转基因作物安全性的解决方法研究进展

随着转基因技术的不断发展,转基因作物的种植面积逐年扩大.转基因技术在解决全球不断增长的粮食需求和保障农业的可持续发展等方面发挥了重要作用.然而,人们对转基因作物和转基因食品的安全性一直存在争议.为了解决这个问题,科学家研究出了多项分子技术来消除转基因带来的潜在威胁,尤其是近几年出现的"外源基因清除技术",有望成为解决该问题的有力工具.综述了几种解决转基因作物安全性问题的方法及其最新进展,并对几种方法进行了优缺点分析.     

转基因农产品安全性评价研究进展北大核心CSCD

转基因生物技术的迅速发展使其成为解决世界粮食短缺和农业环境污染问题,以及提高粮食营养和加工品质的主要手段。随着转基因作物商品化生产进程不断推进,转基因农产品种类和数量急剧增加,但转基因农产品的安全性仍受到怀疑,引起了民众的高度关注。就转基因农产品安全性评价的必要性,食用安全性评价、加工安全性评价和饲用安全性评价的内容和国内外研究进展分别概述,并多角度探讨了转基因农产品安全性评价的关键问题,包括新型转基因农产品的安全性评价、转基因农产品的食用安全标准化等,以期使民众科学地认知转基因农产品的安全性,并为转基因农产品安全性评价标准体系的建设提供科学依据和支撑。     

转基因农产品安全性评价研究进展

转基因生物技术的迅速发展使其成为解决世界粮食短缺和农业环境污染问题,以及提高粮食营养和加工品质的主要手段。随着转基因作物商品化生产进程不断推进,转基因农产品种类和数量急剧增加,但转基因农产品的安全性仍受到怀疑,引起了民众的高度关注。就转基因农产品安全性评价的必要性,食用安全性评价、加工安全性评价和饲用安全性评价的内容和国内外研究进展分别概述,并多角度探讨了转基因农产品安全性评价的关键问题,包括新型转基因农产品的安全性评价、转基因农产品的食用安全标准化等,以期使民众科学地认知转基因农产品的安全性,并为转基因农产品安全性评价标准体系的建设提供科学依据和支撑。     

转基因作物外源基因漂移风险及其控制技术研究进展

随着转基因技术的飞速发展,越来越多的转基因作物新品种培育成功。转基因作物以其抗病虫、抗除草剂、优质高产及环境友好型等优良性状被广泛种植,而随之引起的一系列生态风险也越来越引起人们的广泛关注。其中,外源基因漂移导致的生态风险问题是转基因作物环境安全性评价的重要内容之一,尤其在转基因作物19年的商业化种植过程中,外源基因漂移风险管理技术在生产中的应用更不容忽视。本文对转基因作物的花粉介导、种子介导、根际分泌物和无性繁殖器官介导等4种外源基因漂移的主要途径及其引起的生态风险和相关控制技术等进行了综述,以期为转基因作物的环境安全评价及生产中的科学监管提供科学依据。     

转基因耐除草剂大豆的食用安全评价研究进展

转基因大豆是目前种植最广泛的转基因作物之一,其中具有耐除草剂特性的转基因大豆占比最高。公众对转基因食品一直争议不断,因此,其批准商业化种植前的食用安全性评价显得尤为重要。已有研究显示,转基因耐除草剂大豆已经商业化种植了二十多年,迄今为止还没有观察到任何不良反应。目前已经批准的转基因耐除草剂大豆均进行了严格的毒理学评价、过敏性评价和营养学评价,经过严格评价后上市的转基因大豆可以放心食用。综述了转基因耐除草剂大豆的主要类型,分析了可能存在的安全性问题,对转基因耐除草剂大豆的食用安全性评价方法进行了总结,以期为后续相关转基因食品安全性评价工作的开展提供借鉴。     

专稿2008年全球生物技术/转基因作物商业化发展态势——第一个十三年(1996-2008)

本文介绍了2008年转基因作物的主要情况。由于采用转基因作物取得了巨大经济、环境和社会效益,2008年（转基因作物商业化的第十三个年头）,全世界上百万小型和资源匮乏型农户继续种植转基因作物,种植面积有了较大增长（图1）。2008年在其它几个重要的方面也取得了进步：全球种植转基因作物的面积、国家数量和农户数量明显增多,在最具挑战性的非洲取得了实质性进展,更多地采用复合性状作物,引进新的转基因作物。转基因作物能够对全球社会面临的主要挑战做出贡献,包括：食品安全、高价食品、可持续发展、减轻贫穷和饥饿的压力、缓解气候变化带来的挑战等。     

2012年全球生物技术/转基因作物商业化发展态势

1概况 2012年是转基因作物商业化的第17年,转基因作物种植面积持续增加 2012年,全球转基因作物种植面积达到1.703亿公顷,比2011年的1.6亿公顷增长了6％,即1030万公顷.作为转基因作物商业化的第17年,在连续16年(1996～2011年)的增长后,2012年转基因作物种植面积持续增加. 生物技术是应用最为迅速的作物技术 2012年标志着转基因作物种植面积前所未有的增长,从1996年到2012年增加了100倍,由170万公顷增至1.7亿公顷.这一增长使得转基因技术以可观的利润成为现代农业史上应用最迅速的作物技术. 全球数百万农民因利益可观而选择了种植转基因作物 从1996年至2012年,来自全球约30个国家的数百万农民种植了转基因作物,这是对生物技术作物益处的最有力的证明.     

转基因作物生物安全:科学证据

通过对美国Web of Science数据平台的全部转基因作物生物安全SCI论文的检索,研究了有关转基因作物生物安全的科学证据。得出科学家比消费者更关心转基因技术的安全性;批准商业化生产的转基因技术经过了有史以来最为严格的生物学安全检验与检测,并建立了有史以来最为严格的监管体系;在所发表的全部9333篇转基因生物安全论文中,90%以上的论文证明转基因技术的安全性与传统非转基因作物无显著差异;而对于所有得出转基因食品不安全结论的论文的追踪研究发现,其研究结论被证明是在错误的研究材料或方法条件下得出的。     

转基因作物的食用与环境安全性问题及其对策

自转基因技术研发和商业化生产以来,针对转基因作物的食用安全性和环境安全性问题一直是公众争论的焦点。面对全球粮食安全形势的严峻压力,如何使公众对转基因技术及其产品的客观性保持一种科学性的认识,是摆在各国(特别是发展中国家)政府和科学家面前不可忽视的课题。本文从食品和环境两个方面简要介绍了转基因作物的安全性问题,旨在还原转基因技术的科学真实性,并简要提出转基因作物的安全性对策。     

转基因食品发展状况与效益

从1996年转基因作物首次规模化应用以来,转基因食品已经历了13年的发展.截至2008年,全球已有25个国家批准转基因作物商业化种植,全年种植面积达1.25亿公顷,产值达75亿美元,13年间增长了84倍.转基因食品在飞速发展的同时带来了巨大的经济和社会效益,并且得到日益广泛的认同和接受.     

Removing politics from innovations that improve food security

Genetically modified (GM) organisms and crops have been a feature of food production for over 30 years. Despite extensive science-based risk assessment, the public and many politicians remain concerned with the genetic manipulation of crops, particularly food crops. Many governments have addressed public concern through biosafety legislation and regulatory frameworks that identify and regulate risks to ensure human health and environmental safety. These domestic regulatory frameworks align to international scientific risk assessment methodologies on a case-by-case basis. Regulatory agencies in 70 countries around the world have conducted in excess of 4400 risk assessments, all reaching the same conclusion: GM crops and foods that have been assessed provide no greater risk to human health or the environment than non-GM crops and foods. Yet, while the science regarding the safety of GM crops and food appears conclusive and societal benefits have been globally demonstrated, the use of innovative products have only contributed minimal improvements to global food security. Regrettably, politically-motivated regulatory barriers are currently being implemented with the next genomic innovation, genome editing, the implications of which are also discussed in this article. A decade of reduced global food insecurity was witnessed from 2005 to 2015, but regrettably, the figure has subsequently risen. Why is this the case? Reasons have been attributed to climate variability, biotic and abiotic stresses, lack of access to innovative technologies and political interference in decision making processes. This commentary highlights how political interference in the regulatory approval process of GM crops is adversely affecting the adoption of innovative, yield enhancing crop varieties, thereby limiting food security opportunities in food insecure economies.

     

Exploitation of molecular profiling techniques for GM food safety assessment

Several strategies have been developed to identify unintended alterations in the composition of genetically modified (GM) food crops that may occur as a result of the genetic modification process. These include comparative chemical analysis of single compounds in GM food crops and their conventional non-GM counterparts, and profiling methods such as DNA/RNA microarray technologies, proteomics and metabolite profiling. The potential of profiling methods is obvious, but further exploration of specificity, sensitivity and validation is needed. Moreover, the successful application of profiling techniques to the safety evaluation of GM foods will require linked databases to be built that contain information on variations in profiles associated with differences in developmental stages and environmental conditions.     

国际上主要国家和地区农业转基因产品的标识制度

转基因标识是表明产品含有转基因成分或者由转基因生物生产、加工而成的一种标识。随着全球转基因技术研发和应用的不断推进,国际上对农业转基因产品的标识管理更加关注与重视。通过阐述农业转基因产品标识制度的形成与发展过程,研究欧盟、美国、加拿大、日本、韩国等主要国家和地区的转基因产品标识管理制度,总结出成分关注标识、过程关注标识、自愿标识、强制性标识、定性标识、定量标识、全面标识、目录标识等不同标识类别的特点与利弊,并分析了国际上关于标识豁免及阴性标识等方面的政策规定,为我国的农业转基因产品标识管理工作提供了启示与参考。     

我国农业转基因生物安全管理现状

转基因技术可以打破物种界限,实现作物性状的定向改造,在解决粮食增产、环境污染、节水增效,以及改进农产品质量等方面显示出巨大潜力。同时,转基因技术具有潜在的风险,转基因生物的安全性受到人们的广泛关注。本文介绍了我国农业转基因生物安全管理状况,包括法规制度体系、安全评价体系和安全监管体系,旨在让人们更好地了解我国农业转基因生物安全管理知识。     

Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods: the importance of an holistic,integrative approach

Genes change continuously by natural mutation and recombination enabling man to select and breed crops having the most desirable traits such as yield or flavour. Genetic modification (GM) is a recent development which allows specific genes to be identified, isolated, copied and inserted into other plants with a high level of specificity. The food safety considerations for GM crops are basically the same as those arising from conventionally bred crops, very few of which have been subject to any testing yet are generally regarded as being safe to eat. In contrast a rigorous safety testing paradigm has been developed for GM crops, which utilises a systematic, stepwise and holistic approach. The resultant science based process, focuses on a classical evaluation of the toxic potential of the introduced novel trait and the wholesomeness of the transformed crop. In addition, detailed consideration is given to the history and safe use of the parent crop as well as that of the gene donor. The overall safety evaluation is conducted under the concept known as substantial equivalence which is enshrined in all international crop biotechnology guidelines. This provides the framework for a comparative approach to identify the similarities and differences between the GM product and its comparator which has a known history of safe use. By building a detailed profile on each step in the transformation process, from parent to new crop, and by thoroughly evaluating the significance from a safety perspective, of any differences that may be detected, a very comprehensive matrix of information is constructed which enables the conclusion as to whether the GM crop, derived food or feed is as safe as its traditional counterpart. Using this approach in the evaluation of more than 50 GM crops which have been approved worldwide, the conclusion has been that foods and feeds derived from genetically modified crops are as safe and nutritious as those derived from traditional crops. The lack of any adverse effects resulting from the production and consumption of GM crops grown on more than 300 million cumulative acres over the last 5 years supports these safety conclusions.     

Assessment of the food safety issues related to genetically modified foods

International consensus has been reached on the principles regarding evaluation of the food safety of genetically modified plants. The concept of substantial equivalence has been developed as part of a safety evaluation framework, based on the idea that existing foods can serve as a basis for comparing the properties of genetically modified foods with the appropriate counterpart. Application of the concept is not a safety assessment per se, but helps to identify similarities and differences between the existing food and the new product, which are then subject to further toxicological investigation. Substantial equivalence is a starting point in the safety evaluation, rather than an endpoint of the assessment. Consensus on practical application of the principle should be further elaborated. Experiences with the safety testing of newly inserted proteins and of whole genetically modified foods are reviewed, and limitations of current test methodologies are discussed. The development and validation of new profiling methods such as DNA microarray technology, proteomics, and metabolomics for the identification and characterization of unintended effects, which may occur as a result of the genetic modification, is recommended. The assessment of the allergenicity of newly inserted proteins and of marker genes is discussed. An issue that will gain importance in the near future is that of post-marketing surveillance of the foods derived from genetically modified crops. It is concluded, among others that, that application of the principle of substantial equivalence has proven adequate, and that no alternative adequate safety assessment strategies are available.     

EFSA’s scientific activities and achievements on the risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) during its first decade of existence: looking back and ahead

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and derived food and feed products are subject to a risk analysis and regulatory approval before they can enter the market in the European Union (EU). In this risk analysis process, the role of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which was created in 2002 in response to multiple food crises, is to independently assess and provide scientific advice to risk managers on any possible risks that the use of GMOs may pose to human and animal health and the environment. EFSA’s scientific advice is elaborated by its GMO Panel with the scientific support of several working groups and EFSA’s GMO Unit. This review presents EFSA’s scientific activities and highlights its achievements on the risk assessment of GMOs for the first 10 years of its existence. Since 2002, EFSA has issued 69 scientific opinions on genetically modified (GM) plant market registration applications, of which 62 for import and processing for food and feed uses, six for cultivation and one for the use of pollen (as or in food), and 19 scientific opinions on applications for marketing products made with GM microorganisms. Several guidelines for the risk assessment of GM plants, GM microorganisms and GM animals, as well as on specific issues such as post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) were elaborated. EFSA also provided scientific advice upon request of the European Commission on safeguard clause and emergency measures invoked by EU Member States, annual PMEM reports, the potential risks of new biotechnology-based plant breeding techniques, evaluations of previously assessed GMOs in the light of new scientific publications, and the use of antibiotic resistance marker genes in GM plants. Future challenges relevant to the risk assessment of GMOs are discussed. EFSA’s risk assessments of GMO applications ensure that data are analysed and presented in a way that facilitates scientifically sound decisions that protect human and animal health and the environment.     

利用决策树方法建立转基因植物环境生物安全评价诊断平台

转基因技术及其产品是解决世界粮食问题的重要途径之一, 但是包括食品和环境安全在内的转基因生物安全评价是转基因技术及其产品商品化应用的前提和保证。现有的人为生物安全评价方法存在着一定的不足, 难以应对数量日益增加和内容日趋复杂的转基因产品的安全评价需求, 因此找寻一种客观和高效的评价方法势在必行。决策树(decision tree)方法是现今广泛使用的数据挖掘和分析的决策方法之一, 通过将需要解答问题的层层分解并分别解决, 最终得到理想的决策结果, 在处理复杂问题方面具有独特的优势。本文旨在通过介绍决策树的概念、特性、种类及其构建方法, 探索将决策树方法应用于建立转基因植物环境生物安全评价诊断平台的可行性, 并分析构建的诊断平台在高效、准确和客观地进行转基因植物环境生物安全评价, 以及对新一代转基因产品环境安全性的预测和普及环境安全知识等方面的优势, 为进一步推动转基因技术的发展和转基因产品的安全利用奠定基础。     

转基因生物相关平台的构建

在转基因生物全球化形势下,我国十分重视转基因生物安全管理及转基因生物安全性风险交流。通过建设转基因生物相关平台,可以加强我国转基因生物安全评价、转基因生物检测、风险交流及信息的整理和共享,拓宽我国转基因生物安全管理服务和信息交流渠道。平台主要由五部分组成,即:转基因生物安全性评价数据库、转基因生物安全检测方法数据库、转基因生物安全管理政策法规数据库、转基因生物检测服务子平台、公众风险交流子平台。平台的访问界面友好、美观、实用,能方便快捷地为用户提供信息查询和浏览等服务。平台可于此地址浏览:http://www.shgmo.org/。