冠状病毒是引起广州地区严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)的主要病因

为查找引起广州地区流行的严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)的病原体,采集患者漱口液及尸解标本,用组织培养法接种人胚肺细胞、MDCK细胞、Hep-2细胞和鸡胚分离病毒,用间接免疫荧光法检测患者恢复期血清lgG抗体,确定分离的病原是SARS的主要病因,再用套式RT—PCR、免疫电镜法鉴定病原。结果用人胚肺、Hep-2细胞在75份漱口液和3例尸解组织中分离出13株病原体,经套式RT—PCR扩增出110bp的特异产物,经测序证实为冠状病毒。制备冠状病毒的抗原,检测30份SARS病人恢复期血,其中26份血清lgG抗体阳性。同时检测30份普通发热病人血清作对照,IgG抗体全部阴性。由此证明,经组织培养分离到的病原体是引起SARS的致病因子,用分子生物学方法测序后证实为冠状病毒。     

SARS冠状病毒结构蛋白在血清学诊断中潜在应用价值的比较

为了确定特异的SARS抗体检测抗原,比较了SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)主要结构蛋白与SARS患者血清的反应性。从SARS死亡患者的肺组织提取的总RNA为模板,用RT-PCR技术分别扩增S、N、M和E4种结构蛋白基因,对3种S截短突变体和N、M、E的重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中进行表达。以表达的蛋白为抗原,应用Western blot跟踪检测11例SARS患者血清54份。结果显示：SARS—CoV的重组N蛋白和s蛋白有很强的抗原性,s蛋白的3个区段的抗原性强弱存在差异,S3抗原性强于S1和s2;在患病第1周、2周、3周及3周以上,N蛋白和s3蛋白抗体检出率分别为40％、65。2％、100％、100％和40％、61％、76.2％、100％;提示SARS-CoV重组N蛋白和S3蛋白在SARS的血清学诊断中有一定的应用价值。     

SARS冠状病毒N蛋白基因的克隆、表达及活性测定

利用PCR基因扩增法,以SARS冠状病毒全基因质粒为模板,获得N蛋白相应抗原基因,构建了表达载体pBV220／SARS-N,并在E．coli中获得高效表达。用纯化后的N蛋白抗原包被测定板,通过间接ELISA法对阴阳性血清进行活性测定,结果表明,在46份阳性血中有41份被测出,检出率为89．13％。本研究克隆并表达了SARS冠状病毒N蛋白,为进一步研制SARS病人抗体检测试剂和SARS疫苗奠定了基础。     

严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)患者不同组织中冠状病毒的分离和鉴定

严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)自2002年11月在中国广东爆发后,已迅速蔓延成为全球性传染疾患。为了了解SARS冠状病毒的特征,对先前SARS冠状病毒PCR检测呈阳性的来自广东的3份尸检肺组织标本、2份尸检脾组织标本：来自北京的2份咽拭子标本和1份血清标本,利用10种不同的细胞系分离病毒。结果显示,上述标本在感染细胞后,分别可在293、Vero—E6、Vero、RD和HeLa细胞系中产生细胞病变(CPE)。不同标本在上述细胞系中致CPE的能力不同,但CPE出现的时间和病变形态学特征无显著性差异。以恢复期SARS病人血清为抗体,用间接免疫荧光法对感染后细胞培养的检测,冠状病毒RT-_PCR对感染后细胞RNA的检测,初步证明分离的病毒为冠状病毒。结果再次证明冠状病毒为SARS的病原,它具有较广泛的器官分布和细胞感染能力。血清中SARS冠状病毒的分离,高度提示在SARS发病过程中存在有病毒血症。     

严重急性呼吸综合征患者血清特异性抗体消涨规律的长期追踪研究

目的:追踪检测SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)抗体在严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)患者血清中的产生及其转归规律,为SARS诊断及防治提供依据。方法:对41例临床诊断SARS患者的血清进行了连续3年的检测,分别应用间接免疫荧光(IFA)检测患者血清特异性IgG抗体平均滴度,应用双抗原夹心ELISA法检测患者血清核衣壳蛋白(N蛋白)抗体的平均滴度,绘制消涨曲线,得出消涨规律。结果:应用IFA检测患者血清特异性IgG抗体与应用双抗原夹心ELISA法检测N蛋白抗体所得到的消涨规律不同,前者测得康复者血清IgG抗体滴度维持在较低水平,但后者检测35例康复者血清N蛋白抗体仍维持在较高水平。结论:SARS-CoV的N蛋白是免疫原性较强的抗原,感染3年后仍存在高滴度抗体;抗原夹心ELISA检测SARS-CoV N蛋白抗体的灵敏度较IFA方法高。     

检测人血清中SARS冠状病毒IgG抗体的ELISA方法建立及其应用

为了建立方便、敏感和特异的SARS病毒血清学诊断方法,利用PQE30表达系统在大肠杆菌M15中分段高效表达了SARS病毒N蛋白.通过金属鏊合亲和层析纯化了目的蛋白N-1和N-2,Western blot结果显示,两个表达蛋白均具有较好的抗原性.然后将N-1和N-2蛋白共同包被,建立了检测人血清中SARS病毒IgG抗体的间接ELISA法.用此方法检测120例临床诊断为SARS的病人和244个不同年龄组正常人血清IgG抗体,结果120例SARS病人的第一份血清IgG抗体总阳性率为60.0%,发病第0～7、8～10、11～14、15～27和28天后的血清中,SARS病毒IgG抗体阳性率分别为0、11.1%、60.0%、60.5%和70.3%;而244份正常人血清检测结果均为阴性,包括100份14岁以下儿童血清也未发现假阳性.结果表明,利用大肠杆菌表达的N蛋白完全能够替代全病毒灭活抗原,所建立的间接ELISA方法简单,价格低廉,能保证生物安全,对SARS可疑病例的确诊和排除具有重要的实际应用价值,可用于SARS高危人群的血清流行病学监测,SARS疫情的控制和预防,以及SARS病毒蛋白功能的研究.     

SARS冠状病毒M蛋白的原核表达及其DNA疫苗构建

为探讨SARS-CoV的M蛋白的免疫学特性以及M蛋白作为SARS-CoV病毒疫苗组分的可行性和必要性.分别用pET-15b和pET-22b在大肠杆菌中表达SARS-CoV的M蛋白,亲和层析纯化后作为抗原应用.同时,将M蛋白的编码基因克隆进分泌型真核表达载体pSecTagB中得到重组质粒pSecM作为DNA疫苗,免疫BALB/c小白鼠、制备SARS-CoV M蛋白的抗血清.并用纯化后的M蛋白建立的SARS-CoV M抗体ELISA检测技术研究所构建的M-DNA疫苗的免疫效果.结果表明:两种重组M蛋白在大肠杆菌中均以可溶性形式得到高效表达,经与华大产的用灭活SARS全病毒制备的SARS-CoV抗体ELISA检测试剂盒比较实验,证明该原核表达的重组M蛋白能与SARS确诊病人血清以及M-DNA免疫鼠血清发生特异性抗原抗体反应.这两种重组M蛋白有可能作为抗原组分用于临床SARS-CoV检测中;所构建的SARS-CoV的M基因核酸疫苗能在小鼠体内产生特异性抗体,提示M蛋白在SARS-CoV疫苗尤其是组分疫苗的研制中应加以考虑,为DNA疫苗的开发提供了依据.     

SARS冠状病毒M蛋白的原核表达及其DNA疫苗构建

为探讨SARS-CoV的M蛋白的免疫学特性以及M蛋白作为SARS-CoV病毒疫苗组分的可行性和必要性.分别用pET-15b和pET-22b在大肠杆菌中表达SARS-CoV的M蛋白,亲和层析纯化后作为抗原应用.同时,将M蛋白的编码基因克隆进分泌型真核表达载体pSecTagB中得到重组质粒pSecM作为DNA疫苗,免疫BALB/c小白鼠、制备SARS-CoV M蛋白的抗血清.并用纯化后的M蛋白建立的SARS-CoV M抗体ELISA检测技术研究所构建的M-DNA疫苗的免疫效果.结果表明两种重组M蛋白在大肠杆菌中均以可溶性形式得到高效表达,经与华大产的用灭活SARS全病毒制备的SARS-CoV抗体ELISA检测试剂盒比较实验,证明该原核表达的重组M蛋白能与SARS确诊病人血清以及M-DNA免疫鼠血清发生特异性抗原抗体反应.这两种重组M蛋白有可能作为抗原组分用于临床SARS-CoV检测中;所构建的SARS-CoV的M基因核酸疫苗能在小鼠体内产生特异性抗体,提示M蛋白在SARS-CoV疫苗尤其是组分疫苗的研制中应加以考虑,为DNA疫苗的开发提供了依据.     

SARS和MERS中和抗体假病毒检测方法的建立

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)均属冠状病毒科(Coronaviridae),能够引起人类严重疾病,特别是SARS-CoV可以导致严重急性呼吸综合征,而且容易造成暴发式流行,引起社会恐慌。本研究利用含有SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV棘突蛋白(Spike protein,S)基因的表达质粒pcD-NA3.1-SS、pcDNA3.1-MS,成功构建了高滴度假病毒,在此基础上通过对病毒接种量进行优化,建立了稳定可靠的假病毒中和抗体检测方法,并通过检测SARS恢复期病人血清以及免疫后小鼠血清对方法的特异性、稳定性以及重复性进行分析,充分证明了该方法是有效的血清中和抗体的检测手段。本研究成功构建了不依赖于BSL-3级生物安全条件的SARS和MERS假病毒,不仅可应用于血清中和抗体检测,还为后续单克隆抗体及抗病毒药物筛选和评价、疫苗研发及病毒感染机制研究等奠定了基础。     

北京地区养殖果子狸SARS冠状病毒调查

目的调查北京地区养殖果子狸SARS病毒感染和携带情况。方法用PCR方法检测果子狸咽拭子、肛拭子和皮毛标本,进行SARS病毒病原检测;中和抗体检测果子狸血清。结果本次抽样检测北京地区3个养殖场的10%的果子狸,未检测到SARS冠状病毒,血清抗体阴性。结论检测结果不支持北京地区饲养的果子狸中携带有SARS冠状病毒。     

Detection of antibodies against SARS-Coronavirus using recombinant truncated nucleocapsid proteins by ELISA

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a lifethreatening emerging respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus, SARS-CoV. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV is highly antigenic and may be a suitable candidate for diagnostic applications. We constructed truncated recombinant N proteins (N1 [1-422 aa], N2 [1- 109 aa], and N3 [110-422 aa]) and determined their antigenicity by Western blotting using convalescent SARS serum. The recombinants containing N1 and N3 reacted with convalescent SARS serum in Western blotting. However, the recombinant with N2 did not. In ELISA using N1 or N3 as the antigens, positive results were observed in 10 of 10 (100%) SARS-CoV-positive human sera. None of 50 healthy sera gave positive results in either assay. These data indicate that the ELISA using N1 or N3 has high sensitivity and specificity. These results suggest that the middle or C-terminal region of the SARS N protein is important for eliciting antibodies against SARS-CoV during the immune response, and ELISA reactions using N1 or N3 may be a valuable tool for SARS diagnosis.     

Expression of SARS-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in Escherichia coli and Lactococcus lactis for serodiagnosis and mucosal vaccination

The nucleocapsid (N) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is an important antigen for the early diagnosis of SARS and the development of vaccines. It was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion with human glutathione S-transferase (hGST) and was confirmed by Western blotting analysis. This recombinant N protein (hGST-N) was purified and used to measure the SARS-CoV N-specific antibody in the sera of eight SARS patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specific antibody response to this purified recombinant N protein was 100% positive in the SARS patients sera, while none of the control sera from 30 healthy people gave a positive reaction in the same assay. The SARS-CoV N protein was also expressed in Lactococcus lactis in the cytoplasm or secreted into the medium. The N-producing strain MG1363/pSECN and the purified hGST-N protein were respectively administered to mice, either orally or intranasally. Results indicated that orally delivered MG1363/pSECN induced significant N-specific IgG in the sera. In conclusion, our work provides a novel strategy to produce the SARS-CoV N protein for serodiagnosis and for L. lactis-based mucosal vaccines.     

Early detection of antibodies against various structural proteins of the SARS-associated coronavirus in SARS patients

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a new disease with symptoms similar to those of atypical pneumonia, raised a global alert in March 2003. Because of its relatively high transmissibility and mortality upon infection, probable SARS patients were quarantined and treated with special and intensive care. Therefore, instant and accurate laboratory confirmation of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection has become a worldwide interest. For this need, we purified recombinant proteins including the nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E), membrane (M), and truncated forms of the spike protein (S1–S7) of SARS-CoV inEscherichia coli. The six proteins N, E, M, S2, S5, and S6 were used for Western blotting (WB) to detect various immunoglobulin classes in 90 serum samples from 54 probable SARS patients. The results indicated that N was recognized in most of the sera. In some cases, S6 could be recognized as early as 2 or 3 days after illness onset, while S5 was recognized at a later stage. Furthermore, the result of recombinant-protein-based WB showed a 90% agreement with that of the whole-virus-based immunofluorescence assay. Combining WB with existing RT-PCR, the laboratory confirmation for SARS-CoV infection was greatly enhanced by 24.1%, from 48.1% (RT-PCR alone) to 72.2%. Finally, our results show that IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV can be detected within 1 week after illness onset in a few SARS patients.     

肿瘤患者血清中SARS-CoV抗体阳性原因分析

探讨SARS冠状病毒(SARS—CoV)抗体在SARS病原学诊断中的特异性及其在肿瘤患血清中的假阳性问题。应用ELISA和荧光定量RT-PCR技术检测了111例正常对照和40例肿瘤患血清中SARS—CoV抗体的阳性率。在111例正常对照中,IgM抗体均阴性,IgG抗体的阳性率为3．6％(4／111);IgG抗体诊断SARS的特异性为96．4％,两种抗体同时阳性诊断SARS的特异性为100％。40例肿瘤患中,IgM抗体均阴性,IgG抗体阳性率17．5％(7／40)。经RT—PCR检测,上述肿瘤患阳性病例均为阴性。结果表明,同时测定SARS—CoV的两种抗体可降低诊断的假阳性率,提高诊断的特异性。用非纯化SARS—CoV抗原制备的ELISA试剂盒测定肿瘤患的SARS—CoV抗体,可能出现假阳性。在肿瘤患中出现假阳性的原因可能与包被的抗原有关。     

The epitope study on the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein

The nucleocapsid protein (N protein) has been found to be an antigenic protein in a number of coronaviruses. Whether the N protein in severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is antigenic remains to be elucidated. Using Western blot and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), the recombinant N proteins and the synthesized peptides derived from the N protein were screened in sera from SARS patients. All patient sera in this study displayed strong positive immunoreactivities against the recombinant N proteins, whereas normal sera gave negative immunoresponses to these proteins, indicating that the N protein of SARS-CoV is an antigenic protein. Furthermore, the epitope sites in the N protein were determined by competition experiments, in which the recombinant proteins or the synthesized peptides competed against the SARS-CoV proteins to bind to the antibodies raised in SARS sera. One epitope site located at the C-terminus was confirmed as the most antigenic region in this prot     

恒河猴感染SARS-CoV的病毒学、血清学检测

目的对感染SARS-CoV的8只恒河猴进行病毒学、血清学指标检测。方法SARS-CoV经鼻腔接种8只恒河猴,在感染的第1天开始到5、7、10、15、20、30和60天分别安乐处死时,不同时间取咽拭子、血液和脏器,进行病毒分离,RT-PCR检测和抗体测定。结果RT-PCR证实感染病毒检出时间为5~16d,8只猴中的5只分离到了病毒,感染15d后可检测到抗体。结论感染SARS-CoV的恒河猴不仅出现与SARS患者类似的临床和病理学改变,也在一定时期内排毒,出现特异免疫反应,这些指标均可作为药物筛选、疫苗评价等方面的重要参数。     

A strategy for searching antigenic regions in the SARS-CoV spike protein

In the face of the worldwide threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) to human life, some of the most urgent challenges are to develop fast and accurate analytical methods for early diagnosis of this disease as well as to create a safe anti-viral vaccine for prevention. To these ends, we investigated the antigenicity of the spike protein (S protein), a major structural protein in the SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Based upon the theoretical analysis for hydrophobicity of the S protein, 18 peptides were synthesized. Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA),these peptides were screened in the sera from SARS patients. According to these results, two fragments of the S gene were amplified by PCR and cloned into pET-32a. Both S fragments were expressed in the BL-21 strain and further purified with an affinity chromatography. These recombinant S fragments were confirmed to have positive cross-reactions with SARS sera, either by Western blot or by ELISA. Our results demonstrated that the potenti