三种相思(Acacia)的光合作用与蒸腾作用的研究

本文主要探讨了三种相思的光合作用与蒸腾作用,并观测了不同时间内叶面气孔开启状况。 研究结果表明:三种相思中绢毛相思(A.holosericea)光合速率较高,在生长旺季高峰值可达23.16毫克CO_2·分米~(-2)·时~(-1)。此值较马占相思(A.marjian)高90％;较大叶相思(A.auriculaeformis)高22％。绢毛相思叶子生长速度较抉,叶绿素含量、比叶重也较高。在炎热的夏季,绢毛相思依靠叶片上的绒毛避免太阳光垂直照射,保持气孔开放,使光合作用保持正常。这是对环境的积极适应类型。面大叶相思则是利用增厚叶片角质层和关闭气孔的办法避免大量失水,致使光合作用速率下降。这是对环境的消极忍耐类型,这种类型可更加有效地利用水分。     

5种木本豆科植物的光合特性研究

本文测定了鹤山丘陵地豆科阔叶混交林中５种植物（大叶相思、马占相思、绢毛相思、海南红豆和新银合欢）在林地条件下的光合速率、呼吸速率和叶绿素含量以及５种植物光合速率的日变化和季节变化。结果表明：植物在冬季和春季的光合速率较低,夏季和秋季都相对较高。年日平均光合速率（μｍｏｌＣＯ２ｍ－２ｓ－１）绢毛相思最高６．１３,海南红豆最低４．６５;植物的呼吸各异,其中新银合欢的呼吸作用最强,海南红豆最低;叶绿素含量与光合速率不存在相关关系。从国外引种植物（包括新银合欢和３种相思树）的光合速率高于乡土树种海南红豆,表明这几种引种植物适应南亚热带丘陵地区的自然环境。     

镉胁迫对草莓光合的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了Cd胁迫对草莓叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度的影响.结果表明,Cd降低草莓叶片中的叶绿素总量,并改变叶绿素a和叶绿素b的比例;Cd降低草莓叶的光合速率和气孔导度,但在Cd胁迫初期,低浓度的Cd对草莓叶的光合速率和气孔导度有促进作用;Cd还降低草莓叶片的蒸腾速率和胞间CO₂浓度,其中,胞间CO₂浓度的降低幅度相对较小.     

白刺叶不同水分状况下光合速率及其叶绿素荧光特性的研究

采用L I-COR 6400便携式光合测定系统测定并研究了乌兰布和沙漠白刺叶不同水分状况下光合速率及其叶绿素荧光参数的变化特征.结果表明,随着白刺水势降低其净光合速率和气孔导度快速下降,当水势降低到一定值时,净光合速率、气孔导度几乎不变;而叶绿素荧光指标与叶水势关系在高水势时随着叶水势下降叶绿素荧光指标值近似不变,当水势下降到一定值时近似呈直线下降.白刺水饱和状况下的光补偿点为(43.1±4.8)μm o l.m-2.-s 1,光饱和点为(676±150)μm o l.m-2.-s 1;叶生长初期和叶成熟期净光合速率水势补偿点(净光合速率为0时的水势)分别为-3.65 M Pa和-5.76 M Pa,NPQ初始水分胁迫水势分别为-2.20 M Pa和-6.63 M Pa.研究指出运用净光合速率水势补偿点和非光化学猝灭初始水分胁迫水势可评价白刺对干旱环境的适应性.     

成熟马占相思水力导度对水分利用和光合响应的季节性差异

通过测定成熟马占相思叶片的水势、气孔导度、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶面积指数、边材面积等参数,研究了湿季(5月)和干季(11月)叶片的水力导度(K1)、水分和光合特性的关系.结果表明:高大植株(平均树高20 m、胸径0.26 m)的边材面积与叶面积的比率(Asp/Acl)比较小植株(平均树高14.5 m、胸径0.19m)高8.5％,前者的木质部水分通量大于后者,以支持冠层叶片的水分利用.对木质部易损曲线进行分析,K1降低50％时,湿、干季的叶片水势(Ψ1)分别为-1.41和-1.55 MPa,且干季的木质部空穴化的易损性高于湿季.湿、干季的K1峰值分别为5.5和4.5 mmol·m-2·s-1·MPa-1,最大蒸腾速率(Trmax)分别为3.6和1.8 mmol·m-2·s-1,且湿季的K1和Trmax明显大于干季.一天中K1和Tr的多次波动反映了木质部空穴化和修复的往复循环,叶片气孔在K降低超过50％或Ψ1达到-1.6MPa时关闭,气孔导度在K1达到50％前仍保持较高水平.干季的水力导度与光合速率的相关性较湿季明显.季节更迭导致叶片水力导度损失是Tr和CO2交换下降的原因.     

黄连木对干旱胁迫的生理响应

研究了自然干旱条件下黄连木（Pistacia chinensis Bunge）的生理变化。结果表明,随土壤含水量的减少,叶绿素b含量、光合速率、叶片相对含水量与叶水势均下降;叶绿素a和可溶性糖含量、叶绿素a和b的比值及总叶绿素含量呈现上升的趋势;超氧化物歧化酶活性先升后降;丙二醛含量干旱胁迫前期升高,后期变化不明显;净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率随土壤含水量的减少逐步降低。气孔和可溶性糖含量都是影响黄连木光合速率的关键因子,干旱胁迫前12d光合速率主要受气孔限制,之后为非气孔限制。干旱胁迫前期渗透调节物质以可溶性糖为主,干旱胁迫较重时脯氨酸含量急剧升高,与可溶性糖同时起渗透调节作用。     

马占相思的日光合作用和日碳固定总量研究 (英文)

 马占相思（Acacia mangium）是一种具有较高经济价值和生态效益的热带速生树种。为了研究其光合作用对一天内光强、温度等环境因子变化的响应,揭示其迅速生长的生理生态机制,在叶片水平上测量了马占相思在24 h内的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、每日固定碳的总量、夜间消耗碳的总量以及日间光合系统Ⅱ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)的变化。结果显示：其净光合速率在正午降低了14.5%;其较高的蒸腾速率和气孔导度有助于保持叶片日间较高的碳固定速率;光合系统Ⅱ对于高光强和高温有较强的忍受度;每日固定碳的总量为502 mmol CO2·m-2,夜间碳的损失为54 mmol CO2·m-2。研究结果在一定程度上揭示了马占相思在热带高光强和高温条件下迅速生长的生理机制。     

桂西北喀斯特地区菜豆树和红背山麻杆旱、雨季光合特性比较

利用Li-6400光合测定系统测定了2009年雨季(6—8月)和旱季(10—12月)桂西北喀斯特地区菜豆树、红背山麻杆叶片气体交换特征,并分析了2种植物光合速率(Pn)与叶氮及叶绿素含量的相互关系。结果表明:2种植物旱、雨季叶片Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)日变化均为单峰曲线,水分利用效率(WUE)日变化规律不明显;旱季叶片Pn、Tr、Gs均低于雨季(P0.01),WUE高于雨季(P0.01),叶氮含量及叶绿素含量旱季低于雨季(P0.05),这与植物通过降低Gs限制蒸腾,提高WUE来适应较为恶劣的环境有关;在同一季节,红背山麻杆Pn、WUE、叶氮及叶绿素含量均高于菜豆树(P0.05),具有更强的光合及水分利用能力,在喀斯特生境中更有竞争优势;2种植物在相同季节及同种植物在不同季节Pn与各环境因子的相关系数不同,光辐射强度(PAR)是影响Pn的主导因素。     

鹤山人工马占相思林水分生态研究

 通过对马占相思叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度及其相应环境因子的测定,探讨鹤山丘陵人工马占相思林的水分生理生态特征。结果表明：蒸腾速率和气孔导度具有明显的日变化,两者的变化趋势相似,在夏季的日变化曲线呈双峰型,冬季呈单峰型;夏季的蒸腾速率最高,在冬季最低,仅占夏季的27.6％;马占相思林的蒸腾耗水量在旱季和雨季有明显的差异,旱季的蒸腾耗水量占雨季的25.5％,年蒸腾量为1625.1mm,占同期降水量的78.3％;马占相思林的蒸腾量接近热带雨林。     

遮荫对异株荨麻光合特性和荧光参数的影响

系统研究了全光照和不同程度的遮荫(43%,58%,73%,87%,97%)对异株荨麻光合特性和荧光参数的影响。结果表明,异株荨麻的光补偿点和光饱和点均较低,且随着遮荫程度的提高,其值以及暗呼吸速率均依次降低。净光合速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,光合速率高峰值和日平均光合速率均随着遮荫程度的提高而明显下降。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化与光合速率的日变化趋势一致,遮荫对蒸腾作用和气孔导度均有显著的影响,随着遮荫程度的提高,蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著下降。在各光照条件下,蒸腾速率与气孔导度呈显著正相关。蒸腾速率和气孔导度与光合速率的相关性随遮荫条件的不同而异,全光照条件下蒸腾速率与光合速率呈显著正相关,而所有遮荫条件下相关性不显著。气孔导度与光合速率在所有光照下相关性均不显著。各遮荫条件下叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量均显著高于全光照的,且随遮荫程度的提高叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,而叶绿素a/b的值则随着遮荫程度的提高而下降。叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ内禀光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在活性(Fv/Fo)日变化呈单谷曲线。各遮荫条件下Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值均高于全光照的,且随着遮荫程度的提高其值均依次增加。这说明,异株荨麻是一种耐荫性很强的植物,遮荫可使其降低光补偿点、光饱和点、净光合速率、暗呼吸速率以及叶绿素a/b,但增加总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量、光能利用率以及PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和潜在活性,以增强在弱光条件下的生长发育能力。     

Effect of water deficits on transpiration, photosynthesis and leaf conductance in cassava

Transpiration, net photosynthesis and leaf conductance decreased when leaf water potential dropped below -0.30 MPa. Both transpiration and net photosynthesis rates were considerably reduced before the leaves were visibly wilted at -0.95 MPa. Consequently, visual symptoms are unlikely to provide a useful index for characterizing water deficits in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz cv. Llanera). Decreases in net photosynthesis closely followed decreases in transpiration and this suggests that stomatal closure controls both processes.     

Diurnal courses and factorial dependencies of leaf conductance and transpiration of differently potassium fertilized and watered field grown barley plants

During the grain filling period we followed diurnal courses in leaf water potential (ψ₁), leaf osmotic potential (ψ_π), transpiration (E), leaf conductance to water vapour transfer (g) and microclimatic parameters in field-grown spring barley (Hordeum distichum L. cv. Gunnar). The barley crop was grown on a coarse textured sandy soil at low (50 kg ha⁻¹) or high (200 kg ha⁻¹) levels of potassium applied as KCl. The investigation was undertaken at full irrigation or under drought. Drought was imposed at the beginning of the grain filling period. Leaf conductance and rate of transpiration were higher in the flag leaf than in the leaves of lower insertion. The rate of transpiration of the awns on a dry weight basis was of similar magnitude to that of the flag leaves. On clear days the rate of transpiration of fully watered barley plants was at a high level during most part of the day. The transpiration only decreased at low light intensities. The rate of transpiration was high despite leaf water potentials falling to rather low values due to high evaporative demands. In water stressed plants transpiration decreased and midday depression of transpiration occurred. Normally, daily accumulated transpirational water loss was lower in high K leaves than in low K leaves and generally the bulk water relations of the leaves were more favourable in high K plants than in low K plants. The factorial dependency of the flag leaf conductances on leaf water potential, light intensity, leaf temperature, and leaf-to-air water vapour concentration difference (ΔW) was analysed from a set of field data. From these data, similar sets of microclimatic conditions were classified, and dependencies of leaf conductance on the various environmental parameters were ascertained. The resulting mathematical functions were combined in an empirical simulation model. The results of the model were tested against other sets of measured data. Deviations between measured and predicted leaf conductance occurred at low light intensities. In the flag leaf, water potentials below-1.6 MPa reduced the stomatal apertures and determined the upper limit of leaf conductance. In leaves of lower insertion level conductances were reduced already at higher leaf water potentials. Leaf conductance was increased hyperbolically as photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) increased from darkness to full light. Leaf conductance as a function of leaf temperature followed an optimum curve which in the model was replaced by two linear regression lines intersecting at the optimum temperature of 23.4°C. Increasing leaf-to-air water vapour concentration difference caused a linear decrease in leaf conductance. Leaf conductances became slightly more reduced by lowered water potentials in the low K plants. Stomatal closure in response to a temperature change away from the optimum was more sensitive in high K plants, and also the decrease in leaf conductance under the influence of lowered ambient humidity proceeded with a higher sensitivity in high K plants. Thus, under conditions which favoured high conductances increase of evaporative demand caused an about 10% larger decrease in leaf conductance in the high K plants than in the low K plants. Stomatal sizes and density in the flag leaves differed between low and high K plants. In plants with partially open stomata, leaf conductance, calculated from stomatal pore dimensions, was up to 10% lower in the high K plants than in the low K plants. A similar reduction in leaf conductance in high K plants was measured porometrically. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of K supply on water use efficiency reported in former studies primarily resulted from altered stomatal sizes and densities.     

Recovery responses of photosynthesis,transpiration, and stomatal conductance in kidney bean following drought stress

Photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics were examined in kidney bean plants, with developing gradually water stress for several days after watering and then permitted to recover by re-watering. The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance decreased rapidly by withholding water for 2 days. The F_v/F_m of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics slightly decreased when the water was withheld for 7 days. After re-watering the rate of recovery of photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance decreased gradually as the days without watering became longer. The differences existed in rates of recovery of photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance following drought stress. Among the fractional recoveries the highest was photosynthesis, and the lowest was stomatal conductance. Photosynthesis rate following drought stress was rapidly recovered until 2 days after re-watering, then recovered slowly. The critical time for the recovery of photosynthesis was recognized. The results show clearly a close correlation between the leaf water potential and the recovery level and speed of photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance.     

马占相思夜间树干液流的分配及其对整树蒸腾估算的影响

采用Granier热消散探针测定了马占相思(Acacia mangium)的树干液流,结合Li-6400光合测定系统测定的夜间叶片气孔导度和蒸腾,将夜间液流区分为夜间树干水分补充和叶片气孔蒸腾。叶片的蒸腾作用微弱,因此,夜间液流主要用于补充贮水部位的水分亏缺。马占相思夜间水分补充量年内和年际的变化不明显,树形特征的差异是解释夜间水分补充量变化的重要因子,夜间水分补充量对于整树蒸腾量的贡献因季节和树木径级的不同而有明显变化,但对整树总蒸腾量计算造成的误差可以忽略。     

Can stomatal closure caused by xylem ABA explain the inhibition of leaf photosynthesis under soil drying?

Effects of leaf water deficit and increase in endogenous ABA on photosynthesis of two tropical trees, t Acacia confusa and t Leucaena leucocephala, were investigated with two soil-drying methods, i.e. half or whole root system was subjected to soil drying. Half-root drying was achieved by allowing upper layer of soil column to dry and lower layer of soil column to remain watered. Half-root drying had little effect on leaf water potential, but when compared to the well-watered control, both methods of soil drying substantially increased the ABA concentration in xylem and reduced leaf conductance in both species. There was a significant relationship between leaf conductance and xylem ABA concentrations in both species, which was comparable to the same relationship that was generated by feeding ABA to excised twigs. The rate of photosynthesis was inhibited substantially in both soil-drying treatments and in both species, but photochchemical efficiency, measured as a ratio of variable fluorescence to a peak fluorescence emission of a dark-adapted leaf (F_v/F_m), was not reduced except in the whole root-dried t L. leucocephala plants where leaf water potential was reduced to –2.5 MPa. In all the cases where photosynthesis was inhibited, there was a concomitant reduction in both leaf conductance and calculated internal CO₂ concentration. After two days of rewatering, leaf water potential and xylem ABA concentration rapidly returned to pre-treatment levels, but leaf conductance and photosynthesis of both whole-root and half root dried t L. leucocephala remained inhibited substantially. Rewatering led to a full recovery of both stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in soil-dried t A. confusa, although its photosynthesis of whole-root dried plants did not recover fully but such difference was not significant statistically. These results suggest that drought-induced decline of photosynthesis was mainly a result of the stomatal factor caused by the increase of ABA concentration in the xylem sap. Non-stomatal factors, e.g. reduced photochemical activity and/or carbon metabolic activity, were species-specific and were brought about only at very low water potential.     

The responses of stomata and leaf gas exchange to vapour pressure deficits and soil water content

The responses of leaf conductance, leaf water potential and rates of transpiration and net photosynthesis at different vapour pressure deficits ranging from 10 to 30 Pa kPa^-1 were followed in the sclerophyllous woody shrub Nerium oleander L. as the extractable soil water content decreased. When the vapour pressure deficit around a plant was kept constant at 25 Pa kPa^-1 as the soil water content decreased, the leaf conductance and transpiration rate showed a marked closing response to leaf water potential at-1.1 to-1.2 MPa, whereas when the vapour pressure deficit around the plant was kept constant at 10 Pa kPa^-1, leaf conductance decreased almost linearly from-0.4 to-1.1 MPa. Increasing the vapour pressure deficit from 10 to 30 Pa kPa^-1 in 5 Pa kPa^-1 steps, decreased leaf conductance at all exchangeable soil water contents. Changing the leaf water potential in a single leaf by exposing the remainder of the plant to a high rate of transpiration decreased the water potential of that leaf, but did not influence leaf conductance when the soil water content was high. As the soil water content was decreased, leaf conductances and photosynthetic rates were higher at equal levels of water potential when the decrease in potential was caused by short-term increases in transpiration than when the potential was decreased by soil drying.As the soil dried and the stomata closed, the rate of photosynthesis decreased with a decrease in the internal carbon dioxide partial pressure, but neither the net photosynthetic rate nor the internal CO₂ partial pressure were affected by low water potentials resulting from short-term increases in the rate of transpiration. Leaf conductance, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate showed no unique relationship to leaf water potential, but in all experiments the leaf gas exchange decreased when about one half of the extractable soil water had been utilized. We conclude that soil water status rather than leaf water status controls leaf gas exchange in N. oleander.     

不同生育期玉米叶片光合特性及水分利用效率对水分胁迫的响应

利用大型移动防雨棚开展了玉米水分胁迫及复水试验,通过分析玉米叶片光合数据,揭示了不同生育期水分胁迫及复水对玉米光合特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:水分胁迫导致玉米叶片整体光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度下降以及光合速率日变化的峰值提前;水分胁迫后的玉米叶片蒸腾速率、光合速率和气孔导度为适应干旱缺水均较对照显著下降,从而提高了水分利用效率,缩小了与水分充足条件下玉米叶片的水分利用效率差值;在中度和重度水分胁迫条件下,玉米叶片的水分利用效率降幅低于光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的降幅, 有时甚至高于正常供水条件下的水分利用效率;适度的水分胁迫能提高玉米叶片的水分利用效率,从而增强叶片对水分的利用能力,抵御干旱的逆境;水分亏缺对玉米光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的影响具有较明显滞后效应,干旱后复水,光合作用受抑制仍然持续;水分胁迫时间越长、胁迫程度越重,叶片的光合作用越呈不可逆性;拔节-吐丝期水分胁迫对玉米叶片光合作用的逆制比三叶-拔节期更难恢复。     

Effect of drought and rewatering on photosynthetic physioecological characteristics of soybean

Field experiments were conducted on soybean Glycine max, yudou29, a major cultivated variety in the Henan Province of China to study the relationship between photosynthetic characteristics and other physioecological parameters of its leaves under soil drying and rewatering treatments. The study showed that the dawn water potential of soybean leaves under the drying treatment was very close to that of soybean leaves under well-watered treatments (CK) when soil water content was higher than 47% of field water capacity (FWC). But when soil water content dropped below 47% of FWC, the leaf water potential decreased rapidly, indicating a significant threshold reaction. The dawn water potential threshold of soybean leaves was about ?1.02 MPa. Below this, the leaf water potential and net photosynthesis ratio dropped rapidly. When the soil water content was 47%, the leaf water potential and net photosynthesis ratio were nearly as high as those in CK, but the transpiration ratio was 67% lower, indicating that transpiration was more sensitive to drought than photosynthesis. After rewatering, the water status of soybean leaves improved, the net photosynthesis ratio and transpiration ratio increased linearly, and leaf stomata conductance (Gs) also recovered quickly. These results showed that after stress removal, soybean had fast-growing characteristics.     

The Heterogeneity and Spatial Patterning of Structure and Physiology across the Leaf Surface in Giant Leaves of Alocasia macrorrhiza

Leaf physiology determines the carbon acquisition of the whole plant, but there can be considerable variation in physiology and carbon acquisition within individual leaves. Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott is an herbaceous species that can develop very large leaves of up to 1 m in length. However, little is known about the hydraulic and photosynthetic design of such giant leaves. Based on previous studies of smaller leaves, and on the greater surface area for trait variation in large leaves, we hypothesized that A. macrorrhiza leaves would exhibit significant heterogeneity in structure and function. We found evidence of reduced hydraulic supply and demand in the outer leaf regions; leaf mass per area, chlorophyll concentration, and guard cell length decreased, as did stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate and quantum efficiency of photosystem II. This heterogeneity in physiology was opposite to that expected from a thinner boundary layer at the leaf edge, which would have led to greater rates of gas exchange. Leaf temperature was 8.8°C higher in the outer than in the central region in the afternoon, consistent with reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration caused by a hydraulic limitation to the outer lamina. The reduced stomatal conductance in the outer regions would explain the observed homogeneous distribution of leaf water potential across the leaf surface. These findings indicate substantial heterogeneity in gas exchange across the leaf surface in large leaves, greater than that reported for smaller-leafed species, though the observed structural differences across the lamina were within the range reported for smaller-leafed species. Future work will determine whether the challenge of transporting water to the outer regions can limit leaf size for plants experiencing drought, and whether the heterogeneity of function across the leaf surface represents a particular disadvantage for large simple leaves that might explain their global rarity, even in resource-rich environments.