裁剪带蒂回肠移植中血管蒂延长的实验研究

目的:建立结扎不同回肠血管分支的动物实验模型,即时及术后动态观察移植肠段存活和通畅情况,从动物实验的角度探讨回肠血供特征及血管蒂延长方法,为临床外科手术改善提供实验依据。方法:家兔12只,体重量2～2.5kg。麻醉、固定、备皮、切口选取等均相同,将家兔分别分为6组,根据回肠血管分支结扎处理不同,分为A、B、C、D、E、F组,每组2只。建立饲养观察表格,并于术后即刻及7天分别取末端回肠组织行HE染色,读取病理切片结果。结果:A、D实验组结果分别与C、F对照组结果不同,B、E实验组结果分别与C、F对照组结果无明显差别。结论:带一支血管蒂的移植肠段结扎远端一支二级血管肠段可存活;带二支血管蒂的移植肠段结扎远端一支一级血管肠段可存活。同时,结扎带一支血管蒂的移植肠段的一级血管不可保障肠段存活。     

粪菌移植在儿童炎症性肠病中的应用

炎症性肠病（IBD）是一种病因尚不明确的非特异性肠道炎症性疾病。越来越多的证据表明肠道菌群失调与IBD的发生发展密切相关。粪菌移植是通过各种方式将健康捐赠者的粪便菌群移植入患者消化道内,旨在重建患者肠道菌群从而达到对肠道内外疾病治疗的目的。肠道微生物稳态及失调在疾病发生发展中发挥作用,其中包括炎症性肠病（IBD）。越来越多的研究报道了FMT在IBD中的治疗作用,现主要阐述粪菌移植在儿童IBD中的应用。     

猪小肠移植术供肠的灌洗和保存

目的探讨围手术期移植小肠灌注和保存的方法。方法切取猪供肠后,采用100 cm左右高度、略加压法,经移植肠血管以15 mL/min左右灌洗速度持续灌注4℃ 3%羟乙基淀粉注射液、4℃生理盐水保存移植肠。移植前对保存的移植小肠进行组织学检查。结果供肠总灌注时间为50.5±10.6 min;冷缺血时间为80.24±24.62min。组织学检查显示移植肠组织学没有明显改变。移植肠存活良好。结论采取上述方法在短时间内可以提供质量良好的供肠。     

粪菌移植的临床应用研究进展

人类的肠道菌群种类及数量众多,目前被认为是人体的一个特殊器官。肠道菌群在维持肠道的正常生理功能和机体免疫功能方面发挥了重要作用,肠道微生态失衡与炎症性肠病、代谢综合征、肝病、心血管疾病、精神疾病、关节炎等多种肠内外疾病密切相关,纠正肠道微生态失衡将有助于上述疾病的治疗。粪菌移植（fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT）是指将健康人粪便中的功能菌群移植到患者胃肠道内,重建具有正常功能的肠道菌群,以达到治疗肠道和肠道外疾病的目的。目前报道FMT已应用于艰难梭菌感染、炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征、代谢综合征等多种疾病的治疗中。本文就FMT的临床应用现状作一综述。     

应用复合组织瓣重建腕部电击伤手功能

腕部电击伤后,患者的手功能重建恢复,需要进行长段的血管,神经,肌腱的移植,我们用小隐静脉,腓肠神经及小腿筋膜的复合组织瓣,修复患肢血供及神经的同时,并在筋膜瓣上进行长段的肌腱移植,本组共８例,随访６－２４个月,感觉恢复分别为Ｓ２－Ｓ３,屈指活动距掌横纹分别达１．５ｃｍ－５．４ｃｍ,此手术缩短了电击伤手功能重建恢复的治疗周期,减轻了肌腱,神经粘连。     

粪菌移植和益生菌在复发性艰难梭菌感染和炎症性肠病中的应用进展

聚集在人体肠道的菌群对维持机体正常的生理功能具有重要作用,肠道菌群的失调会导致复发性艰难梭菌感染及炎症性肠病等疾病。粪菌移植是将健康供者肠道内的功能菌群转移到患病个体的肠道内,重建患者的肠道微生态环境,从而达到治疗的目的。研究发现,粪菌移植在治疗复发性艰难梭菌感染方面表现出较高的治愈率,同时对炎症性肠病有积极的疗效。益生菌是一类能发挥健康作用的活性微生物,当机体摄入足够数量的益生菌,益生菌能在宿主肠道内定植,可以恢复并维持宿主肠道菌群的平衡。益生菌可作为预防复发性艰难梭菌感染的辅助治疗,同时在缓解炎症性肠病方面也有较好的效果。     

造血干细胞移植条件对小鼠造血重建的影响

通过同种基因型小鼠构建造血干细胞移植模型,将预处理的全骨髓单个核细胞或c-Kit⁺造血干细胞移植至致死剂量照射的受体小鼠体内,动态监测移植2～16周后受体小鼠体内供体来源细胞造血重建以及嵌合情况,以期揭示不同群体的供体细胞以及预处理等因素对小鼠造血干细胞移植后造血重建的影响。实验结果显示,移植后早期(2周)全骨髓单个核细胞组髓系比例要高于c-Kit⁺细胞移植组,但全骨髓移植组受体小鼠呈现出较大的移植后不良反应,出现脱毛、食欲不振以及体重减轻的症状。c-Kit⁺细胞移植组在淋系重建上要早于全骨髓移植组,供体细胞的嵌合植入也早于全骨髓移植组,但两组实验组最终均能完成造血重建过程。实验结果表明c-Kit⁺细胞移植组在移植后能够较快地实现供体细胞植入,进而开始造血重建,且c-Kit⁺细胞移植组的不良反应要低于全骨髓移植组。结果说明在整体造血重建效果上c-Kit⁺细胞移植组要优于全骨髓移植组。     

粪菌移植途径的临床应用现状

人体肠道内寄居着数量庞大、种类繁多的微生物,形成肠道微生态稳态,而肠道微生态失衡与多种肠内、肠外疾病相关。随着人们对肠道菌群在宿主健康及疾病中作用的深入认识,粪菌移植(faecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)被给予厚望,其作为重建肠道菌群的有效手段,已成功应用于艰难梭菌感染(Clostridioides difficile infection, CDI)等疾病的治疗和探索性研究,并被认为是近年的突破性医学进展。随着近几年FMT研究的深入,人们发现FMT对各系统疾病皆有潜在的治疗作用。在1990年之前,菌群移植都是经灌肠实施,近几年随着粪菌移植研究的深入,粪菌移植途径也呈多样化发展。本文对粪菌移植途径、临床应用和存在的问题等作一综述。     

法罗培南在大鼠肠道吸收部位的初步研究

目的:研究法罗培南在大鼠各肠段的吸收率,以确定最佳吸收部位,为制定合理的药物制剂提供科学依据.方法:采用大鼠在体肠循环法,各肠段区间如下:十二指肠段自幽门1cm处开始;空肠段离幽门15cm处开始;回肠段离盲肠上行20 cm处开始:结肠段从盲肠后段开始.各肠段取10 cm左右,将所取肠段两端开口、插管并结扎,插管与恒流泵连接.形成各自的回路.用HPLC法梯度洗脱测定法罗培南的浓度,依据药物在肠段中回流2小时后的减少量来确定各肠段法罗培南的吸收量.结果:法罗培南在大鼠各肠段吸收率平均值为十二指肠6.91±3.08%;空肠5.66±2.29%;回肠9.62±4.08%;结肠4.65±1.29%.稳定性实验、精密度实验、回收率实验的RSD分别为0.48%、0.234%和2.01%.结论:法罗培南在各肠段均有吸收,吸收率按回肠、十二指肠、空肠、结肠顺序依次降低.     

硝普钠灌注对移植小肠粘膜细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨外源性一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)对移植小肠粘膜细胞凋亡的影响。方法:64只220～300g雄性SD大鼠随机分成3组:A1组(n=8),仅行剖腹关腹手术;A2组(n=12):12对大鼠随机作为供受体行同种异体节段小肠移植,无SNP干预;A3组(n=16):16对大鼠随机作为供受体行同种异体节段小肠移植,SNP加入灌注液进行供肠灌注。采用前述3组动物模型再灌注5小时肠造口标本,TUNEL法检测小肠蜡块标本的细胞凋亡情况。结果:与A1组(3.86±4.74%)相比,A2(22.44±10.94%)、A3组(17.12±8.44%)小肠粘膜的细胞凋亡指数均有显著增高(P<0.05),A3组较A2组细胞凋亡指数显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:小肠移植导致小肠粘膜细胞凋亡增加,外源性NO供体SNP灌注能够显著降低植入小肠的细胞凋亡,从而可能减弱粘膜屏障的损伤。     

Activation and migration of allo-peptide specific TCR transgenic T cells in cardiac allograft rejection

T cells from TCR transgenic mice, expressing receptors specific for an allogeneic MHC class I peptide, were used to track T cell activation and migration in normal adoptive recipients that were subsequently transplanted with heterotopic hearts that were syngeneic except for a transgenic MHC class I antigen. T cells rapidly disappeared from the blood into the lymphoid tissues where they were activated within one day after transplantation. T cells initially formed discrete clusters in the spleen and lymph nodes. After proliferating for 2-4 days in lymphoid tissues, T cells reappeared in the blood and migrated to the heart and the intestines. The T cells underwent another round of proliferation in the heart, but not the intestines, and induced cardiac rejection uniformly on 6 day.     

Intramyocardial transplantation of cardiac telocytes decreases myocardial infarction and improves post‐infarcted cardiac function in rats

The midterm effects of cardiac telocytes (CTs) transplantation on myocardial infarction (MI) and the cellular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of CTs transplantation are not understood. In the present study, we have revealed that transplantation of CTs was able to significantly decrease the infarct size and improved cardiac function 14 weeks after MI. It has established that CT transplantation exerted a protective effect on the myocardium and this was maintained for at least 14 weeks. The cellular mechanism behind this beneficial effect on MI was partially attributed to increased cardiac angiogenesis, improved reconstruction of the CT network and decreased myocardial fibrosis. These combined effects decreased the infarct size, improved the reconstruction of the LV and enhanced myocardial function in MI. Our findings suggest that CTs could be considered as a potential cell source for therapeutic use to improve cardiac repair and function following MI, used either alone or in tandem with stem cells.     

Reconstruction of corneal epithelium with cryopreserved corneal limbal stem cells in a goat model

We describe a procedure to construct an artificial corneal epithelium from cryopreserved limbal stem cells (LSCs) for corneal transplantation. The LSCs were separated from limbal tissue of male goats. The primary LSCs were identified by flow cytometry and were expanded. They were examined for stem cell-relevant properties and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Cryopreserved LSCs were thawed and then transplanted onto human amniotic membrane, framed on a nitrocellulose sheet, to construct corneal epithelium sheets. The artificial corneal epithelium was transplanted into the right eye of pathological models of total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). Then, the effects of reconstruction were evaluated by clinical observation and histological examination. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to detect the SRY gene. The data showed that transplantation of cryopreserved LSCs, like fresh LSCs, successfully reconstructed damaged goat corneal surface gradually, but the SRY gene expression from male goat cells could only be detected in the first 2 months after transplantation. The therapeutic effect of the transplantation may be associated with the inhibition of inflammation-related angiogenesis after transplantation of cryopreserved LSCs. This study provides the first line of evidence that cryopreserved LSCs can be used for reconstruction of damaged corneas, presenting a remarkable potential source for transplantation in the treatment of corneal disorders.     

A comparison between primary and secondary toe-to-hand transplantation

Although primary toe-to-hand transplantation is performed with increasing frequency, its use is still controversial because of the lack of any comparative studies documenting its safety and efficacy. Between August of 1990 and December of 1993, 175 consecutive toe-to-hand transplantations for crush and avulsion injuries were performed in 122 patients. The average interval between injury and primary reconstruction was 7 days, and the average interval between injury and secondary reconstruction was 10.7 months. Follow-up ranged from 18 to 91 months, with an average follow-up of 58 months. There were 31 primary transplantations and 144 secondary transplantations. The survival rate was 96.8 percent (30 of 31) for primary reconstruction and 96.5 percent (139 of 144) for secondary reconstruction. Intraoperative anastomotic revision was necessary in 3.2 percent (one of 31) of primary transplantations and 7.6 percent (11 of 144) of secondary transplantations. Three primary toe-to-hand transplantations (9.7 percent) and 17 secondary toe-to-hand transplantations (11.8 percent) were re-explored in the postoperative period. Each group had one superficial infection. The infection rate was 6.5 percent and 0.7 percent in the primary and secondary groups, respectively. Other complications included partial skin loss, which occurred in one patient (3.2 percent) in the primary group and six patients (4.2 percent of 144 transplantations) in the secondary group. Secondary procedures to improve function were necessary in six secondary transplantations (4.2 percent) and in none of the primary transplantations. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in terms of survival, intraoperative anastomotic revision, re-exploration, future secondary procedure, infection, and complications. This series demonstrates that primary toe-to-hand transplantation can be performed in the suitable candidate safely with as much success as secondary reconstruction. Primary toe transplantation can potentially reduce the overall period of recovery and rehabilitation, allowing the patient to return to work sooner. Further study to evaluate and compare the final functional outcome and return to work time between primary and secondary toe-to-hand transplantation is needed.     

肠缺血再灌注损伤防治研究的进展

肠缺血-再灌注损伤（ischemia- reperfusion injury,简称I／R）是外科实践中的重要问题,在小肠移植、严重感染、创伤、休克、心肺功能不全等疾患的病理演变过程中起重要作用。肠I／R的后果,不仅可以引起肠粘膜的局部组织损害,而且可以导致肠道菌群移位和肠吸收功能的改变,以及远处器官的损害,甚至发生多系统器官功能不全综合症。本文阐述了近年来在其发生机理及防治措施方面的研究进展,为今后临床工作提供指导。     

Portocaval shunt for hepatocyte package

In developing therapeutic alternatives to liver transplantation, we have used the strategy of applying a small intestinal segment as a scaffold for hepatocyte transplantation and also as a portocaval shunt (PCS) system to address both liver dysfunction and portal hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of such an intestinal segment in animal models. Hepatocytes isolated from luciferase-transgenic Lewis rats were transplanted into jejunal segments of wild-type Lewis rats with mucosa removal without PCS application. Luciferase-derived luminescence from transplanted hepatocytes was stably detected for 30 days. Then, we performed autologous hepatocyte transplantation into the submucosal layer of an isolated and vascularized small intestinal segment in pigs. Transplanted hepatocytes were isolated from the resected left-lateral lobe of the liver. On day 7, hepatocyte clusters and bile duct-like structures were observed histologically. To create an intestinal PCS system in pigs, an auto-graft of the segmental ileum and interposing vessel graft were anastomosed to the portal vein trunk and inferior vena cava. However, thrombi were observed in vessels of the intestinal PCSs. We measured the correlation between infusion pressure and flow volume in whole intestines ex vivo in both species and found that the high pressure corresponding to portal hypertension was still insufficient to maintain the patency of the intestinal grafts. In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility of the small intestine as a scaffold for hepatocyte transplantation in rat and pig models, but PCS using an intestinal graft failed to maintain patency in a pig model.     

Alimentary tract morphology and diet in three coral reef fish families

Alimentary tract morphology and its relationship with diet was examined in three coral reef fish families: Labridae, Chaetodontidae and Pomacentridae. Convergent patterns of dietary‐related morphological variation were evident across the three families, with corallivores possessing long and narrow intestines, carnivores relatively short and wide intestines and herbivores relatively long and wide intestines. Between‐family differences were also evident: chaetodontids typically possessed long and narrow intestines, pomacentrids long and wide intestines and labrids generally possessed short and wide intestines. Overall, intestinal length variation was most strongly attributable to diet, whilst intestinal diameter varied most widely among families. Relative intestinal length appears as a useful predictor of dietary variation, particularly within families. Relative intestinal diameter appears as a less reliable measure, but rather, a useful adjunct to intestinal length comparisons.     

Amniotic membrane transplantation in ocular surface disorders

Chronic ocular surface disorders, which can result in severe functional impairment, have been viewed for decades as untreatable diseases. In 1995, the reintroduction of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT), either alone or associated with limbal stem cell transplantation, has offered new hope of using tissue and cell therapy strategies to repair ocular surface disorders. Amniotic membrane (AM) has been found to exert its effects by acting as a substrate for the growth of ocular surface epithelia, by suppressing inflammation and scarring and by serving as an anti-microbial barrier. Moreover, AM has recently been used as a substrate for ex vivo expansion of corneal epithelial cells for ocular surface reconstruction. Notwithstanding the substantial agreement among Authors regarding its clinical efficacy, there are still many uncertainties regarding the fate of grafted AM and consequently the mechanisms through which it exerts its long-term effects. Further studies including controlled clinical trials with numerous cases are required to understand which ocular surface conditions are certain to benefit from AM transplantation and how its mechanical properties interact with the mediators produced to favor ocular surface reconstruction.     

脊髓损伤治疗中的细胞移植策略及预处理研究进展

急性脊髓损伤是骨科常见的严重疾患,伤后神经功能恢复及重建是近年来研究的热点,其中细胞移植的研究得到广泛的关注并取得较大的研究进展。本文介绍了细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤治疗的研究现状,其中对移植细胞的来源,移植的时机,移植的途径以及细胞移植存活的问题及应对策略做了重点阐述。同时对增加移植细胞存活率的预处理方法做了简要综述。