质粒, 以眼睛和神经组织特异启动子3×p3启动的红色荧光蛋白基因DsRed为报告基因, 在蚕卵产下后2～3 h进行注射,综合效果最佳, 孵化率和转化率分别达到62.7%和34.8%;荧光筛选的最佳时期在胚胎发育第5到第8天;在2 000～8 000 bp之间时, 外源片段的长度对转化率并无太大影响。本研究建立的技术体系, 有望为家蚕功能基因研究、品种分子改良和家蚕生物反应器的开发奠定基础, 并为其他鳞翅目昆虫转基因技术的建立提供参考。     

Comparison of transformation efficiency of piggyBac transposon among three different silkworm Bombyx mori Strains

The transformation rate of three different strains of silkworm Bombyx mori was comparedafter the introduction of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-encoding genes into the silkwormeggs by microinjection of a mixture of piggyBac vector and helper plasmid containing a transposase-encodingsequence.Although there were no significant differences among the three strains in the percentages offertile moths in microinjected eggs (P=0.1258),the percentages of G_0 transformed moths in fertile mothsand injected eggs were both significantly different (P=0.01368 and P=0.02398, respectively).Thetransformation rate of the Nistari strain (Indian strain) was significantly higher than that of the other twostrains,Golden-yellow-cocoon (Vietnamese strain) and Jiaqiu (Chinese strain),which had similar rate. Theseresults indicate that the transformation efficiency of the piggyBac-based system might vary with silkwormstrains with different genetic backgrounds.The presence of endogenous piggyBac-like elements might bean important factor influencing the transformation efficiency of introduced piggyBac-derived vectors,andthe diverse amount and activation in different silkworm strains might account for the significant differences.     

Sperm-mediated gene transfer in the silkworm Bombyx mori

Plasmid DNA containing the CAT reporter gene was injected into the testis of V instar silkworm larvae. The persistence, expression, and transmission of the injected DNA were monitored in the injected individuals till eclosion as well as in the progeny. The DNA injected into the testis persisted extrachromosomally during the entire period of metamorphosis and was also transferred into the egg via sperm during fertilization. Injected plasmids were rescued from the moths that emerged from the injected larvae and also from the eggs laid by the moths that copulated with injected males. Positive signals for CAT assay in the experimental samples suggested that the injected DNA was internalized in the testicular cells and sperm. The persistence, expression, and transmission of the DNA injected into the testes indicate that sperm-mediated gene transfer is possible in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 37:168–177, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Extrachromosomal transmission of microinjected DNA to the progeny of silkworm Bombyx mori

Vector DNA (pBmFRT) microinjected into the silkworm eggs (preblastoderm stage) persisted in different conformational forms throughout the period of embryonic development. Southern blot analysis confirmed the persistence of DNA as extrachromosomal copies. Slot blot analysis showed the inheritance of the injected DNA to the subsequent progenies; however the copy number of the injected vector declined in the progenies.     

家蚕拟浆细胞具有吞噬功能

目的：通过观察家蚕Bombyx mori吞噬细胞的微细结构,来确定拟绛色细胞是否也具有吞噬功能。方法：用荧光小球微量注射家蚕pnd pS品系的幼虫,经荧光染色剂丫啶橙和碘化丙啶染色循环血细胞后,在荧光显微镜下观察并扫描拍摄。结果：观察发现除颗粒细胞和浆血细胞外,一些原血球细胞（血干细胞）和拟绛色细胞（多酚氧化酶）也能吞噬荧光小球。在拟绛色细胞里还发现许多和颗粒细胞一样的能被丫啶橙染色的颗粒。尽管在小球细胞中没有发现被吞噬的荧光小球,但该类血球有比较多的能被丫啶橙染色的大颗粒,这表明它们可能是已经被吞噬的凋亡小体。结论：除颗粒细胞和浆血细胞外,一些原血球细胞和拟绛色细胞也能吞噬荧光小球。说明拟绛色细胞也具有吞噬功能。     

一种家蚕类浓核病毒的组织病理学特征

本文从家蚕病蚕中分离到一种家蚕类浓核病毒（BmDNV-Like）,对它的组织病理学研究表明:该病毒首先寄生家蚕中肠柱状细胞,继而引起其细胞核的膨大和破裂;组织原位杂交结果表明该病毒既能在家蚕中肠柱状细胞中增殖,也能在中肠的杯形细胞中增殖,甚至在感染后期能在家蚕幼虫的大部分组织细胞中感染和增殖。     

The genome sequence of silkworm, Bombyx mori.

We performed threefold shotgun sequencing of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) genome to obtain a draft sequence and establish a basic resource for comprehensive genome analysis. By using the newly developed RAMEN assembler, the sequence data derived from whole-genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing were assembled into 49,345 scaffolds that span a total length of 514 Mb including gaps and 387 Mb without gaps. Because the genome size of the silkworm is estimated to be 530 Mb, almost 97% of the genome has been organized in scaffolds, of which 75% has been sequenced. By carrying out a BLAST search for 50 characteristic Bombyx genes and 11,202 non-redundant expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in a Bombyx EST database against the WGS sequence data, we evaluated the validity of the sequence for elucidating the majority of silkworm genes. Analysis of the WGS data revealed that the silkworm genome contains many repetitive sequences with an average length of <500 bp. These repetitive sequences appear to have been derived from truncated transposons, which are interspersed at 2.5- to 3-kb intervals throughout the genome. This pattern suggests that silkworm may have an active mechanism that promotes removal of transposons from the genome. We also found evidence for insertions of mitochondrial DNA fragments at 9 sites. A search for Bombyx orthologs to Drosophila genes controlling sex determination in the WGS data revealed 11 Bombyx genes and suggested that the sex-determining systems differ profoundly between the two species.     

电穿孔法可用于家蚕基因功能分析

[目的]明确基于电穿孔的基因功能分析方法在家蚕Bombyx mori活体内的应用实效.[方法]针对调控家蚕幼虫体表斑纹黑色素合成的靶基因Wnt1(Wingless),人工合成特异性siRNA,向4龄第3天家蚕幼虫注射Wnt1 siRNA并进行电穿孔作为处理组(ERFA-RNAi),以注射Wnt1 siRNA但未进行电穿...     

家蚕卵黄原蛋白及其受体基因

家蚕小卵突变体 (Smalleggmutant ,sm) ,其卵体积仅及正常卵的 2 / 3,不能受精而致死。因其卵母细胞不能正常吸收卵黄原蛋白 (Vg) ,人们认为其原因可能是卵黄原蛋白受体基因 (VgR)突变所致。本研究首先通过克隆筛选和基因组序列分析 ,获得了 2 5 6 4bp含有 ployA的家蚕卵黄原蛋白受体基因 (BmVgR)片段。将该基因片段的预测蛋白与其它物种的VgR/YPR和低密度脂蛋白受体 (LDLR)家族比较 ,发现该基因具有LDLR家族的基本结构特征。其次 ,经RT PCR检测 ,结果表明BmVgR在sm的不同时期的卵母细胞中都能正常转录。最后 ,分别对sm不同发育时期的体液和卵的总蛋白进行SDS PAGE分析 ,发现该突变体的卵母细胞不能正常摄取体液蛋白 (包括Vg)。综合分析 ,sm不能正常摄取Vg ,可能并不是VgR的功能异常导致 ,而是与滤泡细胞异常有关     

Spindle-E is essential for gametogenesis in the silkworm,Bombyx mori

As a defense mechanism against transposable elements, the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway maintains genomic integrity and ensures proper gametogenesis in gonads. Numerous factors are orchestrated to ensure normal operation of the piRNA pathway. Spindle-E (Spn-E) gene was one of the first genes shown to participate in the piRNA pathway. In this study, we performed functional analysis of Spn-E in the model lepidopteran insect, Bombyx mori. Unlike the germline-specific expression pattern observed in Drosophila and mouse, BmSpn-E was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues tested, and it was highly expressed in gonads. Immunofluorescent staining showed that BmSpn-E was localized in both germ cells and somatic cells in ovary and was expressed in spermatocytes in testis. We used a binary transgenic CRISPR/Cas9 system to construct BmSpn-E mutants. Loss of BmSpn-E expression caused derepression of transposons in gonads. We also found that mutant gonads were much smaller than wild-type gonads and that the number of germ cells was considerably lower in mutant gonads. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis and TUNEL staining revealed that apoptosis was greatly enhanced in mutant gonads. Further, we found that the BmSpn-E mutation impacted gonadal development and gametogenesis at the early larval stage. In summary, our data provided the first evidence that BmSpn-E plays vital roles in gonadal development and gametogenesis in B. mori.     

Functional analysis of four Gloverin-like genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

To identify genes involved in the innate immunity of the silkworm Bombyx mori, we constructed a cDNA library from the fat body of Escherichia coli-challenged B. mori larvae. Based on the expressed sequence tag (EST) data and whole genome shotgun sequence analysis, we found four Gloverin-like genes, BmGlov1-4, in the Bombyx genome. Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis showed that BmGlov1-4 were induced in the larval fat body after an immune challenge by the injection of E. coli; however, less induction was observed after the injection of a yeast Candida albicans. In silico sequence analysis revealed the presence of a motif homologous to NF-kappaB binding site in the upstream region of each BmGlov gene. Moreover, we expressed recombinant BmGlov1-4 proteins using the baculovirus expression system, and found that all the recombinant BmGlov1-4 significantly inhibited the growth of E. coli.