CO2浓度升高对干旱胁迫下小麦光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响

在CO     

大气CO2浓度升高对干旱条件下冬小麦叶片光合适应的影响

大气CO2浓度升高是全球气候变化的主要特征,但大气CO2浓度长期升高条件下冬小麦叶片发生光合适应的机制尚不十分清楚.本研究以盆栽冬小麦'郑麦9023,为试验材料,在人工气候控制室内设置2个CO2浓度(400和600 μmol·mol-1)、2个水分条件(田间持水量的80％±5％和55％±5％),测定拔节期和抽穗期的光合...     

CO2浓度升高对干旱胁迫下小麦光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响

在CO₂浓度分别为350μmol·mol^-1和倍增浓度(700μmol·mol^-1)的两个开顶式生长室内,研究了干旱胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明,CO₂浓度升高显著提高了小麦的净光合速率,降低了蒸腾速率,提高了气孔阻力和水分利用效率.倍增CO₂浓度明显提高了SOD、POD及CAT酶活性,增强了小麦的抗氧化保护能力和抗旱性.     

干旱胁迫和CO2浓度升高条件下白羊草的光合特征

采用盆栽控制试验,研究了黄土丘陵区乡土种白羊草在不同水分水平(80％ FC和40％ FC)和CO2浓度(375和750 μmol·m-2·s-1)处理下的光合生理变化特征.结果表明:干旱胁迫使白羊草的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、表观量子效率(AQE)、气孔导度(gs)、蒸腾速率(Tt)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)和光合色素含量降低,丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量升高.水分充足条件下,与正常大气CO2浓度相比,大气CO2浓度倍增下白羊草的PnmaxMDA和Pro含量无显著差异.干旱胁迫下,CO2浓度升高提高了白羊草的最大荧光(Fm)、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、叶绿素含量和AQE,Pnmax比正常CO2浓度下高23.3％,差异达到显著水平,而MDA和Pro含量均显著降低.CO2浓度升高对干旱胁迫引起的白羊草光合能力下降有一定的补偿作用,减轻了干旱胁迫对白羊草的伤害.     

CO_2浓度升高对干旱胁迫下小麦光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响

在CO2 浓度分别为 35 0 μmol·mol-1和倍增浓度 (70 0 μmol·mol-1)的两个开顶式生长室内 ,研究了干旱胁迫下小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的变化 .结果表明 ,CO2 浓度升高显著提高了小麦的净光合速率 ,降低了蒸腾速率 ,提高了气孔阻力和水分利用效率 .倍增CO2 浓度明显提高了SOD、POD及CAT酶活性 ,增强了小麦的抗氧化保护能力和抗旱性 .     

杨柴对高CO2浓度和土壤干旱胁迫的响应

毛乌素优势植物杨柴 (HedysarummongolicumTurcz.)对高CO2 浓度和土壤干旱胁迫响应的研究结果表明 :干旱胁迫可使杨柴根系伸长 ,根生物量、地径、主茎高和茎生物量下降 ;高CO2 浓度使杨柴根和茎生物量明显增加 ,CO2 的“施肥效应”显著 ,干旱使CO2 的“施肥效应”减弱。同时 ,土壤干旱胁迫使杨柴的根 /冠比增加 ,说明在土壤干旱胁迫情况下根的生长比地上部分 (茎 )的生长更活跃 ,有利于提高杨柴在干旱沙漠地区的固沙作用 ;CO2 浓度升高和土壤干旱胁迫均使杨柴叶片的水势下降 ,叶片水势的下降使叶片细胞对水分的束缚力增强 ,从而减少植物蒸腾耗水 ,有利于提高水资源的利用效率     

CO2和温度升高及干旱对小麦叶片化学成分的影响

研究了ＣＯ２浓度升高、高温和干旱对干旱区小麦叶片化学成分的影响,结果表明：ＣＯ２浓度升高时各化学成分之间的差异只有在４０％田间持水量时才表现显著,说明未来ＣＯ２浓度升高对干旱区小麦化学成分的影响可能大于在非干旱区的影响;ＣＯ２浓度升高可减小因为土壤水分不同而造成的小麦化学成分之间的差异;高温对小麦化学成分的主要影响是引起Ｎ含量的显著降低;ＣＯ２浓度升高、高温和干旱三因子对干旱区小麦化学成分的复合影     

干旱和CO2浓度升高对干旱区春小麦气孔密度及分布的影响

 通过对不同土壤水分状况、不同CO2浓度条件下春小麦叶片气孔的观测结果表明：干旱和CO2浓度升高不仅影响叶片气孔密度,而且也影响其分布。随干旱程度的加剧,气孔密度有明显的上升趋势,气孔在叶片上的分布趋向均匀;随CO2浓度的升高,气孔密度有明显的下降趋势,其分布也趋向均匀。水分状况和CO2浓度相同时,气孔密度及分布受不同温度的影响。     

CO2浓度升高对大豆干旱胁迫的缓解效应

CO2浓度升高和干旱带来的气候变化势必对大豆的生长造成影响.目前,CO2浓度升高对干旱胁迫下大豆生理生化的影响研究较少.本试验研究了不同CO2浓度(400、600 pumol ? mol-1)和水分处理下(正常水分:叶片相对含水量为83％-90％;干旱:叶片相对含水量为64％-70％)大豆开花期的光合能力、光合色素积累...     

CO2浓度升高对干旱胁迫下谷子细胞结构和抗逆生理的影响

在未来气候进一步变暖的背景下干旱发生的频率也将增加,而CO₂浓度升高和干旱均会对作物生长造成影响。本研究对不同CO₂浓度(环境大气CO₂浓度、环境大气CO₂浓度+200μmol·mol^-1)和水分处理(土壤含水量为45%～55%和70%～80%的田间土壤最大持水量,分别为适宜土壤含水量和轻度干旱)下谷子叶片细胞结构、光合生理、抗氧化酶、渗透调节物质和产量的变化进行分析。结果表明：CO₂浓度升高增加了谷子叶肉细胞叶绿体内淀粉粒个数、单个淀粉粒面积和淀粉粒总面积。与仅轻度干旱处理相比,轻度干旱条件下CO₂浓度升高处理孕穗期谷子叶片净光合速率增加37.9%,但对该时期水分利用效率无显著影响,灌浆期谷子叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率分别增加15.0%和44.2%;孕穗期谷子叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性和可溶性糖含量分别增加39.3%和8.0%,脯氨酸含量下降31.5%,灌浆期谷子叶片POD活性增加26.5%,丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸含量分别下降...     

Interactive Effects of Drought Stresses and Elevated CO2 Concentration on Photochemistry Efficiency of Cucumber Seedlings

To reveal and quantify the interactive effects of drought stresses and elevated CO2 concentration [CO2] on photochemistry efficiency of cucumber seedlings, the portable chlorophyll meter was used to measure the chlorophyll content, and the Imaging-PAM was used to image the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and rapid light response curves (RLC) of leaves in two adjacent greenhouses. The results showed that chlorophyll content of leaves was reduced significantly with drought stress aggravated. Minimal fluorescence (Fo) was increased while maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) decreased significantly by severe drought stress. The significant decrease of effective quantum yield of PSll (Y(Ⅱ)) accompanied by the significant increase of quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation (Y(NPQ)) was observed under severe drought stress condition, but there was no change of quantum yield of nonregulated energy dissipation (Y(NO)). We detected that the coefficient of photochemical quenching (Qp) decreased, and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased significantly under severe drought stress. Furthermore, we found that maximum apparent electron transport rate (ETRmax) and saturating photosynthetically active radiation (PPFDsat) decreased significantly with drought stress aggravated. However, elevated [CO2] significantly increased FvlFm, Qp and PPFDsat, and decreased NPQ under all water conditions, although there were no significant effects on chlorophyll content, Fo, Y(Ⅱ), Y(NPQ), Y(NO) and ETRmax. Therefore, it is concluded that CO2-fertilized greenhouses or elevated atmospheric [CO2] in the future could be favorable for cucumber growth and development, and beneficial to alleviate the negative effects of drought stresses to a certain extent.     

Drought and Salt Tolerance in Plants

Agricultural productivity worldwide is subject to increasing environmental constraints, particularly to drought and salinity due to their high magnitude of impact and wide distribution. Traditional breeding programs trying to improve abiotic stress tolerance have had some success, but are limited by the multigenic nature of the trait. Tolerant plants such as Craterostigma plantagenium, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Thellungiella halophila and other hardy plants could be valuable tools to dissect the extreme tolerance nature. In the last decade, Arabidopsis thaliana, a genetic model plant, has been extensively used for unravelling the molecular basis of stress tolerance. Arabidopsis also proved to be extremely important for assessing functions for individual stress-associated genes due to the availability of knock-out mutants and its amenability for genetic transformation. In this review, the responses of plants to salt and water stress are described, the regulatory circuits which allow plants to cope with stress are presented, and how the present knowledge can be applied to obtain tolerant plants is discussed.     

CO2浓度升高对两种沈阳城市森林树种光合特性的影响

利用开顶式气室,研究了CO2浓度升高条件下城市森林主要树种油松(Pinus tabulaefomis)和银杏(Ginkgo biloba)主要光合特性的变化.结果表明,整个生长季,CO2浓度升高(700μmol·mol-1)条件下2树种叶片的净光合速率、可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白含量均接近或高于相应对照(自然CO2浓度)值,但不同树种增加的幅度不同;而2树种的叶绿素含量和Chl a/Chl b值对CO2浓度升高反应不一,表现为CO2浓度升高条件下油松的叶绿素含量较对照值高,Chl a/Chl b值降低,银杏的叶绿素含量为前期升高,后期降低,Chl a/Chl b值变化与之正好相反,说明城市森林组成树种对CO2浓度升高的响应具有复杂性.CO2浓度升高条件下,两树种均未发生光合适应现象.     

Effect of Elevated CO2 and Drought on Soil Microbial Communities Associated with Andropogon gerardii

Our understanding of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2, singly and In combination with other environmental changes,on plant-soil interactions is incomplete. Elevated CO2 effects on C4 plants, though smaller than on C3 species, are mediated mostly via decreased stomatal conductance and thus water loss. Therefore, we characterized the interactive effect of elevated CO2 and drought on soil microbial communities associated with a dominant C4 prairie grass, Andropogon gerardii Vitman. Elevated CO2 and drought both affected resources available to the soil microbial community. For example, elevated CO2 increased the soil C:N ratio and water content during drought, whereas drought alone decreased both. Drought significantly decreased soil microbial biomass. In contrast, elevated COz increased biomass while ameliorating biomass decreases that were induced under drought. Total and active direct bacterial counts and carbon substrate use (overall use and number of used sources) increased significantly under elevated CO2. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that drought and elevated CO2, singly and combined, did not affect the soil bacteria community structure.We conclude that elevated CO2 alone increased bacterial abundance and microbial activity and carbon use, probably in response to increased root exudation. Elevated CO2 also limited drought-related impacts on microbial activity and biomass,which likely resulted from decreased plant water use under elevated CO2. These are among the first results showing that elevated CO2 and drought work in opposition to modulate plant-associated soil-bacteria responses,which should then Influence soil resources and plant and ecosystem function.     

干旱高温胁迫下转基因水稻的生理变化

用PEG-6000、38℃及PEG-6000+38℃胁迫处理携带谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和过氧化氢酶(CAT1)的转基因水稻和非转基因水稻(Oryza sativa L.cv中花11), 并比较分析了二者在胁迫下的生理指标和抗氧化酶活性变化.结果显示,在单一PEG及PEG和高温复合胁迫下,植株生长、光合参数和相对含水量的降低幅度及H2O2和MDA(malon dialdehyde)的积累量在非转基因水稻与转基因水稻之间都有显著差异.在这2种胁迫下,转基因水稻的可溶性糖含量及CAT和POD (Peroxidase) 活性与非转基因水稻也有显著差异.这些结果表明,谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和过氧化氢酶(CAT1)的表达减轻了转基因水稻在单一干旱及干旱+高温复合胁迫下的伤害.     

干旱胁迫对转LeFAD7基因番茄光合作用的影响

以‘天津白果’番茄品种的野生株系(WT)和转正义叶绿体ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因(LeFAD7)株系T( )-12为试材,通过盆栽实验测定了它们在PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下的叶片类囊体膜脂脂肪酸组成,以及干旱胁迫后的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数,以探讨类囊体膜脂LeFAD7基因在干旱胁迫下对番茄叶片光合作用的影响。结果表明:与WT株系相比,转正义基因番茄植株类囊体膜脂中亚麻酸(18∶3)含量升高12.67%,亚油酸(18∶2)含量下降26.98%,导致膜脂脂肪酸不饱和度升高;10%、20%和30%PEG干旱胁迫下,转正义基因番茄植株的实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、净光合速率(Pn)和叶绿素a(Chl a)含量分别比相应对照下降0.36%~5.11%、19.97%~28.13%、13.27%~23.66%,降幅均小于WT株系,且Pn和Chl a在转基因和野生株间大多存在显著差异。可见,LeFAD7基因能增加番茄叶片膜脂脂肪酸不饱和度,从而减轻干旱胁迫对细胞膜的伤害性,保持干旱逆境下光合系统结构和功能的相对稳定,维持较高的光合速率。     

Interactions of Elevated CO2 Concentration and Drought Stress on Photosynthesis in Eucalyptus Cladocalyx F. Muell

Response of net photosynthetic rate (P _N), stomatal conductance (g _s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (c _i), and photosynthetic efficiency (F_v/F_m) of photosystem 2 (PS2) was assessed in Eucalyptus cladocalyx grown for long duration at 800 (C₈₀₀) or 380 (C₃₈₀) μmol mol^-1 CO₂ concentration under sufficient water supply or under water stress. The well-watered plants at C₈₀₀ showed a 2.2 fold enhancement of P _N without any change in g _s. Under both C₈₀₀ and C₃₈₀, water stress decreased P _N and g _s significantly without any substantial reduction of c _i, suggesting that both stomatal and non-stomatal factors regulated P _N. However, the photosynthetic efficiency of PS2 was not altered. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

干旱胁迫对不同耐旱性大麦品种叶片超微结构的影响

选用耐旱性不同的3个大麦(Hordeum sativum)品种作为研究对象, 分析干旱胁迫对其叶肉细胞叶绿体、线粒体和细胞核超微结构的影响。结果表明, 3个大麦品种在非胁迫条件下其超微结构无明显差异。遭受干旱胁迫后, 不耐旱大麦品种Moroc9-75叶片细胞核中染色质的凝聚程度高, 叶绿体变形, 外被膜出现较大程度的波浪状和膨胀, 同时基粒出现弯曲、膨胀、排列混乱的现象; 线粒体外形及膜受到破坏、内部嵴部分消失等。耐旱大麦品种HS41-1叶片细胞中染色质虽出现凝聚, 但凝聚程度低; 其叶绿体及线粒体与非胁迫条件下基本相似, 多数未见明显损伤。耐旱中等的大麦品种Martin叶片超微结构的变化则介于二者之间。因此, 干旱胁迫下叶绿体外形、基粒和基质类囊体膜结构的完整性与基粒的排列次序、染色质的凝聚度和线粒体膜及嵴的完整性与大麦的耐旱性相关, 这些特性可作为评价大麦耐旱性强弱的形态结构指标。