New evidence for hominid presence in the Lower Pleistocene of the Southern Levant

The site of 'Ubeidiya is located in the Jordan Valley, Israel and has been biochronologically dated to 1.5 m.y.a. It exhibits large lithic and faunal assemblages. Previous published hominid material includes a molar (UB 1701) and I(2) (UB 1700). A recent review of the faunal material from previous excavations has revealed a highly worn hominid right lateral lower incisor (UB 335). The tooth was found in situ in the Lower Pleistocene deposits of stratum I-26a, which is comprised of sand and conglomerates of flint, limestone and basalt indicative of a pebbled lakeshore environment. Taphonomic analysis of the macromammal assemblage indicates high-energy fluvial transport. Paleoecological reconstruction suggests a large woodland fauna with a small percent of open steppe species.UB 335 did not differ significantly from the Lower Pleistocene hominid and modern populations but did differ significantly from all other fossil populations. Two-tailed Student t -test and single classification Model II ANOVA of the buccolingual diameter did not distinguish between Lower Pleistocene species: Homo habilis, H. ergaster and H. cf. erectus. Thus, UB 335 can be identified as a Lower Pleistocene hominid although it cannot be securely assigned to any particular species within that time frame. The current date of the 'Ubeidiya deposits and the location of the site within the Levantine corridor suggests a tenative identification as H. ergaster.     

广西崇左三合大洞的早更新世猪属新材料

系统记述了广西崇左三合大洞早更新世堆积中出土的与巨猿伴生的小猪(Sus xiaozhu)和裴氏猪(S.peii)。三合大洞是小猪在我国境内至少为第12个产地,也是目前最靠南的产地。小猪在三合大洞的发现进一步证实了小猪的繁盛时期是早更新世,繁盛地区在广西。三合大洞是裴氏猪在我国境内至少第9个产地, 也是裴氏猪在我国境内目前最靠南的记录。裴氏猪在三合大洞的发现同样证实了裴氏猪的繁盛时期是早更新世, 繁盛地区也在广西。虽然小猪的时代分布从早更新世早期起并可能延续到晚更新世早期, 裴氏猪的时代分布从早更新世早期到中更新世早期, 但是迄今发现的小猪与裴氏猪同时产出的层位均为早更新世地层, 而三合大洞是迄今我国境内第6个小猪和裴氏猪伴生的早更新世地点。小猪和裴氏猪也经常出现在巨猿产地, 三合大洞是迄今它们共生的第5个地点。小猪和裴氏猪在三合大洞的出现指示三合地区在早更新世具有近水的森林和灌丛环境。     

Strontium isotopes in Melanopsis sp. as indicators of variation in hydrology and climate in the Upper Jordan Valley during the Early-Middle Pleistocene, and wider implications

Aquifers dominated by Pleistocene basalts and Jurassic to Cretaceous calcareous rocks feed the Hula basin which is drained by the Jordan River into Lake Kinneret. The sedimentary sequence of Lower-Middle Pleistocene Benot Ya‘akov Formation (BYF) exposed by excavations of the 0.78 Ma lake-side site of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov (GBY) consists of six cycles representing ca. 100 ka history of the Hula basin. This study characterizes the types of water sources in the catchment, tests the use of the Strontium (Sr) isotopes in the common extant snail Melanopsis sp. as a tracer for water in its habitat, and uses this tracer in the fossil specimens from GBY to investigate the palaeohydrology of the Hula paleolake during the corresponding period.The Sr isotope composition (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) of extant Melanopsis shells in the Hula catchment range widely (0.7046-0.7079). These analyses define distinct groups of water sources and aquifers, while the Jordan River at the GBY site has values around 0.70685. The values for fossil Melanopsis from GBY vary along stratigraphy; they are highest around 0.70710 in Cycles 1 and 2, decrease to around 0.70685 in Cycle 3, and exhibit upward trending fluctuations in the subsequent cycles to 0.70703 in Cycle 6. This trend reveals the dominance of the Hermon Jurassic aquifer during the earlier, colder periods before the Matuyama-Brunhes Boundary (MBB) and enhanced influence of the Golan basaltic aquifers, in subsequent warmer periods, indicating that the MBB coincides with climate warming as supported by other indicators. Hence, this global geochronological indicator of 0.78 Ma is also potentially a global palaeoclimatic marker. The similarity between the Sr isotope composition of the Jordan River waters and Melanopsis and those from Cycle 3 suggests that the current climate corresponds to that of the warmest period within the record of GBY, clarifying the comparative interpretation of this 100 k.yr. climate record.     

The Early-Middle Pleistocene environmental and climatic change and the human expansion in Western Europe: A case study with small vertebrates (Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain)

The dispersal of hominins may have been favored by the opening of the landscape during the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition (EMP) in Western Europe. The structure of the small-vertebrate assemblages of the archaeo-paleontological karstic site of Gran Dolina in Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) shows important environmental and climatic changes in the faunal succession, across the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary at 780 ka. These changes are interpreted to indicate impoverishment of the forests, along with an increase in dry meadows, and open lands in general that entailed a tendency towards the loss of diversity in small-vertebrate communities above the EMP. We evaluate variation in diversity of the faunal succession of Gran Dolina using Shannon’s Second Theorem as an index of ecosystem structure. The long cultural-stratigraphic sequence of Gran Dolina during the EMP is somewhat similar in its completeness and continuity to that in the locality of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov in the Upper Jordan Valley. We also evaluate related data including faunal and floral (pollen) succession. Both localities present cold, dry and humid, warm fluctuations at the transition between the Early and the Middle Pleistocene. Comparisons between these sites present opportunities to understand large-scale climatic changes.     

A historic biogeography of the aquatic fauna of the Levant

The historic biogeography of the aquatic fauna of the Levant is reconstructed upon evidence of the gastropod groups with a well-established taxonomy and a rich fossil record. Faunal origins include ancient northern elements coming from an Anatolian–Iberian faunal province that, in the early Miocene, bypassed mainland Italy. This scenario is more plausible than the current 'Lago Mare' biogeographical theory. Palaeotropical elements represent either an Oriental or an African source; in either case these elements could have first reached Anatolia, from where they eventually spread southwards into the Levant, perhaps broadly coinciding in time with the invasion of the northern elements. Within the Levant, the faunas of the Euphrates, Orontes, and Jordan formed at first one common pool, but by 2 Mya the fauna of the Jordan had diverged from that of the Orontes; later, the Orontes fauna diverged from that of the Euphrates. By 1.4 Mya the fauna of the Levant consisted of both ancient survivors and new species. Some 780 000 years ago there was an exceptionally diversified fauna with many new, northern elements. Many of these elements did not survive to recent times. The fossil record suggests that the fauna of the Jordan Valley was separate from that of the Orontes throughout the Pliocene–Pleistocene. Taxa common today to the Jordan Valley and coastal sites may reflect an ancient system of rivers that drained westwards to the Mediterranean Sea, across the Jordan Valley of today.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 92 , 625–639.     

Quaternary sandstones, northeast Jordan: Age, depositional environments and climatic implications

OSL dating of weakly consolidated, root-bound, non-calcareous quartz arenites in northeast Jordan, currently assigned to the Plio-Pleistocene Azraq Formation, suggests a Middle Pleistocene (652 ± 47 ka) age. The sandstones are up to 15.5 m thick and overlain by a 2.5 m thick Holocene gypcrete caprock. Facies and textural analyses suggest that the sandstones are predominantly aeolian in origin, mainly derived from Tertiary sediments exposed close to the depositional site. The sands were transported by the prevailing NW winds and deposited in a broad, relatively flat sand sheet environment. Rhizoliths occur throughout the sandstones, mainly as long, downward tapering, vertical tap roots, rarely branched and with few laterals. Microscopic examination of root cores replaced by carbonate reveals the presence of alveolar fabrics, possible needle fibre calcite, calcified organic filaments of fungal, root vessel and root hair origins, characteristic of low magnesium beta calcretes, typical of humid climates.Morphologically the roots resemble modern shrub-like species typical of desert environments where water availability at the surface and in the subsurface was sufficient to support an effective vegetation cover. Plots of stratigraphic variations in root length, root spacing and root frequency reflect temporal variations in the water table level and precipitation during sand deposition. All three parameters show a similar crude cyclicity consistent with fluctuations in the level of the water table with the most moist phase beneath the predominantly waterlain Holocene gypcrete when trees appeared for the first time. The gypcrete signifies a change to temporary wetter conditions and may mark the boundary between the Pleistocene and Holocene in this area. Although pedogenic horizonation is poorly developed, especially in desert sands, the beta calcretes and rhizocretions typically form within active soil zones. Soils do not form where rainfall is < 150 mm per year, and above 350 mm complete leaching of the edaphon occurs. However, above 300 mm per year shrubs are replaced by grassland, hence rainfall is inferred to have been 150-300 mm per year, much higher than the < 50 mm in the area today. The age of the sandstones may correlate with isotopic event 17, dated at 659 ka, when the Pleistocene climate in Jordan was characterised by arid to semi-arid phases interrupted by shorter more humid phases, when the water table was higher and the precipitation/evaporation balance greater than today.     

许家窑-侯家窑遗址地层穷究

许家窑-侯家窑遗址是中国旧石器时代中期一处重要的考古遗址, 出土的化石"许家窑人"属于早期智人。按照现行地层古生物学常规判断, 其地层应该属于上更新统。目前, 许家窑组是泥河湾盆地乃至东亚地区发现的上更新统包含古人类及其旧石器文化遗物和古哺乳动物化石相当丰富的一个地层剖面, 但断代存在理念误区。     

泥河湾盆地板井子遗址锯齿刃器实验研究

锯齿刃器是中国旧石器时代存在的一种重要器物类型,然而,其模糊的类型学鉴定标准使得该器物的研究在国内学术界没有得到足够的重视。板井子遗址是河北泥河湾盆地晚更新世早期的一处重要旧石器遗址,出土较多锯齿刃器。本文通过实验研究,证明板井子遗址的锯齿刃器齿凹的大小与石锤修理部位面积大小呈正相关关系,且遗址中有一部分锯齿刃器是用修理部位面积较小的带尖石锤打制而成,并在遗址标本中找出尖端有散漫坑疤的带尖石锤。本文复原了锯齿刃器的制作工艺流程,证明锯齿刃器是一个稳定的加工过程,需要特殊的石锤来加工,并对其功能进行讨论。     

尉家小堡遗址石制品的初步研究

山西北部桑干河中游的尉家小堡遗址,是华北地区以细石器加工技术为特征的旧石器时代晚期遗址,石制品岩性以硅质岩和火山角砾岩为主。细石核全部为楔形石核,显示出一套较为成熟而稳定的制坯及剥片工艺,包括软锤修整楔状缘、压制产生细石叶等。石器类型全部为刮削器。5.6%的拼合率说明此处为原地埋藏遗址。通过与同时代桑干河流域的其他遗址石制品的比较和遗址出土较精致的穿孔骨制品的现象判断,此遗址的年代应在旧石器时代晚期之末。     

Melanopsis from the Pleistocene site of 'Ubeidiya, Jordan Valley: direct evidence of early hybridization (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea)

'Ubeidiya is a 1.4 Myr-old Lower-Pleistocene site in the Jordan Valley. Its rich Melanopsis fauna was found to include five species: buccinoidea , costata, turriformis , phanesiana obediensis and multiformis . These species and their conchiometrics are described. M. buccinoidea and costata occur in the Levant also today whereas turriformis , p. obediensis and multiformis are extinct. These findings suggest considerable faunal connections between the Jordan, the Orontes and perhaps also Rodhos during the lower Pleistocene. During the late Miocene, when the Mediterranean Sea level dropped, coastal-plain freshwater habitats could have expanded and Melanopsis species could then have invaded the Rift Valley via coastal rivers. In addition they could have reached later, via the Rift Valley. Species frequencies of Melanopsis throughout 'Ubeidiya suggest three' Melanopsis landscapes': an early period dominated by buccinoidea , a later one by costata and an upper one by p. obediensis . It is reasonable to speculate that the buccinoidea landscape represents a spring or perhaps a deep lake with a nearby stream; the costata landscape a shallow, nonturbulent, well-aerated lake with a slow current; and the p. obediensis landscape a turbulent, well-aerated lake. Intermediates were found between buccinoidea and costata . Their low frequency and their chrono-distribution suggest they are hybrids, rather than evolutionary transitions between species. The 1.4 Myr old fossils of 'Ubeidiya may be the earliest direct evidence of hybridization among molluscs in nature, that is still going on today in the same region and aquatic system, among the same species. The Melanopsis hybrid populations may perhaps act as filters that prevent the introgression of most genes, but allow others to disperse into the range of the parent species. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 75 , 39–57.     

蔚县盆地吉家庄旧石器遗址的形成过程

泥河湾盆地发育着我国北方第四纪典型的河湖相沉积体系,因其间富集众多早-中更新世旧石器时代遗址为学术界所关注。本文对泥河湾盆地蔚县吉家庄遗址（JJZ-B和JJZ-E地点）的遗址成因进行分析。地貌和沉积物特点表明,JJZ-B地点埋藏于湖滨相环境的湿地或沼泽环境,JJZ-E地点则属于湖滨相环境下的沙坝沉积体系。遗物的多项指标（遗物空间分布特点、石制品风化磨蚀状况、石制品技术组合与空间产状特征等）分析显示,JJZ-B地点属于近原地埋藏,形成过程中受到微弱的入湖片流改造,遗址完整性较高;JJZ-E地点的遗物连同砾石被湖滨片流搬运至遗址堆积区,后期受到了湖水的淘洗作用,显示异地埋藏的特点。研究表明,泥河湾古湖在中更新世仍保留有丰富的古人类活动信息,湖滨不同部位对遗址成因产生重要影响;该研究对正确解读古人类对吉家庄遗址不同地点的利用方式具有重要意义。     

三峡地区最晚更新世的梅氏犀兼述中国南方更新世的犀牛化石

重庆市巫山县迷宫洞是一处重要的晚更新世晚期的古人类遗址, 其绝对年代为距今13150±190年。本文研究了这一遗址出土的犀牛化石, 材料包括头骨碎块、下颌、牙齿及数件头后骨骼。这些材料被鉴定为梅氏犀或称基什贝尔格犀(Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis), 是这个种已知时代最晚和分布最为靠南的记录。适合温带气候的S.kirchbergensis在中-晚更新世南下至长江流域, 可能是受到冰期寒冷气候的压迫所致。以迷宫洞和其他长江流域的S.kirchbergensis为基础, 通过对比, 认为我国南方、北方以及欧洲的S.kirchbergensis在颊齿形态上存在明显的区别, 从而将这个种分为三个类型。另外, 本文还对我国南方更新世的犀牛种类, 特别是中国犀(Rhinoceros sinensis), 进行了全面地厘定。     

Végétation et climat au Pléistocène inférieur et moyen à La Pineta (Isernia,Italie)

Palynological investigation from the Lower Palaeolithic site of La Pineta (Isernia, Molise) reports the environmental and climatic conditions of an old human occupation site in Italy, between the end of the Lower Pleistocene and the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene. The pollen record shows that the end of the Lower Pleistocene was marked by an arid episode. This is related to change in the climatic cycles periodicity from 41 to 100 ka, which occurred between 900 and 800 ka. The post-archaeological layers show new favourable moisture conditions at the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, when the 100 ka cycles prevail. To cite this article: V. Lebreton, C. R. Palevol 1 (2002) 11–17.     

Human mandibular incisors from the late Middle Pleistocene locality of Hoedjiespunt 1, South Africa.

The Hoedjiespunt 1 locality is an archaeological and palaeontological site located on the Hoedjiespunt Peninsula at Saldanha Bay, South Africa. In 1996 two human teeth, a left central mandibular incisor and a left lateral mandibular incisor, were discovered during excavations in the late Middle Pleistocene palaeontological layers. These teeth are described and are found to belong to a single subadult individual. Despite their developmental stage, these incisors already display early signs of wear. Their crown diameters are larger than modern and archaeological African comparative material and are most closely comparable with crown diameters of an early Middle Pleistocene and late Middle Pleistocene dental sample from Africa, Europe and Asia. In the light of this metrical evidence, data on two previously excavated maxillary molars, most probably belonging to the same individual, were re-examined. It was found that the Hoedjiespunt 1 hominid possessed dental metrical features (large anterior teeth and small molars) comparable with other African and European hominids referred to the Middle Pleistocene.     

New Neandertal remains from Cova Negra (Valencia, Spain)

New Neandertal fossils from the Mousterian site of Cova Negra in the Valencia region of Spain are described, and a comprehensive study of the entire human fossil sample is provided. The new specimens significantly augment the sample of human remains from this site and make Cova Negra one of the richest human paleontological sites on the Iberian Peninsula. The new specimens include cranial and postcranial elements from immature individuals and provide an opportunity to study the ontogenetic appearance of adult Neandertal characteristics in this Pleistocene population. Children younger than 10 years of age constitute four of the seven minimum number of individuals in the sample, and this relative abundance of children at Cova Negra is similar that in to other Neandertal sites in Europe and southwest Asia. The recognition of diagnostic Neandertal features in several of the specimens, as well as their western European context and late Pleistocene age, suggests that all the human remains from Cova Negra represent Neandertals. The archaeological evidence from Cova Negra indicates sporadic, short-term occupations of the site, suggesting a high degree of mobility among Neandertals.     

The Gravettian occipital bone from the site of Malladetes (Barx,Valencia, Spain)

The juvenile occipital bone from the site of Malladetes in Valencia (Spain) is described and compared with other European Pleistocene representatives of the genus Homo. This specimen derives from a Gravettian cultural context and has been AMS radiocarbon-dated to 25,120 +/- 240 years BP. As such, it provides evidence on early modern human anatomy from the Central Mediterranean region of the Iberian peninsula. The clear evidence for a late survival of Neandertals in southern Iberia, has led to considerable debate surrounding the biological and cultural interactions between these Pleistocene humans and their early modern human successors, and it is within this context that the Malladetes specimen represents an important contribution to the discussion. The recently discovered Upper Paleolithic infant from the site of Lagar Velho in Portugal is said to show a mosaic of Neandertal and early modern human characteristics throughout the skeleton and is argued to represent the strongest evidence yet recovered in favor of hybridization between these two Pleistocene populations. Our analysis of the Malladetes occipital, however, reveals no evidence of Neandertal genetic influence.     

广西崇左木榄山智人洞的鼠科化石

最近在广西崇左木榄山智人洞遗址采集到1件具有现代智人解剖特征初始状态的下颌骨和丰富的哺乳动物化石。啮齿类中的鼠科化石有锡金小鼠(Mus pahari)、中华姬鼠(Apodemus draco)、黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)、似德氏狨鼠(Hapalomys cf.H.delacouri)、笔尾树鼠(Chiropodomys gliroides)、社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)、针毛鼠(Niviventer fulvescens)、爱氏巨鼠(Leopoldamys edwardsi)、印度板齿鼠(Bandicota indica)、褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)和黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)共8属11种。这种全部由当地或邻近地区现生种类构成的组合显然比当地早更新世的三合大洞和川黔地区中更新世歌乐山期的鼠类组合进步, 而与广西田东雾云洞的鼠类组合相似, 其动物群的时代为晚更新世早期, 与不平衡铀系法得到的测年结果(距今约11万年)相吻合。智人洞鼠科动物的组合明显具有东洋界热带-亚热带动物群的特点, 其中林灌和草地型所占比例较大表明当时的森林面积可能减少、林灌和草地面积可能增加, 反映出当时的气候相对干旱。     

Human remains from Valdegoba Cave (Huérmeces, Burgos, Spain).

Systematic excavations, begun in 1987, at the Valdegoba cave site in northern Spain have yielded the remains of five individuals associated with a Middle Paleolithic stone tool technology and Pleistocene fauna. A fragmentary mandible of an adolescent (VB1), preserving nearly a full set of teeth, exhibits a symphyseal tubercle and slight incurvatio mandibulae anterior on the external symphysis. Both the superior and inferior transverse tori are present on the internal aspect. A second individual (VB2) is represented by a set of ten deciduous teeth consistent with an age at death of 6-9 months. A proximal manual phalanx (VB3) displays a relatively broad head, a characteristic which is found in both Neandertals, as well as European Middle Pleistocene hominids. VB4 is a fourth metatarsal that lacks the distal epiphysis, indicating it comes from an adolescent individual, and has a relatively high robusticity index. Finally, VB5 is a fifth metatarsal of an adult. The VB1 mandible shows a combination of archaic characteristics as well as more specific Neandertal morphological traits. The VB2 deciduous teeth are very small, and both the metrics and morphology seem more consistent with a modern human classification. The postcranial elements are undiagnostic, U-Th dating has provided an age of >350 ka for the base of the sequence and a date of <73.2+/-5 ka for level 7, near the top. Faunal analysis and radiometric dates from other nearby Mousterian sites suggests that the Valdegoba site is correlative with oxygen isotope stages 3-6 on the Iberian peninsula, and an Upper Pleistocene age for the Valdegoba hominids seems most reasonable.