寄主植物一蚜虫-天敌三重营养关系的化学生态学研究进展

综述了寄主植物-蚜虫-天敌三重营养关系的化学生态学研究.重点阐述了3个研究热点①植物挥发性物质在蚜虫及其天敌选择奇主行为过程中的作用;②蚜虫信息素和蜜露对蚜虫天敌寄主选择行为的影响;③植物挥发性物质对蚜虫信息素作用的影响.对寄主植物-蚜虫-天敌三重营养关系的全面了解,将为蚜虫的综合治理提供新思维.     

寄主植物-甜菜夜蛾-寄生蜂三级营养关系的研究进展

综述了近年来甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)、寄主植物和寄生蜂互作关系方面的研究进展。介绍了甜菜夜蛾取食诱导的植物抗虫性产生的原因和机制;阐述了诱导植物产生抗性的甜菜夜蛾激发子volicitin的合成途径和功能,以及虫害诱导的植物挥发物和蛋白酶抑制剂对甜菜夜蛾及其寄生蜂的生态学功能;展望了植物诱导抗虫性在甜菜夜蛾的生物防治和新型抗虫品种开发等领域的应用前景。     

B型烟粉虱对三种寄主植物及其挥发物的行为反应

利用Y型嗅觉仪,测定了B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）雌虫对3种寄主植物、挥发物提取液、挥发物标样以及寄主植物挥发物模拟样的行为反应,并比较鉴定寄主植物挥发物的组分和含量,以期明确植物挥发物在B型烟粉虱寄主定向行为中的作用。结果表明：1）番茄植株和甘蓝植株及其相应的挥发物提取物对烟粉虱雌成虫均具有显著的引诱作用,而辣椒植株和挥发物提取物的引诱作用不明显;3种寄主植物和挥发物提取物分别两两之间比较时,烟粉虱的选择行为均极显著地表现为番茄 > 甘蓝 > 辣椒。2）番茄、甘蓝和辣椒具有不同的挥发物化学图谱,且挥发物组分的相对百分含量差异很大;番茄挥发物总量远远大于甘蓝和辣椒;从组分来看,番茄挥发物中主要为萜烯类（89.8%）,甘蓝挥发物中主要为烷烃类（53.0%）。3）8种寄主植物挥发物标样（10-¹～10^-6 μL/μL）中,除1,8-桉树脑始终对烟粉虱具有引诱作用外,丁子香酚、苎烯、里那醇和月桂烯则是分别在10^-4～10^-6,10^-1～10^-4,10^-1～10^-4和10^-1～10^-4μL/μL时,才具有引诱作用;α-蒎烯、顺-3-已烯-1醇则在高浓度下（10^-1和10^-2 μL/μL）对烟粉虱具有排斥作用,低浓度下对烟粉虱没有任何影响;正十二烷在任何浓度下对烟粉虱均没有任何作用。4）在辣椒上分别喷施番茄挥发物模拟样和甘蓝挥发物模拟样,均显著增加对烟粉虱的引诱作用,而在番茄上喷施辣椒挥发物模拟样则无明显增效作用。综合分析认为,挥发性物质在B型烟粉虱对不同寄主植物的选择偏好时具有重要的行为导向作用。     

不同寄主植物对三条橙灯蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内条件(温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度80%,光周期12L∶12D)下研究了天仙果(Ficus erecta Thunb.var.beecheyana(Hook.et Arn.)King)、大青(Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz)、华东油柿(Diospyros oleiera Cheng)、喜树(Camptotheca acuminate Decne)和杨梅(Myrica rubra(Lour.)Sieb.et Zucc)5种不同科的寄主植物对三条橙灯蛾Lemyra alikangensis(Strand)取食偏好、生长发育、繁殖及营养效应的影响。结果表明,三条橙灯蛾对不同寄主植物表现出明显的取食选择差异;不同寄主植物对三条橙灯蛾的幼虫发育历期、累计存活率、产卵量及营养效应等指标均有显著影响。三条橙灯蛾4龄幼虫偏好取食大青,对杨梅和喜树的选择率很低。幼虫历期以大青饲喂组最短为(39.20±1.79)d,杨梅饲喂组最长为(48.25±2.22)d;累计存活率以大青饲喂组最高(45.71%),杨梅饲喂组最低(28.57%);大青饲喂组产卵量最多为(553.75±61.69)粒/雌,杨梅饲喂组最少为(386.25±51.05)粒/雌。大青饲喂组三条橙灯蛾的相对生长率(0.30±0.03)mg·mg-1·d-1、食物利用率(13.46±1.84)%、近似消化率(62.04±6.29)%在各组中均最高,但食物转化率(21.65±0.95)%很低;杨梅饲喂组三条橙灯蛾的相对生长率(0.12±0.03)mg·mg-1·d-1、近似消化率(14.75±1.48)%很低,但是食物利用率(5.41±0.61)%较高,食物转化率(36.79±4.07)%最高。综合各指标认为:在5种供试植物中大青是三条橙灯蛾的最适寄主植物,杨梅则最不利于其生长发育和种群繁衍。     

昆虫与寄主植物营养关系的DNA分子追踪

农田生态系统中昆虫与寄主植物的食物营养关系错综复杂,利用田间直接观察法、肠道内含物形态学分析、同位素标记等方法都难于全面解析,常造成营养关系的缺失。近年来,DNA分子追踪技术迅速发展,利用一段较短的DNA序列能有效鉴别植食性昆虫取食寄主植物的种类,为这一领域研究提供了新方法。本文全面介绍了3种DNA分子追踪技术——诊断PCR技术、克隆测序技术和下一代测序技术(next generation sequencing,NGS)。其中诊断PCR技术包括单一PCR技术和多重PCR技术,适用于目标昆虫与已知寄主植物之间的营养关系分析;克隆测序技术能够在寄主植物种类未知的前提下,解析目标昆虫完整的寄主植物种类信息;下一代测序技术实现了短时间内对混合样品的测序,加之昆虫与植物DNA条形码序列数据库大量扩增,有效地提高寄主植物的鉴别能力。诊断PCR技术和克隆测序技术已在追踪地下害虫的取食行为、植食性昆虫取食范围及其在寄主植物间的转移与选择习性等方面被广泛应用,且进展明显。综合考虑各种技术的优缺点,本文提出将DNA分子追踪技术与同位素标记等其他方法相结合的研究策略,以便系统解析农田生态系统中昆虫与寄主植物之间的营养关系。     

天敌昆虫利用信息化学物质寻找寄主或猎物的研究进展

应用天敌昆虫控制害虫是传统生物防治中的主要内容。信息化学物质是天敌昆虫远距离向寄主或猎物栖息地进行定向,以及近距离对寄主或猎物进行定位所依赖的重要信号。综述了能够引诱天敌昆虫的信息化学物质的产生、分类、作用、异同及背景,并介绍了天敌昆虫对信息化学物质的行为反应和特异性。同时,对这类物质在生物防治中的应用及前景作了介绍与探讨。对不同营养层的种间化学通讯作为研究协同进化时的重要参考也作了简要介绍。     

植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三营养层次的相互作用及其研究方法

根据国内外的最新研究成果,从他感化合物和植物的营养物质、有毒物质、形态特征、密度、多样性以及分布等化学和物理因子两方面阐述了植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌三营养层次间直接和间接的相互关系,揭示了植物在三者关系中的核心作用,并就目前在该领域中的一些常用的研究方法作了介绍.     

转基因抗虫植物-植食性昆虫-天敌间化学通讯的研究进展

植物或昆虫释放的化学信息物质在植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三级营养层信息通讯中发挥重要作用.这种生物间的信息交流形成信息网,调节生物种内和种间行为,支撑和维持植物和昆虫群落的组成和结构.转基因抗虫植物的应用可能会影响三级营养层间的化学信息通讯,进而干扰生物群落结构和农田生态系统稳定性.该方面已在全球范围内引起了转基因抗虫作物环境安全研究者的关注.本文对植物-植食性昆虫-天敌间化学信息通讯进行了简要概括;分析和归纳了转基因抗虫作物的种植对植物和节肢动物间化学通讯的潜在影响及相关机制;讨论了该领域当前的研究进展和未来研究前景.以期促进我国科学家在该领域的研究,加深对转基因抗虫作物群落结构动态潜在影响的理解.     

植物挥发性物质在蚜虫寄主定位中的作用

本文综述了植物挥发性物质的化学性质、研究方法及其在蚜虫寄主定位中的作用     

Innate olfactory responses of female and male parasitoid Apanteles taragamae Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) toward host plant infested by the cucumber moth Diaphania indica Saunders (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The behavioural responses of Apanteles taragamae, a larval parasitoid of the cucumber moth Diaphania indica, to the volatiles of cucumber plants was investigated in a four-arm olfactometer. Females and males were given a choice between several odour sources that included (1) clean air, (2) uninfested, (3) host-infested, and (4) mechanically damaged cucumber plants. Females and males showed different preferences for volatiles emanating from these plants. Females responded significantly longer to the volatiles from uninfested plants than clean air, and to host-infested plants than uninfested plants. There were no significant differences in female responses to the volatiles from mechanically damaged and uninfested plants. Males responded significantly longer to clean air rather than uninfested plants. The volatiles from both uninfested and host-infested cucumber plants may play important roles in host habitat location of A. taragamae females.     

深圳地区椰心叶甲寄主和天敌种类调查

调查结果表明,深圳地区椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima(Gestro)的寄主植物有26属36种,危害比较严重的寄主有椰子(CocosnuciferaL.)、大王椰子(RoystonearegiaO.F.Cook)、假槟榔(Archontophoenixalexandrae(F.V.Mueller))、鱼尾葵(CaryotaochlandraHance)、三药槟榔(ArecatriandraRoxburghexBuchanan)、金山葵(Syagrusromanzoffiana(Chamisso)Glassman)、菲岛鱼尾葵(CaryotacumingiiLoddigesexMartius)、刺葵(PhoenixhanceanaNaudin)、国王椰子(RavenearivularisL.)等。野外观察和采集标本鉴定结果表明,深圳地区椰心叶甲捕食性天敌有11种,主要种类为蚂蚁Formicasp.、毛蠼螋Cheatospaniasp.、中华大螳螂ParattenoderasinensisSaussure;致病微生物有3种,主要是绿僵菌Metarhiziumanisopliaevar.anisopliae。     

光肩星天牛对4种不同槭树科寄主植物的选择机制

用动态顶空采集法、TCT-GC-MS分析鉴定了复叶槭、五角枫、华北五角枫、挪威槭等4种槭树科植物挥发物的种类和相对含量,测定结果显示：4种植物的化学指纹图谱明显不同。“Y”型嗅觉行为测定结果表明,不同植物的挥发物对光肩星天牛的引诱效果不同：复叶槭对光肩星天牛的引诱效果最好,其次为五角枫,均达到了差异显著的程度,华北五角枫对光肩星天牛有引诱作用,但未达到显著程度,挪威槭对光肩星天牛既无引诱作用又无驱避作用。数据分析发现,五角枫、华北五角枫和挪威槭较复叶槭引诱作用差的原因可能与五角枫、华北五角枫中含有对光肩星天牛的驱避组分罗勒烯和反-2-己烯醇、挪威槭中含有对光肩星天牛的驱避组分（E）-1-戊烯-3-醇、反-2-己烯醇和trans-香叶基丙酮有关;在4种植物中醇类化合物、酮类和醛类化合物相对含量的排列顺序与植物的抗性顺序相同,而烷烃类和酯类化合物含量的排列顺序与植物的抗性顺序相反;复叶槭咬食程度轻的原因可能与其叶表面具有较少的表皮毛有关。     

Selectivity mechanism of Anoplophora glabripennis on four different species of maples

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.) is a wood-boring beetle that is native to China. For a long time, it caused great losses in the economy and ecology of northwest China. Attractants are often used to control insects. The volatiles emitted from the host plant play an important role for insects in finding their target. To explore the mechanism of selec-tivity to different host plants, the response of Anoplophora glabripennis to four different host plants was investigated, which included Acer negundo L., Acer mono Maxim., Acer truncatum Bunge. and Acer platanoides L., and the com-pounds in the profiles of volatiles were identified from these species. The olfactory responses ofAnoplophora glabripennis to the odors of different plants showed preference for certain host plants: Acer negundo, Acer mono and Acer truncatum. The attraction ofAcer negundo and Acer mono was signifi-cantly different (p<0.05). The attraction ofAcer negundo to the insects was stronger than to Acer mono. Acerplatanoides neither attracted nor repelled the insects. Compounds in the profiles of volatiles from the above four species were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spec-trometry (GC-MS) equipped with a CP-4020 termodesorp-tion and cold trap (TCT) device. The constituents ofvolatiles and the relative concentrations were different in the four host species. The amount of ketones, alcohols and aldehydes in the four plants showed the same order: Acer negundo Acer mono Maxim.>Acer truncatum Bunge.>Acer platanoides L.. 1-penten-3-ol, ocimene and trans-Germanylacetone were repellent to Anoplophora glabripennis. 1-penten-3-ol and trans-gerranylacetone were identified in Acer platanoides, and Ocimene was the most attractive to Anoplophora glabripennis among these species. The extent of feeding damage caused by Anoplophora glabripennis differed among four species. The sequences was Acer negundo > Acer mono > Acer truncatum > Acer platanoides. The epidermal hairs of the four host plants revealed that the extent of damage was related to the physical characteristics of the host plants.     

虫害诱导挥发物的生态调控功能

虫害诱导挥发物（herbivore-induced plant volatiles, HIPVs）是植物受害虫胁迫后释放的挥发性物质,是植物与周围环境进行信息交流的媒介。环境中的天敌、害虫和植物通过感知HIPVs所携带的信息,对各自的行为或生理生化反应做出相应的调整。介绍了挥发物的种类及主要的生物合成途径,概括了影响天敌依据HIPVs搜寻寄主和猎物的主要因素。综述了这类挥发性物质对植食性昆虫寄主选择或产卵行为的影响,介绍了植物地上部分和地下部分受害后对彼此间接防御的影响,讨论了多种害虫加害同种植物后对天敌搜寻猎物或寄主行为的影响。另外,作为损伤信号,HIPVs还能诱导同株植物未受害部位和邻近植株的防御反应。最后,对HIPVs在害虫防治中的应用现状及前景作了介绍和讨论。     

(E,E)-α-Farnesene as a host-induced plant volatile that attracts Apanteles taragamae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to host-infested cucumber plants

In tritrophic interactions between cucumber plants, the cucumber moth Diaphania indica Saunders (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and a larval parasitoid Apanteles taragamae Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), female A. taragamae may use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to locate their host. However, the specific compound or blend of chemicals attracting A. taragamae remains unknown. In this study, differences in volatiles released from uninfested, mechanically damaged and host-infested cucumber plants were examined by the headspace volatile collection method. Responses of the larval parasitoid A. taragamae to the volatile extracts were examined in a four-arm olfactometer. We also investigated the attraction of female A. taragamae to a single compound identified as an HIPV from host-infested cucumber plants. Parasitoids discriminated between the volatiles from uninfested, host-infested and mechanically damaged plants. Chemical analysis of headspace volatiles from host-infested cucumber plants showed that (E,E)-α-farnesene was released as a major component (73.1%). When (E,E)-α-farnesene was tested alone in the range of 1.7–170?ng, female parasitoids responded to 17?ng only. Therefore, tritrophic interactions between A. taragamae and D. indica appear to be partly mediated by (E,E)-α-farnesene.     

天敌与转Bt基因抗虫植物的协同控害作用

本文概述了转Bt基因抗虫植物对天敌的影响,特别是天敌与转Bt基因抗虫植物的协同控害作用及其对寄生昆虫抗生发展的影响研究进展。已有的研究表明转Bt基因抗虫植物对天敌并无明显不利的影响,但转Bt基因抗虫植物与天敌的协同控害作用表现出拮抗性、加和性及增效性等多种形式,这种协同作用可能还将影响到害虫对转Bt基因抗虫植物的速率。     

Olfactory response of Anagrus,nigriventrls (HYM.: Mymaridae): Effects of host plant chemical cues mediated by rearing and oviposition experience

The egg parasitoid Anagrus nigriventris Girault is an important natural enemy of the beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker) which has a broad host range that includes cultivated sugar beets and the weed, Russian thistle. When parasitoids were reared on leafhopper eggs deposited in sugar beets, females were attracted to sugar beet volatiles and preferred them over a blank control and over Russian thistle volatiles in Y- tube olfactometer tests. No preference was detected for either plant by female wasps that were reared on Russian thistle. Wasps reared on Russian thistle and allowed an oviposition experience on sugar beet showed a strong attraction to sugar beet volatiles; however, wasps reared on sugar beets and allowed oviposition experience on Russian thistle demonstrated no preference between the two plants. The implications of parasitoid response towards plant volatiles and their importance in biological control are discussed.     

麦蚜及其天敌生态位的初步研究

本研究分析了麦蚜及其天敌生态位的概貌．结果表明两种麦蚜以黍缢管蚜生态位宽度较广（B=0．7284）;麦长管蚜生态位宽度较窄(B=0．6264);麦长管蚜与黍缢管蚜存在生态位重叠（L=0．6497）．在天敌群落中生态位宽度依次为食蚜蝇>飘虫>蚜茧蜂>蜘蛛>食虫蝽。天敌之间亦存在生态位重叠．五类天敌与麦长管蚜的生态位重叠均值高于与黍缢管蚜的均值．即天敌对麦长管蚜的空间跟随,控制作用越大．