Modification of Seed Growth in Soybean by Physical Restraint: Effect on Leaf Senescence

Crafts-Brandner, S. J. and Egli, D. B. 1987. Modification ofseed growth in soybean by physical restraint. Effect on leafsenescence.—J. exp. Bot. 38: 2043–2049. The effect of total plant sink size on leaf senescence in soybean[Glycine max (L.) Merrill] was investigated by using a simple,non-destructive method to decrease seed growth rate and totalplant fruit sink size without altering fruit or seed number.The treatment consisted of placing plastic pod restriction devices(PPRD), which were made from plastic drinking straws (6·35mm diameter), over the fruits so that all of the seeds werecontained within the PPRD's. The treatment did not alter thetime of initiation of leaf senescence for two cultivars (McCalland Maple Amber), but decreased the rate of leaf senescencebased on declines in chlorophyll, ribulose-l,5-hi'sphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase level and carbon dioxide exchange rate.The treatment also delayed seed maturation. At the time of seedmaturation, the plants still retained green leaves. In a separate experiment, one seed in each fruit (40% of theseeds on the plant) was not restrained by the PPRD's. This treatmentled to an intermediate rate of leaf senescence compared to controland complete seed restriction treatments. The results indicatedthat, for the cultivars examined (1) leaf senescence was initiatedat the same time regardless of sink size (2) the rate of leafsenescence could be modified by altering sink size and (3) seedmaturation could occur without complete leaf yellowing and leafabscission. The effect of the PPRD treatments on leaf senescencewere similar to results obtained when fruits were physicallyremoved, which indicated that physical removal of fruits doesnot lead to artefacts due to wounding of the plants. Key words: Glycine max L, senescence, source-sink     

Source-sink Relationships, Seed Sucrose Levels and Seed Growth Rates in Soybean

Field experiments using two soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)cultivars (‘Elgin 87’ and ‘Essex’) wereconducted for 2 years near Lexington, KY, USA to evaluate theeffect of source-sink alterations on seed carbohydrate statusand growth. Sucrose concentrations in developing cotyledonsof control plants were consistently low (<50 m M) early inseed development, but they increased to 100–150 m M byphysiological maturity. The concentrations increased in bothyears by 47 to 59% when 90% of the pods were removed from ‘Elgin87’, but the increase had no effect on individual seedgrowth rate (SGR). Shading (80%) reduced cotyledon sucrose levelsand SGR in both years. The critical cotyledon sucrose concentration(the concentration providing 80% of the maximum cotyledon growthrate) was estimated fromin vitro cotyledon growth at sucroseconcentrations of 0–200 m M. These critical concentrationsvaried from 72–124 m M;in planta control cotyledon sucroseconcentrations were below this critical level during the firsthalf of seed growth but exceeded it in the later stages of growthin all experiments. The estimated critical concentration wasconsistent with the failure of in planta SGR to respond to anincrease in assimilate supply and with the reduction in SGRassociated with a decrease in assimilate supply. The resultssuggest that soybean SGR is generally sink limited if photosynthesisincreases during seed filling, but source limited if photosynthesisis reduced. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Glycine max(L.) Merrill, soybean, source-sink ratios, sucrose, starch, depodding, shade, in vitro culture     

Seed Water Relations and the Regulation of the Duration of Seed Growth in Soybean

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds and cotyledons weregrown in an in vitro culture system to investigate the relationshipsbetween cell expansion (net water uptake by the seed) and drymatter accumulation. Seeds or cotyledons grown in a completenutrient medium containing 200 mol m^–3 sucrose continueddry matter accumulation for up to 16 d after in planta seedsreached physiological maturity (maximum seed dry weight). Seedor cotyledon water content increased throughout the cultureperiod and the water concentration remained above 600 g kg^–1fresh weight. These data indicate that the cessation of seeddry matter accumulation is controlled by the physiological environmentof the seed and is not a pre-determined seed characteristic.Adding 600 mol m^–3 mannitol to the medium caused a decreasein seed water content and concentration. Seeds in this mediumstopped accumulating dry matter at a water concentration ofapproximately 550 g kg^–1. The data suggest that dry matteraccumulation by soybean seeds can continue only as long as thereis a net uptake of water to drive cell expansion. In the absenceof a net water uptake, continued dry matter accumulation causesdesiccation which triggers maturation. Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merrill, solution culture, duration of seed growth, water content, dry matter accumulation     

Rapid Changes in Translocation Patterns in Soybeans following Source-Sink Alterations

The effects of source-sink alterations on the translocation patterns to soybean (“Fiskeby V”) pods were studied using a pod leakage technique. The distribution of assimilates from a source leaf using double pulse experiments was followed at the pods at the source node and the node immediately below. Alterations were made by shading, illuminating, or excising two-thirds of the leaf area of the leaf at the node below. In control experiments both pulses exhibited identical time-course patterns at both nodes. Shading the lower leaf during the first half of the experiment and illuminating during the second reduced the distribution of ¹⁴C-assimilate to the lower node's pods from the source leaf by approximately 30 to 50% while having no effect at the source node. Illuminating the lower leaf during the first half of the experiment followed by excision of two-thirds of that leaf's area and shading increased the import from the source leaf by 4- to 33-fold relative to the control while reducing the distribution to the source node by up to 40%. The change in distribution pattern took place in less than 30 minutes with no apparent change in the source leaf net photosynthesis or in the rate of movement to the pods. The results indicate that any alterations in the source-sink balance will quickly produce a change in the distribution patterns to the pods.     

两种植物生长调节剂浸种对大豆根系解剖结构的影响

在砂培框栽条件下,研究植物生长调节剂2-N,N-二乙胺基乙基己酸酯（DTA-6）和烯效唑（S3307）浸种对大豆‘垦农4号’根系生长的调控效应,并比较不同浓度条件下2种植物生长调节剂对大豆根系的显微结构及超微结构的影响。结果表明,50mg·L-1DTA-6和0.4mg·L-1S3307浸种后中柱鞘直径、根系木质部及韧皮部截面积均增加,线粒体及淀粉质体等结构清晰,线粒体、淀粉质体、质体数量丰富;而其他浸种处理对根细胞发育的上述指标的调控效果不显著。综合分析表明,50mg·L-1DTA-6和0.4mg·L-1S3307浸种有利于大豆根系的生长发育。     

The Effect of Growth Conditions on the Seed Size/Number Trade-Off

Background

If the amount of resources allocated to reproduction (K) is fixed, then an increase in seed mass (S) can only be achieved by a decrease in seed number (n = K/S). Thus, log(n) = log(K)−log(S) producing a slope of −1 when seed mass and number are plotted on log-log axes. However, in comparative studies, empirical support for a slope of −1 is limited and contentious, leading some to question the utility of this concept.

Methodology/Principal Findings

First, we show that the expected slope depends on whether genotypes and species producing seeds of different mass are expected to reach the same adult size and that this in turn depends partly on the nature of growth. Second, we present experimental results using a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Arabidopsis thaliana. When these RILs are grown in large pots with plentiful nutrients, they exhibit a trade-off between seed size and number with a slope of −1.68 (±0.18) on log-log axes. This occurs because of genetic correlations between seed mass and adult size so that, under the right growth conditions, lines producing lighter seeds have the genetic potential to produce larger rosettes and hence a greater total mass of seeds. We re-grew lines in small pots (10 and 40 mm diameter) in a nutrient-poor substrate so that final adult size was heavily restricted by pot size.

Conclusions/Significance

Under our growth conditions, small-seeded lines were unable to produce a greater total mass of seeds. Hence a trade-off emerged between seed mass and seed number with a slope of −1.166±0.319 on log-log axes in 40-mm diameter pots (close to the expected value of −1), although the slope was 0.132±0.263 in 10-mm diameter pots, demonstrating that the nature of the trade-off is sensitive to the growth conditions.     

秸秆发酵液对大豆种子萌发的影响

用大豆、玉米和水稻秸秆,自然发酵1、3、5d的发酵液,浸泡大豆(Glydnne,max)种子8h,置于室温下培养。结果显示玉米秸秆自然发酵5d的发酵液浸种,大豆种子的发芽指数比对照组增加了31．70％,活力指数是对照组的1．86倍。玉米秸杆发酵液有效地促进了大豆种子的萌发。     

Effect of Herbicides and Oat Amendment on Soybean Disease Development and Seed Quality

The effects of four herbicides and hand weeding and no weeding on soybean disease development and seed quality were studied in the field. Chloramben, dinoseb, fluchloralin, and trifluralin were preplant incorporated at recommended rates. In addition, the effect of an in-furrow oat (Avena sativa L.) amendment used as an inoculum carrier was studied in all treatments. Compared with the hand-weeded control, yield, incidence of Septoria leafspot (Septoria glycines), and the recovery of Phomopsis spp. from pod and stem tissues were reduced in the week-infested control and dinosebtreated plots. Recovery of Alternaria spp. was greater from crown tissues of plants grown in chloramben- and fluchloralin-treated plots compared with, either the weed-infested or hand-weeded control. Septoria leafspot ratings and recovery of Phomopsis spp. from various plant tissues were higher in plants from hand-weeded plots compared with weed-infested plots, whereas the opposite was truefor, the recovery of Fusarium spp. Chloramben-treated plots were high-yielding and had the best weed control of all herbicide treatments. Seed quality was not affected by herbicide treatment. Plants from furrows with autoclaved oats had a lower incidence of Septoria glycines, a greater recovery of Fusarium spp. from pod and stem pieces, and produced seed with lower quality than plants from rows with no oat amendment.     

Symptom Severity, Yield, Seed Mottling and Seed Transmission of Soybean Mosaic Virus in Susceptible and Resistant Soybean: The Influence of Infection Stage and Growth Temperature

The effect of soybean mosaic virus (SMV) infection on symptom severity, yield, seed mottling and seed transmission in soybean in relation to the growth stage at infection and subsequent temperature was investigated using a susceptible (Harosoy), a moderately resistant (Evans) and a highly resistant (Merit) cultivar. Disease symptoms were more severe with early infection. A greater reduction in plant growth and seed yield, and higher percentages of mottled seeds and seed transmission of SMV also occurred with early infection. Virus titer was higher in younger plants than in older ones and also higher in plants infected at the ealier stage than at the later stage of growth. Merit (a highly resistant cultivar previously reported to be immune to seed mottling) inoculated at the early stage of plant growth resulted in infection and production of some mottled seeds. Temperature affected all parameters investigated. The effect of temperature was greater in the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant one. The optimal temperature for symptom severity, yield, seed mottling and seed transmission was 20 °C. Virus titer was highest at 30 °C in all three cultivars. Maturity of susceptible cultivar was delayed by infection.     

大豆粒形性状的遗传效应分析

采用双子叶植物种子数量性状的遗传模型,分析了大豆品种双列杂交F1和F2种子的粒重、粒宽、粒厚和粒长／粒宽、粒长／粒厚、粒宽／粒厚粒形性状的遗传效应。结果表明：7种粒形性状同时受制于种子直接遗传效应,而且还不同程度的受制于母体和细胞质效应。其中,百粒重、粒长、粒长／粒宽、粒长／粒厚和粒宽／粒厚的遗传以细胞质效应为主;粒宽和粒厚以母体遗传效应为主。粒重、粒长和粒长／粒宽、粒宽／粒厚的种子直接遗传率和细胞质遗传率均属中等,对其4个性状选择可以在较高世代单株和单粒选择均有效果。粒宽和粒厚母体遗传率数值较大,对其性状应以母体单株为单位早代选择,以增加粒宽和粒厚。P2和P7可作为增加百粒重、粒长／粒宽、粒长／粒厚和粒宽／粒厚的理想亲本;P1、P4和P6分别是提高粒长、粒厚和粒宽的理想亲本。     

Influence of Carbohydrates on Photosynthesis in Single, Rooted Soybean Leaves Used as a Source-Sink Model

The single rooted leaf of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) wasused to study source-sink relationships in photosynthesis. Whenthe leaves were kept under a regime of 10 h light (410–480µmol photons m^–2, 400–700 nm)–14 h dark,they did not expand, the increase in leaf dry weight almoststopped, and photosynthetic activity remained at a high andconstant level for 8 d while the dry weight of the roots increasedat a constant rate throughout the period. Thus, under this conditionthe leaf and the root system served as the only source and sinkorgans, respectively. When leaves grown for 7 d under this conditionwere placed under continuous light to alter the source/sinkbalance in photosynthate, the root dry weight increased at aconstant rate equal to that found under the 10 h light–14h dark condition. The leaf dry weight markedly increased andby day 5 of continuous light had increased 1.6-fold, mainlyas a consequence of accumulation of starch and sucrose, whichwere not translocated for root growth. The continuous lightcaused an abrupt decrease in the photosynthetic activity (40%of initial value by day 5). However, the activity recoveredalmost completely after a 32-h transfer to darkness. Significantnegative correlations existed between photosynthetic activityand the sucrose and starch contents in the rooted leaves placedunder continuous light. When the plants were treated with variouslight conditions, there was no significant difference (p<0.01)among the regression line slopes for photosynthetic activityon the sucrose content, but there was some deviation among thosefor the photosynthetic activity on the starch content. Thisresult suggests that sucrose accumulated in the leaf has a moredirect influence on photosynthetic activity when the source/sinkbalance was altered. (Received September 9, 1985; Accepted February 21, 1986)     

Soybean Seed Water Relations during in Situ and in Vitro Growth and Maturation

Water, osmotic, and pressure potentials of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) embryos and related maternal tissues were measured during periods of seed growth and maturation to test the involvement of embryo water relations in seed maturation. Seeds were matured in situ or in an in vitro liquid culture medium in detached pods or as isolated seeds. Changes in water relations of embryo tissues were independent of maternal tissues. During seed maturation in situ, water and osmotic potentials in both embryo and maternal tissues declined sharply near the time of maximum dry weight. During in vitro seed culture with and without pods, water and osmotic potentials in axis and cotyledon tissues declined continuously during growth. Water and osmotic potentials of the seed coat, which was present only during in vitro seed culture with pods, changed little during the culture period. Positive turgor in the embryo was maintained beyond maximum dry weight and the loss of green color during in vitro culture but declined to zero at maturity in situ. The osmotic potential in embryo tissues declined from −1.1 megapascals at early pod fill to between −1.65 and −2.2 megapascals at maximum seed dry weight across all maturation environments. It is suggested that the decreasing osmotic potential in the growing soybean embryo reaches a threshold level that is associated with cessation of growth and onset of seed maturation.     

抗生素对大豆愈伤组织的诱导和生长的影响

用红霉素、头孢唑唑钠、头孢拉定、头孢霉素（国产和进口）等5种抗生素对农杆菌LBA4404进行抑菌试验,以头孢霉素的抑菌效果最好。头孢霉素作为抑菌剂用大于豆遗传转化试验时,在下胚轴浓度以300mg/L,在子叶节以500mg/L。大豆品种对卡那霉素的反应在出愈率上表现相似,在褐化率上表现有些不同。大豆不同外植体对卡那霉素的反应存在较大差异,以真叶反应最敏感,下胚轴反应最迟钝。在以卡那霉素作为抗性选择标记时,选择压力真叶和子叶节以50－100mg/L为好,下胚轴以100－200mg/L为宜。     

Influence of Seed Pre-treatments with Plant Growth Regulators on Metabolic Alterations of Germinating Maize Embryos Under Stressing Temperature Regimes

The germination performance of maize seeds (Zea mays L. cv.Partap-1) pre-treated individually with the substituted phthalimideAC 94,377 (1-(3-chlorophthalimido)-cyclohexanecarboxamide),GA₄₊₇ and ABA was markedly improved under sub- and supra-optimaltemperature regimes. ABA was especially stimulatory at the sub-optimaltemperature. Metabolic alterations in the germinating embryosof treated seeds revealed an increased accumulation of solublesugars and proteins compared with the controls under stressingtemperatures. The activities of acid phosphatase, invertase,catalase and peroxidase were seemingly related to the alleviationmetabolism. It is suggested that gibberellins and abscisic acidmay have positive regulatory effects in triggering the systemfor stress alleviation. Germination, Zea mays, temperature, growth regulators, embryos, metabolism     

Different Effect of Humidity on Growth and Salt Tolerance of Two Soybean Cultivars

Two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars, Tachiyutaka and Dare, were grown in pots at 30 and 70 % relative humidity (RH) and treated with 0 (control), 40 (moderate), 80 and 120 (severe) mM NaCl for 3 weeks. Increasing RH enhanced growth of salt sensitive cultivar, Tachiyutaka, but had no effect on salt tolerant cultivar, Dare, under control and moderate saline conditions. Both cultivars benefited from elevated humidity under severe saline conditions. Cultivar Tachiyutaka had poorer ability for controlling translocation of Na⁺ to the leaves, lower Na⁺ exclusion ability in the roots, and lower root activity under NaCl treatment, compared with cv. Dare. The increased growth of cv. Tachiyutaka at high RH was consistent with decreased Na⁺ accumulation in the leaves, increased stomatal conductance and root activity, while the unchanged growth of cv. Dare was consistent with similar Na⁺ accumulation in the leaves, and the decreased root activity.     

The Susceptibility of Soybean Seed Lipids to Artificially-Enhanced Atmospheric Oxidation

Priestley, D. A., Werner, B. G. and Leopold, A. C. 1985. Thesusceptibility of soybean seed lipids to artificially-enhancedatmospheric oxidation.—J. exp. Bot. 36: 1653–1659. As a model system for studying possible oxidation changes insoybeans with ageing, whole soybean seeds, ground soybeans orsoybean oil were exposed to a heated oxygen atmosphere (105°C)for periods of up to 6 d. With the exception of polar lipidsof the embryonic axis, seed lipids were highly resistant tooxidative degradation provided seed structure was maintainedintact; however, the non-lipid fraction of the seed rapidlybecame discoloured. Polar lipids of ground seed material, andboth total and polar lipids in isolated oil, were less stableto oxidation than similar lipids within whole seeds. These resultsindicate that seed organization protects the lipid componentsfrom atmospheric autoxidation. Key words: Soybean, seed lipids, oxidation     

去叶对不同生长习性大豆固氮作用的影响

生殖生长期开始去叶后 ,(1)有限型、亚有限型和无限型 3种类型的大豆根瘤固氮酶活性都降低 ,而根瘤中酰脲含量则不同程度地增加 ;(2 )有限型大豆幼茎中酰脲含量明显增加 ,但亚有限型和无限型大豆变化不大 ;(3) 3种类型大豆幼茎中硝态氮含量增加明显     

Photoperiodically Induced Changes in Seed Growth Rate of Soybean as Related to Endogenous Concentrations of ABA and Sucrose in Seed Tissues

Short-day photoperiods can increase the partitioning of assimilatesto filling seeds of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), resultingin higher seed growth rates. The plant growth substance ABAhas been implicated in the regulation of assimilate transferwithin filling soybean seeds. Thus, we hypothesized that anincreased concentration of endogenous ABA in seeds may enhancesucrose accumulation and seed growth rate of soybeans exposedto short-day photoperiods. Plants of cv. Hood 75 were grownin a greenhouse under an 8-h short-day photoperiod (SD) until11 d after anthesis (DAA) of the first flower, when half ofthe plants were transferred to a night-interruption (NI) treatment(3 h of low-intensity light inserted into the middle of thedark period). Plants remaining in SD throughout seed developmenthad seed growth rates 43% higher than that of plants shiftedto NI (7·6 mg seed^–1 d^–1 vs. 5·3 mgseed^–1 d^–1). On a tissue-water basis, the concentrationof ABA in SD seeds increased rapidly from 7.6 µmol l^–1at 11 DAA to 65·2 µmol l^–1 at 18 DAA, butthen declined to 6·6 µmol l^–1 by 39 DAA.In contrast, the concentration of ABA increased more slowlyin NI seeds, reaching only 47·4 µmol l^–1by 18 DAA, peaking at 57·0 µmol l^–1 on 25DAA, and declining to 10·2 µmol l^–1 by 39DAA. The concentration of sucrose in SD embryos peaked at 73·5mmol l^–1 on 25 DAA and remained relatively constant forthe remainder of the seed-filling period. In NI, the concentrationof sucrose reached only 38·3 mmol 1^–1 by 25 DAA,and peaked at 61·5 µmol l^–1 on 32 DAA. Thusin both SD and NI, sucrose accumulated in embryos only afterthe peak in ABA concentration, suggesting that ABA may havestimulated sucrose movement to the seeds. The earlier accumulationof ABA and sucrose in SD suggests that ABA may have increasedassimilate availability during the critical cell-division period,thus regulating cotyledon cell number and subsequent seed growthrate for the remainder of the seed-filling period. Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Hood 75, soybean, assimilate partitioning, abscisic acid, photoperiod, source-sink