品管圈活动在提高住院患者对护理工作满意度中的应用

目的 探讨品管圈活动在提高住院患者对护理工作满意度中的应用效果.方法 成立呼吸内科"品管圈"组织,运用PDCA循环,针对第三方调查问卷对住院患者不满意因子进行原因分析,制订相应的改善措施并组织实施,比较实施前后的效果.结果 实施品管圈活动后,住院患者对护理工作的满意度从88%上升至98%,经统计分析,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);临床护理服务质量得到了明显的提高.结论 品管圈活动的开展可促进病区临床护理质量持续改进,提倡感动服务,有效地提高住院患者对护理工作的满意度,提高了病区护士综合管理能力,增加护士自身的归属感与成就感.品管圈活动是提高临床护理质量管理的一种有效手段.     

53例重症甲型H1N1流感临床分析

目的了解重症甲型H1N1流感的临床特点,探索其治疗方法。方法回顾性分析53例重症甲型H1N1流感患者的临床资料,总结其临床规律及特点。结果重症甲型H1N1流感好发于20～40岁,20例（37.74%）伴有各种基础疾病。51例（96.23%）有发热,且48例（90.57%）为首发症状,多伴随有畏寒、咳嗽、咳痰、乏力、胸闷和气急等症状。发病早期血常规检查白细胞及中性粒细胞多正常或下降;胸部影像学检查提示33例（62.26%）患者继发不同程度的支气管炎或肺炎。患者经奥司他韦或帕拉米韦抗病毒治疗及相应的抗感染、针对基础疾病治疗等,除2例患者自动出院外,余均痊愈出院。结论重症甲型H1N1流感起病急,早诊断、早期积极合理治疗,能改善预后。     

走动式管理在门诊导诊护理质量管理中的应用

目的:探讨在门诊导诊护理质量管理中应用走动式管理方法的临床效果。方法:选取2013年5月~2015年6月在职的护士60人为研究对象,在门诊导诊护理质量管理中实施走动式质控方法,制定质控标准,开展三级巡查,观察实施前后护理质量改善情况。结果:实施走动式质控方法后护士分诊护理质量评分、导诊护理质量评分、护士行为规范评分及护理安全质量评分均明显高于实施前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在门诊导诊护理中,实施走动式管理方法,能有效提高管理效果,改善护理服务质量,值得推广。     

积极的防护意识与健全的防护体系在传染病医院内的影响与效应

目的:通过提高防护意识和进一步完善防护体系实现对传染病医院的全面管理.方法:随机将我院2009年3月至2011年11月的两个病区患者及医护人员作为研究对象,向所有患者发放调查表对政策调整前后的满意程度进行调查,通过针对医护人员防护意识的强化教育和医院设施及防护体系的调整与完善以评估对患者住院期间的临床效应与影响.结果:全院上下的积极防护意识普遍增强并完善健全了防护体系,从而显著降低了感染率,患者满意度反馈良好.结论:通过提高医护人员防护意识和健全医院防护体系有助于进一步减少院内感染,提高医院医疗质量和服务水平.     

前馈控制在ICU护理质量控制中的应用

目的 探讨ICU实施前馈控制的方法和效果,以提高护理质量。方法 在ICU病区建立质量控制架构（三级质控网）,采用前馈质控方法,对ICU护理工作进行全面质量控制管理。结果 实施前馈质控后,病房护理管理质量、消毒隔离质量、护理文件书写质量、教学质量、家属满意度、护士工作满意度等各项指标评分都有明显提高,不良事件发生率明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 前馈控制方法整体上提高了ICU风险管理能力、护理管理效率和护理质量。     

某高校甲型H1N1 流感确诊病例流行病学分布特征分析

目的：通过了解某高校甲型H1N1 流感病例的流行病学分布特征,为预防和控制流感在高校的蔓延提供依据。方法：以某高 校2009 年11 月6 日至2009 年11 月24 日发病并确诊的74 例甲型H1N1 流感病例为研究对象,分析并比较病例的年龄、性别、 学历层次、年级、专业、发病时间和临床症状。结果：74 例甲型H1N1 流感确诊病例均为学生,罹患率为1.63 %,其中男性占94.6 %,女性占5.4 %;病例平均年龄为20.5 岁± 2.2 岁;94.6 %的病例为本科生;本科生罹患率（4.03%）显著高于研究生（0.14%）;2006 级见习期本科生罹患率（11.05 %）显著高于其他年级学生;疫情的流行全距为19 天,发病高峰为2009 年11 月13 日至2009 年 11 月18 日;病例以发热、咳嗽、乏力、头疼等临床症状为主。结论：该高校甲型H1N1 流感确诊病例多为22岁以下的男性学生。本 研究提示加强见习学生的监测和管理、设立隔离宿舍、接种疫苗等有针对性的措施能够有效控制流感疫情在高校蔓延。     

某高校甲型H1N1流感确诊病例流行病学分布特征分析

目的：通过了解某高校甲型H1N1流感病例的流行病学分布特征,为预防和控制流感在高校的蔓延提供依据。方法：以某高校2009年11月6日至2009年11月24日发病并确诊的74例甲型H1N1流感病例为研究对象,分析并比较病例的年龄、性别、学历层次、年级、专业、发病时间和临床症状。结果：74例甲型H1N1流感确诊病例均为学生,罹患率为1．63％,其中男性占94．6％,女性占5．4％;病例平均年龄为20．5岁±2．2岁;94．6％的病例为本科生;本科生罹患率（4．03％）显著高于研究生（0．14％）;2006级见习期本科生罹患率（11．05％）显著高于其他年级学生;疫情的流行全距为19天,发病高峰为2009年11月13日至2009年11月18日;病例以发热、咳嗽、乏力、头疼等临床症状为主。结论：该高校甲型H1N1流感确诊病例多为22岁以下的男性学生。本研究提示加强见习学生的监测和管理、设立隔离宿舍、接种疫苗等有针对性的措施能够有效控制流感疫情在高校蔓延。     

人文关怀在儿科护理中的应用与效果分析

目的:分析人文关怀在儿科护理中的必要性、可行性,评价实施效果。方法:取患儿400例,分为对照组、观察组各200例,前者实施常规护理,后者以人文关怀为指导开展护理,对比相关指标。结果:对照组患儿不依从率、门诊转住院率、输液率高于观察组,基础护理质量、病区管理质量、患儿家属满意度低于观察组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:人文关怀有助于构建和谐护患关系,取得家属信任,保障护理顺利实施,提高患儿依从。     

护士绩效考核与激励机制在基层医院的构建与评价研究

目的：评价护士绩效考核与激励机制在基层医院的构建及应用效果,为基层综合医院的绩效考核与评价体系的构建提供科学依据。方法在护理部宏观指导下确立绩效考核指标,成立科室绩效考核小组。选择我院外一科护理人员作为考评对象,从工作量、工作质量、护理安全、培训考核、病人满意度等5个方面进行考核,考核小组采用日常工作中随时考评和月底通报公布综合考评相结合,并以绩效考核结果进行月绩效工资分配。结果绩效考核充分调动了护士的工作积极性,提高了护理工作效率及护理质量,提升了护理人员的整体素质,同时也提高了病人的满意度。结论实施绩效考核管理能有效提高护士工作积极性,改善整体护理质量,保障护理安全,发挥护理人力资源最大效应,促进护理管理效能的提高。     

不同月龄BALB/c小鼠感染甲型H1N1型流感病毒的炎性调控差异研究

为对比不同月龄BALB/c小鼠感染甲型H1N1型流感病毒后的淋巴细胞相对含量和炎症因子调控差异,提供流感类病毒性疾病防控的基础研究证据,本研究选用2月、8月龄雌性BALB/c小鼠,分别感染1×105TCID50/0.1mL的甲型H1N1型流感病毒PR8毒株,每天记录体重、肛温变化,于感染第7d处死解剖取材,计算脏器指数,qPCR技术检测肺组织流感病毒M基因拷贝数,流式细胞术检测全血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+淋巴细胞含量及肺组织中IL-6、IFN-γ、MCP-1等炎症因子的分泌水平。结果显示：(1)感染相同剂量病毒7d后,2月龄小鼠有1例样本死亡,生存质量下降较大,8月龄小鼠全部存活,体重较第0d相比仅下降12.35%,感染后2月龄组小鼠胸腺指数明显下降（P<0.01）,8月龄组变化不明显。(2)2月龄组染毒小鼠肺组织M基因拷贝数显著低于8月龄染毒组（P<0.05）。(3)染毒后,2月龄组小鼠体内IFN-γ、IFN-β、IL-6等促炎性细胞因子含量增长显著（P<0.05）,IL-6、MCP-1、IL-23含量显著高于8月龄组（P<0.05）;2月龄染毒组小鼠杀伤...     

Analytical investigations closer to the patient.

Do-it-yourself bioanalytical equipment that requires no analytical skill to operate is currently available for use in intensive care units, operating suites, side wards, health centres, clinics, general practitioners'' surgeries, etc. Agreement is needed between the laboratory consultant and doctors and others using laboratory-type equipment and reagents in near-bedside analyses for diagnosis, clinical management, or health screening of their patients. Choice and safety of method procedure, operator training and accountability, quality control and assessment, maintenance, safety and future development of do-it-yourself equipment must be considered.     

Effectiveness of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Children Estimated by a Test-Negative Case-Control Design Study Based on Influenza Rapid Diagnostic Test Results

We assessed vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza in children 6 months to 15 years of age in 22 hospitals in Japan during the 2013–14 season. Our study was conducted according to a test-negative case-control design based on influenza rapid diagnostic test (IRDT) results. Outpatients who came to our clinics with a fever of 38°C or over and had undergone an IRDT were enrolled in this study. Patients with positive IRDT results were recorded as cases, and patients with negative results were recorded as controls. Between November 2013 and March 2014, a total of 4727 pediatric patients (6 months to 15 years of age) were enrolled: 876 were positive for influenza A, 66 for A(H1N1)pdm09 and in the other 810 the subtype was unknown; 1405 were positive for influenza B; and 2445 were negative for influenza. Overall VE was 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39–52). Adjusted VE against influenza A, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, and influenza B was 63% (95% CI, 56–69), 77% (95% CI, 59–87), and 26% (95% CI, 14–36), respectively. Influenza vaccine was not effective against either influenza A or influenza B in infants 6 to 11 months of age. Two doses of influenza vaccine provided better protection against influenza A infection than a single dose did. VE against hospitalization influenza A infection was 76%. Influenza vaccine was effective against influenza A, especially against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, but was much less effective against influenza B.     

内镜清洗与消毒环节感染因素分析及预防措施研究

目的:总结我院内镜中心清洗与消毒过程中发生感染的主要危险因素,制定相应的预防措施,降低内镜感染发生率,确保患者医疗安全。方法:专人检查内镜清洗消毒全过程,统计各个环节发生感染的危险因素。随机抽取600例消毒后处于备用状态的内镜,采集内镜内腔及外表面标本,检测结果作为评估清洗消毒质量指标。结果:检测600例样本合格584例,合格率97.3%,胃镜、肠镜、十二指肠镜、气管镜和超声内镜合格率分别为98.6%,96.8%,95.6%,96.0%和97.2%;16例不合格样本中共检出病原菌28株,其中幽门杆菌13株,大肠埃希菌7株,铜绿假单胞菌4株,绿脓杆菌2株,金黄色葡萄球菌1株,肺炎克雷伯菌1株;16例检测不合格原因分析中,刷洗不彻底占37.5%,未按说明要求使用多酶及消毒液占18.75%,特殊感染患者用过的内镜未做特殊处理占12.5%,内镜干燥不充分及工作人员手卫生不达标各占6.25%。结论:内镜清洗消毒环节引发感染的危险因素众多,应加强对内镜中心所有人员的感染控制教育,定期对清洗消毒人员进行职业化培训,规范管理清洗消毒流程,建立可追溯性登记系统,从各个环节把关内镜清洗消毒的质量,是预防消化内镜中心发生感染的主要手段。     

Randomised comparison of guided self management and traditional treatment of asthma over one year.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of self management of asthma with traditional treatment. DESIGN: 12 month prospective randomised trial. SETTING: Outpatient clinics in Finland. SUBJECTS: 115 patients with mild to moderately severe asthma. INTERVENTIONS: Patient education and adjustment of anti-inflammatory therapy guided by peak flow measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Unscheduled admissions to hospital and outpatient visits, days off work, courses of antibiotics and prednisolone, lung function, and quality of life. RESULTS: The mean number of unscheduled visits to ambulatory care facilities (0.5 v 1.0), days off work (2.8 v 4.8), and courses of antibiotics (0.4 v 0.9) and prednisolone (0.4 v 1.0) per patient were lower and the quality of life score (16.6 v 8.4 at 12 months) higher in the self management group than in the traditionally treated group. In both groups admissions for asthma were rare. CONCLUSIONS: Self management reduces incidents caused by asthma and improves quality of life.     

基于暴露分析与关键控制点方法对医院开展严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型检测的可行性研究

评估2019新型冠状病毒病暴发期间在医院开展严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 型(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)核酸检测的可行性,为最终在医院开展核酸检测提供参考。熟悉暴露分析和关键点控制(exposure analysis and critical control points,EACCP)工作框架的专业人员在基于医院现实条件下,对SARS-CoV-2检测过程中可能的感染暴露风险和途径进行梳理,建立整个检测流程,验证在配备有发热门诊的医院开展的可行性,并明确降低暴露风险的关键控制点。高风险是在发热门诊标本的采集和灭活处理,中风险是未灭活标本的储运,低风险是灭活标本的储运和检测。优化检验流程能降低检测过程中感染暴露风险,对于高风险的操作,可在生物安全二级实验室(发热门诊或移动采集点等)和相应的安全防护等级下进行操作; EACCP分析方法可用于新发感染性疾病暴发期间的管理。     

Nosocomial transmission of group B streptococci.

The acquisition of group B streptococci by babies in a special-care baby unit and two postnatal wards was investigated over a six-month period using serology and phage typing. Sixty-three culture-positive babies were identified in the postnatal wards, one-third of whom had been born to mothers who were not carrying the organism in the genital tract or anorectal area during labour. A non-maternal source was identified for 14 of these 21 infants: either colonised mothers and babies in the same ward or, on one occasion, a member of the hospital staff. In the special-care baby unit, however, only one instance of nosocomial acquisition of group B streptococci was recorded despite a high prevalence of colonisation in the staff on the unit and the presence of heavily colonised babies. The results of this survey suggest that although sepsis caused by group B streptococci may be the result of nosocomial transmission, this may be prevented by careful attention to hygiene.     

Ebola Outbreak Response; Experience and Development of Screening Tools for Viral Haemorrhagic Fever (VHF) in a HIV Center of Excellence Near to VHF Epicentres

Introduction

There have been 3 outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in Uganda in the last 2 years. VHF often starts with non-specific symptoms prior to the onset of haemorrhagic signs. HIV clinics in VHF outbreak countries such as Uganda see large numbers of patients with HIV 1/2 infection presenting with non-specific symptoms every day. Whilst there are good screening tools for general health care facilities expecting VHF suspects, we were unable to find tools for use in HIV or other non-acute clinics.

Methods

We designed tools to help with communication to staff, infection control and screening of HIV patients with non-specific symptoms in a large HIV clinic during the outbreaks in Uganda. We describe our experiences in using these tools in 2 Ebola Virus Disease outbreaks in Uganda.

Results

During the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks, enhanced infection control and communication procedures were implemented within 24 hours of the WHO/Ministry of Health announcement of the outbreaks. During course of these outbreaks the clinic saw 12,544 patients with HIV 1/2 infection, of whom 3,713 attended without an appointment, suggesting new symptoms. Of these 4 were considered at risk of EVD and seen with full infection procedures; 3 were sent home after further investigation. One patient was referred to the National Referral Hospital VHF unit, but discharged on the same day. One additional VHF suspect was identified outside of a VHF outbreak; he was transferred to the National Referral Hospital and placed in isolation within 2 hours of arriving at the HIV clinic.

Discussion

Use of simple screening tools can be helpful in managing large numbers of symptomatic patients attending for routine and non-routine medical care (including HIV care) within a country experiencing a VHF outbreak, and can raise medical staff awareness of VHF outside of the epidemics.     

Programmed investigation unit.

The programmed investigation unit (PIU) is a inpatient unit where a full range of investigational medicine can be organised. It provides the basic minimum nursing care and is suitable for ambulant patients who can care for themselves. Requests for admission to the PIU at the Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, come directly from clinical units, and the staff of these units perform some of the tests and remain responsible for the patient while she is in the unit. At present the unit caters only for female medical patients. The average waiting time for admission is three weeks, and because the unit now deals with most investigations the waiting time for admission to the female general medical wards has fallen considerably. The staff of the unit have gained expertise in diagnostic methods, while the nurses of general medical wards have been free to concentrate on nursing those patients who need it. Separating patients who need investigations from those on general medical wards seems a logical way of using resources and staff to best effect.     

医务人员手卫生监测结果回顾性分析及对策

目的了解医务人员手部卫生状况,制定改进措施,预防医院感染。方法回顾性分析东南大学附属中大医院2007年1月至2010年12月医务人员手卫生监测资料1586份。结果医护手监测合格率为89．28％,医生手监测合格率为86．94％,护士手监测合格率为93．09％;重点病区医护手监测台格率为91．98％,普通病区医护手监测合格率为87．06％;该院医护手监测合格率为90．64％,进修、实习医护手监测合格率为88．17％,手部检出细菌184株,葡萄球菌属占49．46％,阳性杆菌占14．67％。结论医务人员对手的清洁与消毒仍缺乏足够的认识,应加强医务人员手卫生培训与监督,提高医务人员手卫生合格率。