荧光物示踪检测主要稻虫对水稻危害程度的初步研究

首次采用荧光物质示踪技术对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫、黑尾叶蝉、白背飞虱、褐飞虱等主要稻虫在水稻的秧茵、分蘖、壮苞3个不同生育期的危害程度进行了定量分析。结果表明：在所施荧光示踪物质6种质量浓度15,10,5,1,0.5,0.1mg/L中,所测稻虫荧光物含量（μg）／鲜质量（g）在15,0.5,0.1mg/L下有显著较高的数值,与水稻荧光和吸收曲线相符,4种稻虫在水稻3个生育期的荧光示踪摄食量比较发现,稻给卷叶螟幼虫与黑尾叶蝉荧光示踪摄食量分蘖期显著高于秧苗期;壮苞期的褐飞虱显著高于分蘖期的白背飞虱。在水稻秧苗期,稻纵卷叶螟幼虫蒌光示踪摄食量显著高于黑尾叶蝉;分蘖期稻纵卷叶螟幼虫与白背飞虱,黑尾叶蝉与白背飞虱荧光示踪摄食量均有显著差异,而稻纵卷叶螟幼虫与黑尾叶蝉的摄食量差异不显著,其大小顺序依次为稻纵卷叶螟幼虫,黑尾叶蝉,白背飞虱。     

食料条件对稻茎毛眼水蝇种群增长的影响

1994-1995年对稻茎毛眼水蝇在水稻四个生育期(苗期、分蘖期、孕穗期、齐穗期)上的生命参数进行了研究。结果表明：水稻生育期对卵和蛹历期、存活率以及成虫寿命无明显影响,但幼虫取食不同生育期水稻后,其存活率和成虫繁殖力有显的差异,幼虫存活率和成虫繁殖力大小依次为取食孕糖期幼穗>分蘖期叶片>苗期叶片>齐穗期叶片。     

水稻施用硅肥对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫取食和成虫产卵选择性的影响

采用感虫水稻品种TN1,设置3种施硅水平,即高硅(0.32 g Si/kg土壤)、低硅(0.16 g Si/kg土壤)和不施硅对照(0 g Si/kg土壤),研究了施用硅肥对稻纵卷叶螟产卵和取食选择性的影响。结果表明:稻纵卷叶螟幼虫对硅处理水稻叶片的取食选择性和成虫在硅处理水稻上的着卵量、着卵率均显著低于对照水稻。高硅处理水稻叶片中的硅含量、可溶性糖含量和碳氮比高于对照,而氮含量低于对照;低硅处理水稻叶片的碳氮比高于对照、氮含量低于对照。同时,硅处理显著降低水稻的卷叶株率和卷叶率。这些结果表明,施硅能增强稻纵卷叶螟对水稻的不选择性,从而增强水稻对稻纵卷叶螟的抗性。     

贵州稻水象甲危害损失和防治指标研究

【目的】为了摸清贵州稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel危害与水稻产量损失的关系,明确贵州稻水象甲的防治指标。【方法】采用田间笼罩接虫法系统的研究了不同密度的稻水象甲成虫与水稻被害叶率、幼虫密度、水稻分蘖数、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量损失等的关系。【结果】稻水象甲成虫密度与水稻被害叶率和幼虫密度呈正相关关系;稻水象甲的危害明显减少水稻分蘖数和穗数,但对穗粒数和千粒重的影响不大。建立了产量损失率与被害叶率、成虫密度、幼虫密度的回归方程,计算获得了插秧后的第5天、第10天、第15天、第20天的叶片被害率的防治指标为59.65%、52.97%、50.96%、48.52%,成虫的防治指标为20头/m~2(1头/丛),幼虫的防治指标为130头/m~2(6.5头/丛)。【结论】该结果对贵州省稻水象甲的预测预报及防治具有重要的指导意义。     

春梢叶损失对刺梨生长和果实产量与品质的影响机理分析

2017年以3年生的‘贵农5号’刺梨(Rosa roxburghii Tratt.)为材料,于5月初开花期前采用人工摘叶的方法,对试验树当年春梢进行失叶率20%、40%、60%和80% 处理,以不摘叶的植株为对照(CK),研究失叶后3年中不同失叶率处理对刺梨新梢生长、叶片营养元素含量、果实产量及品质的影响机理,分析摘叶后30 d内的失叶春梢中内源激素含量,存留叶的净光合速率(P_n)和蒸腾速率(T_r),失叶当年刺梨果实中影响维生素C和黄酮合成积累的关键酶(GalLDH、MDHAR、DHAR、AAO、APX和PAL、C4H、4CL、CHS)的活性,探究失叶对刺梨生长和果实产量、品质及其相关生理特性的影响机理,为刺梨合理采叶量的确定和因灾失叶的损失评估提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)刺梨春梢失叶后会促进当年夏梢萌发,增加夏梢数量,抑制当年秋梢和翌年、第3年的新梢生长。(2)在摘叶后的30 d内,失叶春梢中IAA和ABA含量迅速降低,GA₁₊₃和ZR含量迅速增加,内源激素的变化对当年夏梢的萌发具有协同促进作用。(3)在摘叶后15 d内,春梢存留叶的P_n迅速增强,之后迅速减弱,失叶春梢存留叶在短期内具有明显的光合作用补偿反应,但难以长期持续。(4)春梢失叶率超过20%后,会导致刺梨植株的养分损失,尤其是叶中的N、P、K、Mg元素的损失极为严重,导致树势衰弱,新梢的正常生长受到抑制。(5)在刺梨果实维生素C和类黄酮物质合成积累的关键时期,果实中GalLDH、PAL、C4H、4CL、CHS的活性均随失叶率的增大而明显减弱,果实中的维生素C和类黄酮物质的含量也随之明显减少。研究发现,春梢失叶率过大会明显降低刺梨叶中的养分含量和果实的产量及品质,且这种不利影响可持续多年;在春季对果叶兼用的刺梨嫩叶进行采收利用时,采叶量应控制在20%内。     

水稻食叶类害虫等量损害系统与复合防治指标

稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis.medinalis Guenèe中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis(Thunberg)稻苞虫Parnara guttatus (Bremer et Grey)是江苏地区水稻的主要食叶类害虫,取食水稻叶片,导致光合叶面积减少.剪叶模拟试验表明,水稻不同生育阶段叶面积损失率与产量损失率呈线性相关.其回归方程分蘖期、孕穗期、腊熟期分别为 D(I_t)=72.50759I_t^1.15906、D(I_t)=141.61737I_t^1.08002、D(I_t)=25.12434I_t^1.00569.在叶面积损失率相同的情况下,产量损失率孕穗期>分蘖期>腊熟期.试验通过三种害虫的各龄取食量,不同生育阶段水稻叶面积及为害与损失率之间的关系,建立了不同生育阶段的经济允许损害水平(EIL_t).并根据各种害虫的相对潜在取食量,计算了校正等量损害系数,为制订复合防治指标提供了依据.实践证明:以等量损害为单位的复合防治指标有较大的实用价值,生态效益、经济效益、社会效益明显.     

云南稻纵卷叶螟的发生与种群消长特点

2009—2012年,对滇西、滇西南、滇南、滇东南、滇东和滇东北6个稻区的稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée种群发生特点进行了研究,结果表明:(1)云南主要稻区均没有采集到稻纵卷叶螟的各越冬虫态,表明云南稻区的稻纵卷叶螟早期虫源主要来自境外;(2)灯下虫源始见期在4月中旬到7月中旬,不同稻区的虫源迁入期变化较大,相差近3个月。滇西沧源和滇东南富宁虫源始见期最早,在4月中旬—5月下旬,滇西南勐海灯下始见期最晚,为6月上旬—7月中旬;(3)滇西、滇西南、滇东北和滇南为稻纵卷叶螟轻发生区,主要在中晚稻上发生危害,田间卷叶率在30%以下,田间发生量少于300头/667m2。滇东和滇东南为中等和重发生区,田间卷叶率在30%以上,高的达80%以上,田间虫量最高可达7 000头/667m2;(4)云南稻纵卷叶螟田间种群发生高峰期主要集中在5月下旬至9月下旬。滇东南高峰期为6月下—7月中旬,正值水稻孕穗期到抽穗开花期,应做好田间监测与防治工作。     

转cry1Ab/1Ac,cry1C,cry2A基因水稻对田间稻纵卷叶螟及其捕食类天敌的影响

在转Bt基因水稻商业化之前需要评价其对靶标害虫及其天敌的影响.本研究连续2年在3个地点调查了3种转Bt水稻材料和非转基因水稻田间稻纵卷叶螟为害情况,稻纵卷叶螟及其4种捕食类天敌的种群密度、相对丰富度和种群动态.结果表明,水稻材料对卷叶率和稻纵卷叶螟幼虫种群密度有显著影响.非转基因水稻田间卷叶率显著高于3种转Bt基因水稻田.在调查期间,不同地点3种非转基因水稻田间稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的种群密度以及它在植食类功能团内的相对丰富度均显著高于3种转Bt基因水稻田.水稻材料、水稻材料×调查日期、水稻材料×调查年份、水稻材料×调查日期×调查年份对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的种群动态均有显著影响.但是,3种转Bt基因水稻材料和非转基因水稻田间4种捕食类天敌的相对丰富度、种群密度以及种群动态基本没有显著差异.从上述结果可推论,转Bt基因水稻中的Bt蛋白能明显抑制稻纵卷叶螟的发生,但对4种捕食类天敌没有显著影响.     

渍水对四川小麦生理性状及产量的影响

采用二因素裂区设计,连续2年（2011-2012和2012-2013年）以川麦104和内麦836为对象,在小麦苗期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期分别进行35 d的渍水处理,研究渍水对四川小麦生长和产量形成的影响.结果表明： 苗期渍水减产最大,减产10%～15%,随渍水时期的后移,对产量的影响减小.苗期渍水降低了第3～6叶SPAD值、单株分蘖力和单株成穗数,降低了有效穗数、花后干物质积累量和成熟期干物质量.拔节期渍水降低了第4～7叶SPAD值,孕穗期渍水降低了倒4、倒3、倒2叶SPAD值,拔节期和孕穗期渍水导致花后旗叶SPAD值下降,渐增期灌浆速率（R₁）和平均灌浆速率（R_mean）下降,千粒重下降.开花期渍水对产量影响较小.表明苗期渍水是四川稻茬小麦渍害临界期.     

稻纵卷叶螟为害的产量损失与防治指标

1979—1983年作者探讨了稻纵卷叶螟Canphalocrosis medinalis为害的产量损失和防治指标,通过大田调查,控虫观察与模拟试验后,肯定剑叶被害后减产9.3—20.3%(秈稻)和10.7—15.6%(杂交稻);全部叶片被害后减产26.5—36.7%(秈稻)和30.2—44.3%(杂交稻)。其减产程度是抽穗期>分蘖期>乳熟期。而防治指标因稻生育期不同:分蘖期为丛平均有三龄幼虫0.75—1.4条;抽穗期为平均0.5—0.7条。在天敌少时采用指标的上限,反之,使用下限。抽穗期是防治关键。生长嫩绿的稻田是防治的重点对象。这些指标曾在五万余亩稻田示范后,功效十分显著。     

The growth of growth

Over a 40-year period, 1940 through the present, human growth research has increased from a minimal to a major part of physical anthropology. Such research, originally conducted at the major American growth centers, has become more diverse and more specialized, extending to National Probability Samplings, nutritional surveys, studies of twins, investigations restricted to the craniofacial complex, and studies of the growth and development of various primate species. Besides extending knowledge of growth and development in general and control mechanisms in particular, there has been major feedback into physical anthropology affording far greater understanding of human variability, of taxonomic differences, and of changes previously believed to be phylogenetic in nature. To the larger extent, all physical anthropologists have some degree of growth awareness.     

Roles of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in mouse postnatal growth

To examine the relationship between growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in controlling postnatal growth, we performed a comparative analysis of dwarfing phenotypes manifested in mouse mutants lacking GH receptor, IGF1, or both. This genetic study has provided conclusive evidence demonstrating that GH and IGF1 promote postnatal growth by both independent and common functions, as the growth retardation of double Ghr/Igf1 nullizygotes is more severe than that observed with either class of single mutant. In fact, the body weight of these double-mutant mice is only approximately 17% of normal and, in absolute magnitude ( approximately 5 g), only twice that of the smallest known mammal. Thus, the growth control pathway in which the components of the GH/IGF1 signaling systems participate constitutes the major determinant of body size. To complement this conclusion mainly based on extensive growth curve analyses, we also present details concerning the involvement of the GH/IGF1 axis in linear growth derived by a developmental study of long bone ossification in the mutants.     

Insulin-like growth factor inhibition of growth hormone secretion

Somatomedins-insulin-like growth factors (SM/IGF) are growth hormone (GH) dependent serum growth factors. There is some evidence that IGF inhibit GH release (negative feedback) in 3- to 24-h incubations of cultured rat adenohypophysial cells. We have used acutely dispersed noncultured rat adenohypophysial cells to study the dynamics of IGF on GH secretion. In this system both IGF-I and IGF-II (100 ng/mL) slightly, but significantly, decrease the cumulative GH released by human pancreas growth hormone releasing factor 1-40 (GRF) and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine. The inhibition is small (16%) and usually not statistically significant until 2 h of incubation. The inhibition with IGF is additive to that produced with low concentrations of somatostatin. The IGF also significantly decrease the rate of GH release in all time periods tested (0-1, 1-2, 2-3 h). In addition, the IGF decrease the quantity of [14C]leucine protein eluted at the position of labelled rat GH on Sephadex G75, which would include newly synthesized GH extracted from the cells. Thus we conclude that the decreased GH released may be due to an effect of IGF on both rate of release and on GH synthesis.     

Dosing of growth hormone in growth hormone deficiency

Growth hormone (GH) treatment of GH-deficient (GHD) children is to a certain extent standardized worldwide. Recombinant 22 kDa GH is injected once daily by the subcutaneous route, mostly in the evening. The amount of GH injected (calculated per kg body weight or body surface area, expressed in terms of IU or mg) in prepubertal children mimics the known production rate (approximately 0.02 mg [0. 06 IU]/kg body weight per day). However, there is a wide variation in dosage, the reasons for which are partly unknown and partly due to national traditions and regimes imposed by authorities regulating reimbursement. The situation during puberty is less standardized, with most clinicians still not increasing the dosage according to known production rates. The results of these approaches in terms of adult height outcome are not always satisfactory. In order to achieve optimal height development during childhood, puberty and adulthood, strategies must be developed to individualize GH dosing according to set therapeutical goals taking into account efficacy, safety and cost. The implementation of prediction algorithms will help us to reach these goals. In addition, other response variables will have to be monitored during treatment in order to correct for deficits resulting from GHD.     

Platelet-derived growth factor or basic fibroblast growth factor induce anchorage-independent growth of human fibroblasts

Anchorage-independent growth, i.e., growth in semi-solid medium is considered a marker of cellular transformation of fibroblast cells. Diploid human fibroblasts ordinarily do not exhibit such growth but can grow transiently when medium contains high concentrations of fetal bovine serum. This suggests that some growth factor(s) in serum is responsible for anchorage-independent growth. Much work has been done to characterize the peptide growth factor requirements of various rodent fibroblast cells for anchorage-independent growth; however, the requirements of human fibroblasts are not known. To determine the peptide growth factor requirements of human fibroblasts for anchorage-independent growth, we used medium containing serum that had had its peptide growth factors inactivated. We found that either platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or the basic form of fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induced anchorage-independent growth. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) did not enhance the growth induced by PDGF, or did so only slightly. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) decreased the growth induced by PDGF. EGF combined with TGF-beta induced colony formation in semi-solid medium at concentrations at which neither growth factor by itself was effective, but the combination was much less effective in stimulating anchorage-independent growth than PDGF or bFGF. This work showed that PDGF, or bFGF, or EGF combined with TGF-beta can stimulate anchorage-independent growth of nontransformed human fibroblasts. The results support the idea that cellular transformation may reduce or eliminate the need for exogenous PDGF or bFGF.     

Increase in pulsatile secretion of growth hormone during failure of catch-up growth following glucocorticoid-induced growth inhibition

The pattern of growth hormone (GH) secretion was determined in rats injected with cortisone acetate, 5 mg/rat/day subcutaneously, or with an equivalent volume of saline for 4 days from age 40 days. Cortisone injections resulted in inhibition of growth of body weight and tail length. During recovery the rats resumed a normal rate of growth but failed to show catch-up growth acceleration. From 17 to 27 days of recovery, plasma was sampled at 15-min intervals through the lights-on period, 06:00 to 18:00, via a catheter chronically implanted in the superior vena cava. During sampling each rat was housed singly in an insulated chamber, unrestrained, and with food and water ad lib. Cortisone-treated animals had a normal periodicity of GH plasma concentration, but they showed a reduction in values in the range of 50 to 99 ng/ml (P less than 0.01) and an increase of values in the range of 200 to 499 ng/ml (P less than 0.025) and above 1000 ng/ml (P less than 0.05). The area under the GH concentration curve of the cortisone-treated rats was significantly greater than that of the controls, 100.9 +/- 18.7 (mean +/- SE) units vs 55.3 +/- 7.4 (P less than 0.025). Thus, increased growth hormone secretion during the light phase persisted in spite of failure of catch-up growth acceleration. The findings indicate that the mechanism involved in GH release is linked to the catch-up growth control.