一株高效处理甲醇废水细菌的研究

采用富集培养法从土壤中分离出 1株净化甲醇能力较强的菌株 ,经鉴定为假单胞菌属 (Pseudomonas.sp)编号为 186。该菌株能以甲醇作为唯一碳源和能源 ,在培养 38h的条件下 ,可以使废水中的甲醇净化 90 %以上。同时对该菌的形态、生理特征进行了研究。     

L-丝氨酸生产菌的选育及不同碳源对发酵的影响

以一株黄假单胞属(Pseudomonas flava)菌株A3为出发菌株,经过紫外(UV)诱变和硫酸二乙酯(DES)逐级诱变处理和选育,选育出一株能够以甲醇为唯一碳源的兼性甲基营养型菌JW-01(Mth~R、Gly~R)。在含甘氨酸30g/L、甲醇1%的发酵培养基中发酵3d后L-丝氨酸产量为6．2g/L,较出发菌株提高了67．6%。该菌具有较好的传代稳定性。     

一株产淀粉酶芽胞杆菌SY200的鉴定及其对动物病原菌的生物拮抗试验

目的对一株产淀粉酶芽胞杆菌SY200进行鉴定及其对动物病原菌的生物拮抗试验。方法提取芽胞杆菌SY200基因组DNA,采用细菌16S rRNA通用引物进行PCR扩增及对扩增到的目标片段的测序,将测序结果与NCBI上已知菌种的16S rRNA序列进行BLAST对比,并构建系统进化树进行分析。采用滤纸片法和牛津杯法分别研究该芽胞杆菌的全菌液及培养物上清液对3株病原菌的生物拮抗。结果结合细菌形态观察及生理生化特性鉴定,最终确定菌株SY200为甲基营养型芽胞杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus);芽胞杆菌SY200全菌培养液和培养上清液对产肠毒素大肠埃希菌、鸡白痢沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有较强的生物拮抗作用,抑菌物质主要为细菌的代谢产物。结论芽胞杆菌SY200被鉴定为甲基营养型芽胞杆菌,该菌株对3株动物性病原菌具有较强的生物拮抗作用。     

利用一碳化合物(C1)细菌的分离及基因组文库的构建

从污水样品中筛选到能利用甲醇的菌株B,经16SrDNA测序分析鉴定为肺炎克氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumo-niae)。甲醛耐受能力的测试表明该菌对甲醛具有较强耐受能力,能在含有8￣15mmol/L甲醛的LB培养基上生长。Southern杂交分析说明这菌株的基因组中有甲基营养菌6-磷酸己酮糖合成酶(HPS)和6-磷酸果糖异构酶(PHI)基因的同源序列。本研究以pUC118为载体构建了基因组文库,进一步检测结果说明所构建的基因组文库质量符合要求。     

甲基营养型芽孢杆菌拮抗玉蜀黍尾孢菌、链格菌和灰葡萄孢菌及环脂肽分析

【目的】探究甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)对植物病原菌玉蜀黍尾孢菌(Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon et Daniels)、链格菌(Alternaria alternate)和灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)的拮抗作用并鉴定抗菌物质,为其病害防治提供优良生防菌。【方法】平板对峙法初筛和杯碟法筛选拮抗菌株;微生物形态学和16S rRNA基因鉴定拮抗菌株;薄层色谱(TLC)和编码基因分析鉴定抗菌物质;玉米田间生防试验评估拮抗菌对3种病原菌的防治效果。【结果】筛选到一株能够明显拮抗玉蜀黍尾孢菌、链格菌和灰葡萄孢菌的甲基营养型芽孢杆菌B-1841,抑制率分别为65.95%、71.04%和46.69%,抑菌物质为伊枯草菌素类脂肽。玉米田间生防试验表明,菌株B-1841对玉蜀黍尾孢菌、链格菌和灰葡萄孢菌感染的玉米病害均有防治效果,相对防效分别为60.25%、69.89%和45.21%。【结论】甲基营养型芽孢杆菌B-1841对玉蜀黍尾孢菌、链格菌和灰葡萄孢菌引起的病害有防治作用,在农作物真菌病害防治方面具有潜在应用价值。     

L-丝氨酸生产菌的选育及不同碳源对发酵的影响

以一株黄假单胞属(Pseudomonas flava)菌株A3为出发菌株,经过紫外(UV)诱变和硫酸二乙酯(DES)逐级诱变处理和选育,选育出一株能够以甲醇为唯一碳源的兼性甲基营养型菌JW-01(Mth^R、Gly^R)。在含甘氨酸30g/L、甲醇1%的发酵培养基中发酵3d后L-丝氨酸产量为6．2g/L,较出发菌株提高了67．6%。该菌具有较好的传代稳定性。     

利用-碳化合物(C1)细菌的分离及基因组文库的构建

从污水样品中筛选到能利用甲醇的菌株B,经16SrDNA测序分析鉴定为肺炎克氏杆菌（Klebsiella pneuumo-niae）。甲醛耐受能力的测试表明该菌对甲醛具有较强耐受能力,能在含有8～15mm。l／L甲醛的LB培养基上生长。S0uthem杂交分析说明这菌株的基因组中有甲基营养菌6-酸己酮糖合成酶（HPS）和6-磷酸果糖异构酶（PHI）基因的同源序列。本研究以pUC118为载体构建了基因组文库,进一步检测结果说明所构建的基因组文库质量符合要求。     

一株桑树内生拮抗菌的分离、鉴定及发酵条件优化

【目的】利用植物内生拮抗菌防治植物病害是一种有效的生物防治手段。本研究从健康桑树中分离筛选桑椹菌核病拮抗性内生细菌,为桑椹菌核病生物防治提供优良菌种。【方法】釆用组织分离培养法及抑菌圈法分离、筛选桑椹菌核病拮抗性内生细菌;根据菌体形态、培养特征、生理生化特性及基于16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,对抑菌活性显著且稳定的菌株进行菌种鉴定;进而利用菌丝生长速率法检测活性发酵液的抑菌谱与热稳定性,并通过单因素及正交试验优化该菌株产生抑菌活性物质的发酵条件。【结果】从健康桑树中共分离获得55株内生细菌,其中XP-27菌株对核盘菌PZ-2的抑菌活性稳定且拮抗效果明显;XP-27菌株形态、培养特征、生理生化特性与芽孢杆菌属相符,基于16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析结果显示该菌株与多株甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)的亲缘关系最近,且处于系统发育树的同一分枝,故将XP-27菌株鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌,命名为B.methylotrophicusXP-27;抑菌谱与热稳定性实验结果表明XP-27菌株对灰霉菌SWU5、腐霉菌SWU3等10种常见植物病原菌具不同程度的抑制作用,且其发酵滤液热稳定性强;发酵条件优化结果表明该菌株最佳培养基配方与培养条件为:牛肉膏1.00%,淀粉1.50%,K_2HPO_4 0.05%,MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.10%,初始pH值为8.0,培养温度为30°C,接种量为7%,发酵时间为120 h。【结论】筛选获得的桑树内生细菌B. methylotrophicus XP-27对桑椹菌核病病原菌核盘菌PZ-2具有显著拮抗作用,可作为开发桑椹菌核病生防制剂的候选菌株。     

吡咯喹啉醌产生菌筛选方法建立及菌种筛选

吡咯喹啉醌(PQQ)是一种氧化还原酶的辅酶,具有多种生理功能。扩增得到大肠杆菌葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)基因,并利用表达载体pET28a在E.coli BL21(DE3)中进行了表达。纯化了可溶性表达产物,并建立了基于GDH的重组酶法分析PQQ的方法。确定了甲基营养菌筛选模型,从2000余份土样中分离得到一株PQQ高产生菌MP606,在未经培养条件优化及诱变选育的条件下PQQ产量达113mg/L。从该菌培养液中制备得到了产物的结晶,HPLC分析、特征光谱分析以及酶法分析均证实该产物为PQQ。扩增并分析了MP606的16S rDNA序列,结果显示该菌16S rDNA序列与12种甲基营养菌都具有95%以上同源性,其中与食甲基菌属两菌株的16S rDNA序列同源性达99%。     

鳜源致病性荧光假单菌的分离与鉴定

为确定导致鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）细菌性感染死亡的病原,从患病濒死的鳜肝中分离出一株优势菌B01,经人工回感实验确定其分离菌的致病性,并利用VITEK-2全自动微生物鉴定仪及16S rRNA序列分析对纯培养细菌进行鉴定。此外,对分离的菌株进行药敏实验。研究结果表明,菌株B01对鳜鱼具有致病性。经VITEK-2全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定菌株B01为荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）（表1）,并在紫外灯可以产生荧光（图1）。进一步的16S rRNA基因序列和系统发育树分析表明,该菌与荧光假单胞菌同源性达到了97%以上,并和（图2）。药物敏感性实验结果显示,该分离株对恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星、链霉素和四环素药物等6种药物高度敏感（表2）。     

Nature, nomenclature and taxonomy of obligate methanol utilizing strains

In a screening program, a number of different bacterial strains with the ability to utilize methanol as a sole carbon and energy source were isolated and described. They are well known methanol utilizing genera Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Micrococcus, Methylomonas or, on the contrary, the new, unknown genera and species of methylotrophic bacteria. In the last category, Acinetobacter and Alcaligenes are the new reported genera of organisms able to use methanol as a sole carbon and energy source. The present paper reports the very complex physiological and biochemical modifications when very versatile bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus are cultured on methanol and when the obligate methylotrophic state is compared with the facultative methylotrophic state of the same bacterial strain. Based on experiments and comparisons with literature data, it seems that Methylomonas methanica is the obligate methylotrophic state of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and that Acinetobacter calcoaceticus is the facultative methylotrophic state of Methylococcus capsulatus, an obligate methylotroph. The relationship of the obligate to the facultative and of the facultative to the obligate methylotrophy were established. These new methylotrophic genera and species, the profound physiological and biochemical modifications as well as the new data concerning nature, nomenclature and taxonomy of methanol utilizing bateria were reported for the first time in 1983.     

Diversity of methanogenic archaea in a mangrove sediment and isolation of a new Methanococcoides strain

Mangrove forest sediments produce significant amounts of methane, but the diversity of methanogenic archaea is not well known at present. Therefore, 16S rRNA gene libraries were made using archaea-specific primers and DNA extracted directly from Tanzanian mangrove sediment samples as a template. Analysis of sequence data showed phylotypes closely related to cultivated methylotrophic methanogenic archaea from the marine environment, or distantly related to acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea. In an attempt to isolate relevant methanogenic archaea, we succeeded in obtaining a new mesophilic methylotrophic methanogenic archaeon (strain MM1) capable of utilizing methanol and methylated amines as the only substrates. Under optimum conditions, the cells of strain MM1 exhibited a high specific growth rate (μ) of 0.21±0.03 (i.e. doubling time of 3.2 h) on both methanol and trimethylamine. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MM1 clustered with five environmental clones, indicating that MM1 is an important methanogenic methylotroph in mangrove sediments. Based on physiological and phylogenetic analyses, strain MM1 is proposed to be included in the species of Methanococcoides methylutens .     

Strain PM2, a novel methylotrophic fluorescent Pseudomonas sp

A novel bacterial strain, PM2, capable of growing on methanol, was isolated in alkaline conditions from a soil inoculum. This bacterium was characterized at the physiological, biochemical and molecular level. Based on biochemical and molecular data strain PM2 was classified as a novel member of the group of fluorescent pseudomonads. Evidence for the presence of a pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-linked alcohol dehydrogenase in this organism is presented. Strain PM2 is, to our knowledge, the first example of a methylotrophic Pseudomonas to be characterized in detail. This novel type of metabolism in Pseudomonas broadens even further the metabolic versatility for which this genus is renowned.     

Isolation and molecular detection of methylotrophic bacteria occurring in the human mouth

Diverse methylotrophic bacteria were isolated from the tongue, and supra- and subgingival plaque in the mouths of volunteers and patients with periodontitis. One-carbon compounds such as dimethylsulfide in the mouth are likely to be used as growth substrates for these organisms. Methylotrophic strains of Bacillus, Brevibacterium casei, Hyphomicrobium sulfonivorans, Methylobacterium, Micrococcus luteus and Variovorax paradoxus were characterized physiologically and by their 16S rRNA gene sequences. The type strain of B. casei was shown to be methylotrophic. Enzymes of methylotrophic metabolism were characterized in some strains, and activities consistent with growth using known pathways of C1-compound metabolism demonstrated. Genomic DNA from 18 tongue and dental plaque samples from nine volunteers was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using primers for the 16S rRNA gene of Methylobacterium and the mxaF gene of methanol dehydrogenase. MxaF was detected in all nine volunteers, and Methylobacterium was detected in seven. Methylotrophic activity is thus a feature of the oral bacterial community.     

Methanohalophilus profundi sp. nov., a methylotrophic halophilic piezophilic methanogen isolated from a deep hypersaline anoxic basin

A novel anaerobic methylotrophic halophilic methanogen strain SLHTYRO^T was isolated from a deep hypersaline anoxic basin called “Tyro” located in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Cells of SLHTYRO^T were motile cocci. The strain SLHTYRO^T grew between 12 and 37 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH between 6.5 and 8.2 (optimum pH 7.5) and salinity from 45 to 240 g L⁻¹ NaCl (optimum 135 g L⁻¹). Strain SLHTYRO^T was methylotrophic methanogen able to use methylated compounds (trimethylamine, dimethylamine, monomethylamine and methanol). Strain SLHTYRO^T was able to grow at in situ hydrostatic pressure and temperature conditions (35 MPa, 14 °C). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and mcrA gene sequences indicated that strain SLHTYRO^T was affiliated to genus Methanohalophilus within the order Methanosarcinales. It shared >99.16% of the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with strains of other Methanohalophilus species. Based on ANIb, AAI and dDDH measurements, and the physiological properties of the novel isolate, we propose that strain SLHTYRO^T should be classified as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Methanohalophilus profundi sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is SLHTYRO^T (=DSM 108854 = JCM 32768 = UBOCC-M-3308).     

Molecular detection and isolation from antarctica of methylotrophic bacteria able to grow with methylated sulfur compounds

This study is the first demonstration that a diverse facultatively methylotrophic microbiota exists in some Antarctic locations. PCR amplification of genes diagnostic for methylotrophs was carried out with bacterial DNA isolated from 14 soil and sediment samples from ten locations on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, Antarctica. Genes encoding the mxaF of methanol dehydrogenase, the fdxA for Afipia ferredoxin, the msmA of methanesulfonate monooxygenase, and the 16S rRNA gene of Methylobacterium were detected in all samples tested. The mxaF gene sequences corresponded to those of Hyphomicrobium, Methylobacterium, and Methylomonas. Over 30 pure cultures of methylotrophs were isolated on methanesulfonate, dimethylsulfone, or dimethylsulfide from ten Signy Island lakes. Some were identified from 16S rRNA gene sequences (and morphology) as Hyphomicrobium species, strains of Afipia felis, and a methylotrophic Flavobacterium strain. Antarctic environments thus contain diverse methylotrophic bacteria, growing on various C1-substrates, including C1-sulfur compounds.     

1株土壤放线菌的分类鉴定及其抗菌活性的研究

对从土壤微生物中筛选到的放线菌菌株1356进行分类学和抗菌活性的研究。采用多相分类法,对菌株的形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性及16 SrRNA基因序列进行了研究。结果表明:该菌株的形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性为链霉菌属的特征;16S rDNA序列分析及系统进化树分析表明其序列与灰色产色链霉菌的同源性最高;该菌株的发酵产物对番茄叶霉、白色念珠菌、小麦根腐菌等17种真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。放线菌1356菌株具有广谱抗真菌活性而对细菌无作用;初步确定其为链霉菌属灰色产色链霉菌的一个亚种。     

转化异丁香酚生成香草醛纺锤芽孢杆菌的筛选

以底物异丁香酚为唯一碳源从七壤中筛选获得了一株能高效转化异丁香酚生成香草醛的芽孢杆菌。根据生理生化特性及16SrRNA序列分析鉴定其属于纺锤芽孢杆菌（Bacillus fusiformis）,初步试验表明该菌能转化2％异丁香酚生成4．20g/L香草醚。     

一株产共轭亚油酸瘤胃细菌Streptococcus infantarius RB111的筛选与鉴定

从内蒙古鄂尔多斯山羊瘤胃中分离筛选到1株产共轭亚油酸的瘤胃细菌RB111,该菌株的cis9,trans11-CLA和trans10,cis12-CLA总产量为269.2 mg/L,其中cis9,trans11-CLA占52.64%,trans10,cis12-CLA占47.36%。对菌株RB111进行了形态学观察、生理生化鉴定、脂肪酸组成分析以及16S rRNA基因序列分析。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果表明该菌株与婴儿链球菌(Streptococcus infantarius)的模式菌株NCDO 599的序列相似性为99%,该菌株的形态特征及生理生化特性与文献报道的Streptococcus infantarius一致。脂肪酸组成分析结果显示,菌株RB111的细胞脂肪酸主要成分是C16:0、C18:1ω9c和C18:0,3种脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的60.64%。综合以上结果,菌株RB111被鉴定为婴儿链球菌Streptococcus infantarius。     

一株番茄青枯菌拮抗菌的鉴定及抗病效果初探

从形态、生理生化、16S rDNA3个方面确定了番茄青枯菌拮抗菌株3-1-16的分类地位。光学显微镜下观察到菌体为杆状细胞,革兰氏染色均匀,并可见菌体染成蓝紫色。透射电镜进一步观察到细胞内有许多颗粒状物质,无伴胞晶体。Biolog鉴定,3-1-16与巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)具有最高相似率为98%。16S rRNA分析,3-1-16与巨大芽孢杆菌MO31同源性最高为99.4%。聚类分析显示3-1-16与3株巨大芽孢杆菌聚成一支,支持度为100%。生理生化特征及培养特征测定结果表明,菌株3-1-16鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)。盆栽试验表明该菌株对番茄青枯病防病效果达到81.3%。