用火箭电泳法检测人用狂犬病疫苗半成品抗原含量初探

用火箭电泳法（ＲＩＥ）检测了５批ａＧ株地鼠肾细胞人用狂犬病疫苗半成品（未加吸附剂）的抗原含量。结果表明,ＲＩＥ法快速、简便、准确。峰高与浓度的线性相关系数ｒ〉０．９９５０,待检疫苗与标准品的剂量反应曲线高度一致,试验的灵敏度为０．１５ＩＵ／ｍｌ,重复性好,５次结果的变异系统ＣＶ％≤５．７４％。因此,ＲＩＥ法有可能作为检测狂犬病疫苗半成品抗原含量的适宜方法     

双抗体夹心ELISA与NIH法在狂犬病疫苗抗原检测中的比较

通过用单克隆抗体制备双抗体夹心ELISA,快速检测狂犬病疫苗中狂犬病毒糖蛋白(G)的含量,将狂犬病疫 苗的检定时间由28天缩短至2个工作日,以此缩短疫苗库存待检时间,提高疫苗的生产和销售效率,并最终替代 NIH动物法。将待检的狂犬病疫苗样品在同一性别12～14g昆明鼠体内作效力检定试验(NIH),同时用双抗体夹 心ELISA检测狂犬病疫苗中狂犬病毒G蛋白含量,用Microsoft Office Excel做出标准品和各样品疫苗的线性关 系图并计算出疫苗效力值E-NIH。结果用双抗体夹心ELISA所得的E-NIH与对应的小鼠效力试验所得结果M- NIH之间呈正相关性;同一批狂犬病疫苗分次测得E-NIH值在2．41～5．85之间,而相应的M-NIH值在5．11～ 10．19之间。从而得出E-NIH与相应的M-NIH之间存在明显的线性关系;与NIH法比较,ELISA具有重复性好、 成本低、快速等优点;用双抗体夹心ELISA替代小鼠效力试验是可能并可行的。     

双抗体夹心ELISA与NIH法在狂犬病疫苗抗原检测中的比较

通过用单克隆抗体制备双抗体夹心ELISA,快速检测狂犬病疫苗中狂犬病毒糖蛋白(G)的含量,将狂犬病疫苗的检定时间由28天缩短至2个工作日,以此缩短疫苗库存待检时间,提高疫苗的生产和销售效率,并最终替代NIH动物法.将待检的狂犬病疫苗样品在同一性别12～14g昆明鼠体内作效力检定试验(NIH),同时用双抗体夹心ELISA检测狂犬病疫苗中狂犬病毒G蛋白含量,用Microsoft Office Excel做出标准品和各样品疫苗的线性关系图并计算出疫苗效力值E-NIH.结果用双抗体夹心ELISA所得的E-NIH与对应的小鼠效力试验所得结果M-NIH之间呈正相关性;同一批狂犬病疫苗分次测得E-NIH值在2.41～5.85之间,而相应的M-NIH值在5.11～10.19之间.从而得出E-NIH与相应的M-NIH之间存在明显的线性关系;与NIH法比较,ELISA具有重复性好、成本低、快速等优点;用双抗体夹心ELISA替代小鼠效力试验是可能并可行的.     

冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)稳定剂配方的筛选

目的筛选出适合冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)的热稳定性好、无明胶的稳定剂配方。方法以水分、外观、效价、热稳定性效价为指标,尤其是效价和热稳定性效价,对A、B、C、D、E、F、G等6种稳定剂配方进行系统的优化组合筛选,6种稳定剂配方分别含有蔗糖、乳糖、人血白蛋白、甘氨酸、精氨酸、明胶、尿素、甘露醇、右旋糖苷,其中A为现行疫苗生产配方。运用单因素五元设计法,筛选出最优稳定剂组合。结果方差分析结果显示D组配方对冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)的M-ABT结果 13.95,37℃放置4周M-ABT结果 13.05;NIH效价1.94,37℃放置4周NIH效价1.56。结论 D组配方对冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)有较好的保护作用。     

改良抗体结合实验检测灭活狂犬病疫苗效价

目的:建立抗体结合试验检测狂犬病疫苗(aG株)效价的方法。方法:将待检测疫苗与疫苗标准品梯度稀释后分别加入人抗狂犬病毒免疫球蛋白国家标准品中和1 h,之后加入80%感染剂量的狂犬病毒CVS-11,体外中和1h后接种BSR细胞,培养24 h后免疫荧光染色,在显微镜下观察结果,通过检测剩余病毒量计算待检疫苗的效价,同时与小鼠中和试验法(NIH法)测定狂犬病疫苗效价进行比较。结果:2种方法对8个样品效价的检测结果无显著统计学差异(P=0.997,配对t检验)。结论:初步建立了改良抗体结合试验,可用于狂犬病疫苗中间产品的质量控制。     

地高辛标记DNA探针杂交法检测Vero细胞DNA残留量的适用性验证及应用

目的对地高辛标记DNA探针杂交法检测人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)DNA残留量进行适用性验证及应用。方法对地高辛标记DNA探针杂交法检测人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)DNA残留量进行特异性、灵敏度及稳定性验证,并应用该方法检测3批人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)的DNA残留量。结果地高辛标记探针的标记效率为0.1 pg。验证结果显示探针与非同源DNA无杂交;最低检测限度为1 pg;探针在-20℃放置7个月后,检测灵敏度仍可达到1 pg;3批人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)中残留DNA含量均符合《中国药典》规定质量控制标准。结论地高辛标记DNA探针杂交法特异性、灵敏度好,结果稳定,适用于人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)中Vero细胞DNA残留量的检测及疫苗生产过程和其成品的质量控制,对其他以Vero细胞为基质的病毒性疫苗质量控制具有借鉴意义。     

两种狂犬病毒IgG抗体检测试剂盒的比较

目的了解员工暴露前接种人用狂犬病疫苗后的免疫效果,并对比使用两种不同试剂盒检测抗体阳转率是否存在差异。方法采集员工接种人用狂犬病疫苗(地鼠肾细胞)以及冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)共计172例,分别使用两种狂犬病毒抗体检测试剂盒(试剂盒A、B)进行检测,统计血清中狂犬病毒Ig G抗体的水平,计算阳转率并比较差异。结果使用试剂盒A检测接种人用狂犬病疫苗(地鼠肾细胞)者血清样本的阳转率为91.7%,接种冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)者血清样本的阳转率为51.0%;使用试剂盒B检测接种人用狂犬病疫苗(地鼠肾细胞)者血清样本的阳转率为100.0%,接种冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)者血清样本的阳转率为74.5%。使用试剂盒B检测接种人用狂犬病疫苗(地鼠肾细胞)者血清样本的阳转率比试剂盒A高8.3%,使用试剂盒B检测接种冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)者血清样本的阳转率比试剂盒A高23.5%。结论两种不同试剂盒上检测的抗体阳转率都反映出人用狂犬病疫苗(地鼠肾细胞)比冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)的免疫效果好;使用两种不同试剂盒检测抗体阳转率的差异均具有统计学意义。     

不同狂犬病毒株抗原反应性的比较研究

应用ELISA法对285份免疫前及健康人血清和742份以不同毒株制备的狂犬病疫苗(aG株、CaG株、CTN株,PM株)全程免疫后人群的血清标本进行抗狂犬病毒抗体的检测。结果显示CTN株病毒抗原对不同毒株狂犬病疫苗免疫后血清的抗体阳性检出率均能达到90％以上,且与SNT效价的相关性较好;而aG株抗原对除aG株以外其它毒株狂犬病疫苗免疫后血清的阳性检出率仅为50％左右。因此不同毒株狂犬病毒抗原的反应性存在明显差异,选用纯度高、活性好的CTN株病毒或两株病毒以不同比例混合作为ELISA检测用抗原,测定疫苗免疫后人群的抗体水平,可获得满意的结果。     

ELISA法和NIH法检测狂犬病疫苗抗原量的比较研究

建立优化了用于狂犬病疫苗抗原量检测的ＥＬＩＳＡ方法,并与目前所用的ＮＩＨ法进行了比较,两种方法测定的相对效力符合性良好。与ＮＩＨ法相比,ＥＬＩＳＡ方法具有操作简便、省时省工、降低成本、缩短周期、重复性好、结果可靠等优点,可取代疫苗原液、半成品检测所用的ＮＩＨ法。     

高效价冻干人用狂犬病疫苗暴露后免疫程序的研究

初步确定高效价冻干人用狂犬病疫苗（6．0IU／剂）暴露后免疫程序。制备高效价的冻干人用狂犬病疫苗（6．0IU／剂）,以狂犬病街毒CNX8601和BD06分别攻击小鼠和比格犬的咬肌,接种不同效价的狂犬病疫苗,以RFFIT法检测中和抗体,根据动物死亡情况,计算暴露后疫苗保护率,对不同效价的疫苗进行中和抗体测定和保护率统计分析。在以小鼠为实验动物的疫苗保护率研究中,冻干人用狂犬病疫苗（3．1IU／剂）0／3／7／14／28免疫程序的保护率为40．6％,高效价的冻干人用狂犬病疫苗（6．0IU／剂）0／3／14免疫程序的保护率为56．2％,中和抗体比较,P〈0．05,2组间有显著性差异;在以比格犬为实验动物的保护效果研究中,冻干人用狂犬病疫苗的保护率（3．1IU／剂）为70％;高效价的冻干人用狂犬病疫苗（6．0IU／剂）的保护率为80％,中和抗体的比较,P〉0．05,没有显著性差异。高效价冻干人用狂犬病疫苗暴露后免疫程序可初步确定为0、3、14d免疫。     

一种新型原代地鼠肾细胞（PHKC）精制狂犬病疫苗的实验室质量评估

本文通过对一种新型疫苗－ＰＨＫＣ精制狂犬病疫苗的全面实验室检定并与法国Ｖｅｒｏ细胞狂犬病疫苗比较,认为该疫苗安全性良好,纯度较高,与法国Ｖｅｒｏ细胞狂犬病疫苗具有相同的免疫效果。     

应用生物反应器建立人用冻干狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)生产工艺的研究

应用15L生物反应器,采用片状载体对Vero细胞进行高密度培养、制备高毒力滴度的狂犬病毒收获液,经纯化后生产人用冻干狂犬病疫苗。采用15L生物反应器对培养方法(批次培养和连续灌流培养)进行试验,收获高毒力滴度的狂犬病毒收获液并制备人用冻干狂犬病疫苗。结果表明:Vero细胞在接种狂犬病毒后可以连续收获病毒液达到25d以上,冻干狂犬病疫苗的效价可以达到5.54IU/剂。本工艺可以用于进行大规模的人用冻干狂犬疫苗的生产。     

2566例暴露后狂犬病伤口处置与疫苗应用调查分析

为降低狂犬病的发生,对狂犬病暴露后伤口处置及疫苗使用情况进行研究。对2007年1月1日至7月31日广西玉林市疾病预防控制中心预防医学门诊就诊患者狂犬病暴露后处置情况进行统计分析。在2566例患者中受伤后<24h就诊占80.22%,92.59%病人到门诊进行伤口处理;100%患者接种狂犬疫苗,9.98%的患者进行人狂犬病免疫球蛋白注射。2566例患者无一例发生狂犬病。这与暴露后较及时规范地进行伤口处理、疫苗接种与抗狂犬病血清或人狂犬病免疫球蛋白注射有一定关系。     

Removing residual DNA from Vero-cell culture-derived human rabies vaccine by using nuclease

The clearance of host cell DNA is a critical indicator for Vero-cell culture-derived rabies vaccine. In this study, we evaluated the clearance of DNA in Vero-cell culture-derived rabies vaccine by purification process utilizing ultrafiltration, nuclease digestion, and gel filtration chromatography. The results showed that the bioprocess of using nuclease decreased residual DNA. Dot-blot hybridization analysis showed that the residual host cell DNA was <100 pg/ml in the final product. The residual nuclease in rabies vaccine was less than 0.1 ng/ml protein. The residual nuclease could not paly the biologically active role of digestion of DNA. Experiments of stability showed that the freeze-drying rabies virus vaccine was stable and titers were >5.0 IU/ml. Immunogenicity test and protection experiments indicated mice were greatly induced generation of neutralizing antibodies and invoked protective effects immunized with intraperitoneal injections of the rabies vaccine. These results demonstrated that the residual DNA was removed from virus particles and nuclease was removed by gel filtration chromatography. The date indicated that technology was an efficient method to produce rabies vaccine for human use by using nuclease.     

人用狂犬病疫苗浓缩前后内毒素含量变化的研究

本文采用显色鲎试验法测定人用狂犬病疫苗浓缩前后半成品中内毒素含量。经鲎试验抑制增强实验确定人用狂犬病疫苗半成品对鲎试验法测定内毒素无干扰作用。样品经系列稀释,测定光吸收值（５４５ｎｍ）,然后将其对数回归直线与标准品的反应直线比较,结果表明,两者间有平行关系,经对四个生物制品研究所的样品进行测定,结果显示,人用狂犬病疫苗经超滤浓缩后内毒素含量有所增加,但在被检３１批样品中,除一所二批浓苗外,其余２９批均低于以往测得的最低家兔致热剂量（３．３２ＥＵ／ｍｌ／Ｋｇ）。     

The use of an E1-deleted, replication-defective adenovirus recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein for early vaccination of mice against rabies virus.

An E1-deleted, replication-defective adenovirus recombinant of the human strain 5 expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein, termed Adrab.gp, was tested in young mice. Mice immunized at birth with the Adrab.gp construct developed antibodies to rabies virus and cytokine-secreting lymphocytes and were protected against subsequent challenge. Maternal immunity to rabies virus strongly interferes with vaccination of the offspring with a traditional inactivated rabies virus vaccine. The immune response to the rabies virus glycoprotein, as presented by the Adrab.gp vaccine, on the other hand, was not impaired by maternal immunity. Even neonatal immunization of mice born to rabies virus-immune dams with Adrab.gp construct resulted in a long-lasting protective immune response to rabies virus, suggesting that this type of vaccine could be useful for immunization shortly after birth. Nevertheless, pups born to Adrab.gp virus-immune dams showed an impaired immune response to the rabies virus glycoprotein upon vaccination with the Adrab.gp virus, indicating that maternal immunity to the vaccine carrier affected the offspring's immune response to rabies virus.     

Novel, chimpanzee serotype 68-based adenoviral vaccine carrier for induction of antibodies to a transgene product

An E1-deletion-containing adenoviral recombinant based on the chimpanzee serotype 68 (AdC68) was developed to express the rabies virus glycoprotein. Mice immunized with this construct (AdC68rab.gp) developed antibodies to rabies virus and remained resistant to challenge with an otherwise lethal dose of rabies virus. In na?ve mice immunized intranasally, the rabies virus-specific antibody responses elicited by AdC68rab.gp were comparable with regard to both titers and isotype profiles to those induced by an adenoviral recombinant based on human serotype 5 (Adhu5) expressing the same transgene product. In contrast, subcutaneous immunization with the AdC68rab.gp vaccine resulted in markedly lower antibody responses to the rabies virus glycoprotein than the corresponding Adhu5 vaccine. Antibodies from AdC68rab.gp-immunized mice were strongly biased towards the immunoglobulin G2a isotype. The antibody response to the rabies virus glycoprotein presented by Adhu5rab.gp was severely compromised in animals preexposed to the homologous adenovirus. In contrast, the rabies virus-specific antibody response to the AdC68rab.gp vaccine was at most marginally affected by preexisting immunity to common human adenovirus serotypes, such as 2, 4, 5, 7, and 12. This novel vaccine carrier thus offers a distinct advantage over adenoviral vaccines based on common human serotypes.     

Post-exposure Treatment with Anti-rabies VHH and Vaccine Significantly Improves Protection of Mice from Lethal Rabies Infection

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) against rabies infection consists of a combination of passive immunisation with plasma-derived human or equine immune globulins and active immunisation with vaccine delivered shortly after exposure. Since anti-rabies immune globulins are expensive and scarce, there is a need for cheaper alternatives that can be produced more consistently. Previously, we generated potent virus-neutralising VHH, also called Nanobodies, against the rabies glycoprotein that are effectively preventing lethal disease in an in vivo mouse model. The VHH domain is the smallest antigen-binding functional fragment of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies that can be manufactured in microbial expression systems. In the current study we evaluated the efficacy of half-life extended anti-rabies VHH in combination with vaccine for PEP in an intranasal rabies infection model in mice. The PEP combination therapy of systemic anti-rabies VHH and intramuscular vaccine significantly delayed the onset of disease compared to treatment with anti-rabies VHH alone, prolonged median survival time (35 versus 14 days) and decreased mortality (60% versus 19% survival rate), when treated 24 hours after rabies virus challenge. Vaccine alone was unable to rescue mice from lethal disease. As reported also for immune globulins, some interference of anti-rabies VHH with the antigenicity of the vaccine was observed, but this did not impede the synergistic effect. Post exposure treatment with vaccine and human anti-rabies immune globulins was unable to protect mice from lethal challenge. Anti-rabies VHH and vaccine act synergistically to protect mice after rabies virus exposure, which further validates the possible use of anti-rabies VHH for rabies PEP.