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1.
The diet of African hippopotamids can be documented through δ 13 C analyses of enamel and other tissues. Analysis of a 10-million-year sequence of hippopotamids in and near the Lake Turkana Basin of northern Kenya shows that hippos have included a substantial fraction of C3 vegetation in their diets since the late Miocene when C4 vegetation first appears in hippo diet as a measurable fraction. The C4 component of vegetation becomes dominant (>50%) by Upper Burgi time ( c . 2 million years ago) but does not reach 100% for all individuals. It is therefore not unexpected that the δ 13 C values of modern hippopotamids show a higher fraction of dietary C3 biomass than has been estimated from traditional observations. Analysis of δ 18 O of hippos from different stratigraphic levels shows no systematic trend over time; the average value for fossil hippos over the last 10 million years is similar to that of modern hippos from the Omo River system. 相似文献
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Kelly J. Knudson Christina Torres‐Rouff 《American journal of physical anthropology》2009,138(4):473-485
Individuals living in the San Pedro de Atacama oases and the neighboring upper Loa River Valley of northern Chile experienced the collapse of an influential foreign polity, environmental decline, and the appearance of a culturally distinct group during the Late Intermediate Period (ca. AD 1,100–1,400). We investigate cultural heterogeneity at the Loa site of Caspana through analyses of strontium and oxygen isotopes, cranial modification styles, and mortuary behavior, integrating biological aspects of identity, particularly geographic origins, with cultural aspects of identity manifested in body modification and mortuary behavior. We test the hypothesis that the Caspana population (n = 66) represents a migrant group, as supported by archeological and ethnographic evidence, rather than a culturally distinct local group. For Caspana archeological human tooth enamel, mean 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70771 ± 0.00038 (1σ, n = 30) and mean δ18Oc(V‐PDB) = ?3.9 ± 0.6‰ (1σ, n = 16); these isotopic data suggest that only one individual lived outside the region. Material culture suggests that the individuals buried at Caspana shared some cultural affinity with the San Pedro oases while maintaining distinct cultural traditions. Finally, cranial modification data show high frequencies of head shaping [92.4% (n = 61/65)] and an overwhelming preference for annular modification [75.4% (n = 46/61)], contrasting sharply with practices in the San Pedro area. Based on multiple lines of evidence, we argue that, rather than representing a group of altiplano migrants, the Caspana population existed in the region for some time. However, cranial modification styles and mortuary behavior that are markedly distinct from patterns in surrounding areas raise the possibility of cultural heterogeneity and cultural fissioning. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
4.
The δ15N and δ13C values of particulate organic material (POM) were analyzed from 35 sites in the Florida Keys over the time interval 2000
to 2002. The sites within the study area were delineated into nine transects stretching from Key West to Key Largo. Each transect
consisted of three to five sites extending from close to the Keys to the edge of the reef tract. The POM had mean δ15N and δ13C values of +3.6‰ (σ = ±3.2‰) and −19.9‰ (σ = ±0.6‰) respectively. Over the study period there were no statistically significant
changes in δ15N, δ13C, or C:N. For the majority of the sampling dates, the δ13C values showed a distinct inshore (δ13C = −18.3‰, σ = ±1.0‰) to offshore gradient (δ13C = −21.4, σ = ±0.9‰). In contrast, the δ15N values showed no consistent patterns related to the distance from land. The more positive δ13C values of the nearshore samples suggest that the source of the carbon and the nitrogen in the POM in the nearshore was mainly
derived from the degradation of seagrass detritus and not from the input of anthropogenically derived material from the Florida
Keys. In contrast, the POM on the outer reef was dominated by marine plankton. As mineralization and nitrification of the
organic nitrogen pool are major contributors to the dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the water column, it is unlikely that
variations in the δ15N of the algae and other benthic organisms reported in the Florida Keys are related to the input of sewage. 相似文献
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Paleomobility in the Tiwanaku Diaspora: Biogeochemical analyses at Rio Muerto,Moquegua, Peru 下载免费PDF全文
Kelly J. Knudson Paul S. Goldstein Allisen Dahlstedt Andrew Somerville Margaret J. Schoeninger 《American journal of physical anthropology》2014,155(3):405-421
Paleomobility has been a key element in the study of the expansion of ancient states and empires, including the Tiwanaku polity of the South Central Andes (AD 500–1000). We present radiogenic strontium and oxygen isotope data from human burials from three cemeteries in the Tiwanaku‐affiliated Middle Horizon archaeological site complex of Rio Muerto in the Moquegua Valley of southern Peru. At Rio Muerto, archaeological human enamel and bone values range from 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70657–0.72018, with a mean of 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70804 ± 0.00207 (1σ, n = 55). For the subset of samples analyzed for oxygen isotope values (n = 48), the data ranges from δ18Ocarbonate(VSMOW) = +18.1 to +27.0‰. When contextualized with other lines of archaeological evidence, we interpret these data as evidence for an archaeological population in which the majority of individuals had “local” origins, and were likely second‐generation, or more, immigrants from the Tiwanaku heartland in the altiplano. Based on detailed life history data, we argue a smaller number of individuals came at different ages from various regions within the Tiwanaku polity. We consider whether these individuals with isotopic values consistent with “nonlocal” geographic origins could represent first‐generation migrants, marriage exchange partners, or occupationally mobile herders, traders or other travelers. By combining isotopic life history studies with mortuary treatment data, we use a person‐centered migration history approach to state integration and expansion. Isotopic analyses of paleomobility at the Rio Muerto site complex contribute to the role of diversity in ancient states by demonstrating the range of geographic origins rather than simply colonists from the Lake Titicaca Basin. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:405–421, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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During the 12th and 13th centuries thousands of people moved from Europe to the Middle East to fight, undertake pilgrimage, or settle and make a new life. The aim of this research is to investigate two populations from the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem, by determining who was born in Europe and who came from the Middle East. Oxygen and strontium stable isotope analyses were conducted on the enamel of teeth from skeletal remains excavated from Crusader contexts. Twenty individuals from the coastal city of Caesarea (10 high status and 10 low status), and two local Near Eastern Christian farmers from the village of Parvum Gerinum (Tel Jezreel) were analyzed as a control sample. Results were compared with known geographic values for oxygen and strontium isotopes. The population of the city of Caesarea appears to have been dominated by European‐born individuals (probably 19/20, but at least 13/20), with few locals. This was surprising as a much higher proportion of locals were expected. Both controls from the farming village of Parvum Gerinum had spent their childhood in the area of the village, which matches our understanding of limited mobility among poor Medieval farmers. This is the first time that stable isotope analysis has been applied to the study of the migration of peoples between Medieval Europe and the Middle East at the time of the crusades. In view of these findings, we must now rethink past estimations of population social structure in Levantine coastal Medieval cities during the Crusader period. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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《Plant Ecology & Diversity》2013,6(2-3):117-130
We review the relevance and use of stable isotopes for the study of plant community succession. Stable isotope measurements provide information on the origin of resources acquired by plants, the processes governing resource uptake and transformation, and the physiological and environmental conditions of plant growth. When combined with measurements of the stable isotope ratio values of soil microbial biomass, soil organic matter and plant litter, isotope measurements of plants can indicate effects of successional changes on ecosystem processes. However, their application to questions of plant succession and ecosystem change is limited by the degree to which the underlying assumptions are met in each study, and complementary measures may be required, depending upon the question of interest. First, we discuss the changes that occur in the stable isotope composition of plants and ecosystems with ontogeny and species replacements, as well as their potential evolutionary significance. Second, we discuss the imprints of plant competition and facilitation on leaf and wood tissue, as well as how stable isotopes can provide novel insights on the mechanisms underlying plant interactions. Finally, we discuss the capacity for stable isotope measurements to serve as a proxy record for past disturbances such as fire, logging and cyclones. 相似文献
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Víctor Resco José I. Querejeta Kiona Ogle Jordi Voltas Maria-Teresa Sebastià Penélope Serrano-Ortiz Juan C. Linares Cristina Moreno-Gutiérrez Asier Herrero José A. Carreira Patricia Torres-Ca?abate Fernando Valladares 《Biology letters》2010,6(3):287-289
Stable isotopes and their potential for detecting various and complex ecosystem processes are attracting an increasing number of scientists. Progress is challenging, particularly under global change scenarios, but some established views have been challenged. The IX meeting of the Spanish Association of Terrestrial Ecology (AAET, Úbeda, 18–22 October 2009) hosted a symposium on the ecology of stable isotopes where the linear mixing model approach of partitioning sinks and sources of carbon and water fluxes within an ecosystem was challenged, and new applications of stable isotopes for the study of plant interactions were evaluated. Discussion was also centred on the need for networks that monitor ecological processes using stable isotopes and key ideas for fostering future research with isotopes. 相似文献
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Climate reconstructions using stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C values) in tree rings are based on relationships between present climatic conditions and isotopic series. This widely used approach relies on the assumption that correlations between stable isotopes and climatic conditions are steady over time. In this paper, we evaluate the strength of the correlations between δ18O and δ13C series with several climatic parameters on fourteen black spruce trees coming from three different sites, in northeastern Canada. We applied a 21-year moving window on the r Pearson calculated between stable isotopes and March–May and June–August precipitation, June–August and April–June maximal temperatures. Our results indicate that despite the large distance and differences in stand conditions between the sites, the three sites responded in the same way over time. We show that because the climatic ambiance has changed during the 1980–1990 period due to a positive North Atlantic Oscillation index the δ13C values are not controlled anymore by spring precipitation or summer maximal temperature in the following two decades. As opposed to δ13C series, the relationship between summer maximal temperature and δ18O values was stable over time, and decreased only in the last decade. All these results attest of a “divergence problem” in the last decades which is most pronounced for δ13C series. We conclude that the spruce δ18O series appears to be the most appropriate indicator for reconstructing June–August maximal temperature in the studied area despite the divergence issue, given that the calibration–validation tests and reconstruction can exclude the divergent last decade. 相似文献
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Isotopic analyses of fossil bones of the extinct European cave bear indicate that this animal was a hibernator with the same
unusual metabolic processes as some modern bear species. This finding provides useful biological and archaeological information
on an extinct species, and the methods themselves may prove generally useful in studies of the metabolisms of modern bears,
other hibernators, and perhaps of starving animals.
Received: 6 October 1997 / Accepted: 31 March 1998 相似文献
11.
Megan A. Perry Drew S. Coleman David L. Dettman Abdel Halim al‐Shiyab 《American journal of physical anthropology》2009,140(3):429-441
The Byzantine Empire managed a complex administrative network that controlled the mining and processing of natural resources from within its boundaries. Scholars relying upon archeological and textual evidence debate the level of imperial involvement in these ventures, particularly in the provinces. Ancient sources note that many mining camps, for instance, purportedly contained criminal laborers and elite administrators transported from distant locales, indicating significant organization and expenditures by the imperial administration to run the mines. This analysis explores the presence of these nonlocal individuals in a cemetery associated with the third to seventh century A.D. mining camp of Phaeno (Faynan), located in modern Jordan. Strontium isotope analysis of 31 burials indicates that most spent their childhood in a similar geological region as Phaeno, implying that they were locally born. The δ18O results mirror the homogeneous 87Sr/86Sr values, confirming a local origin for most of the sample. Isotopic evidence therefore suggests that the Phaeno mining camp was largely a local operation, contrary to the picture presented in textual sources, although the profits surely padded imperial coffers. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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Christoph Korte Torsten Jasper Ján Veizer 《Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology》2005,224(4):333-351
Two hundred sixty-four δ18O and δ13C values of Permian articulate brachiopod shells were analyzed and 81 of these values were characterized as well preserved and biostratigraphically well defined. These were then utilized for construction of baseline oxygen and carbon isotope curves for the Permian interval. In addition, 21 δ13C whole rock values are reported for the Wordian and Capitanian.The early Permian, Asselian to Artinskian, times are characterized by ∼ 2.5‰ decrease in oxygen isotope values, from ∼ − 0.7‰ to − 3.3‰ (V-PDB). This is attributed to a ∼ 4-7 °C increase in temperature in the Southern Urals, concomitant with the retreat of the Permo-Carboniferous ice sheets and return of the 18O-depleted melt water into the oceans. The Late Permian samples from Iran (Jolfa at Kuh-e-Ali-Bashi) and China (Meishan) yield δ18O values, and presumably temperatures, similar to those that followed the termination of the large-scale glaciation in the Lower Permian. In between, the upper Kungurian to Capitanian samples from the Delaware Basin (Guadalupe Mountains) are enriched in 18O, at − 1.5‰ to − 3‰. We have no definitive explanation for these data, but tentatively suggest that the “anomaly” can potentially be a result of evaporative enrichment of seawater in 18O, due to intracratonic arid setting of the basin. The 18O-enriched nature of the Zechstein samples (− 1.2‰ to + 2.5‰), on the other hand, is in all probability a reflection of the high evaporation rates in the Zechstein sea.The Permian interval is characterized by a relatively constant δ13C, at about 4‰. The exceptions are again the brachiopods from the Delaware Basin (Guadalupe Mountains), which show ∼ 1.6‰ increase in the Guadalupian, to values of up to 5.9‰ in the Wordian. A tentative explanation, as in the case of oxygen, is based on the proposition that the semi-enclosed Delaware Basin was likely stratified, with sequestration of the 13C-depleted carbon to the deeper water layers and a complementary 13C enrichment in the upper oxygenated layer. The coeval open ocean water DIC may have been similar to that of the remainder of the Permian interval, at ∼ 4‰, as indicated by whole rock carbonate samples from Oman, Sicily, and Iran. In the latest Permian, the trend mimics the well-known δ13C drop at the Permian/Triassic boundary. 相似文献
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In the south central Andes, archaeologists have long debated the extent of Tiwanaku colonization during the Middle Horizon (AD 500-1000). We tested the hypotheses regarding the nature of Tiwanaku influence using strontium isotope, trace element concentration, and oxygen isotope data from archaeological human tooth enamel and bone from Tiwanaku- and Chiribaya-affiliated sites in the south central Andes. Strontium isotope analysis of 25 individuals buried at the Tiwanaku-affiliated Moquegua Valley site of Chen Chen demonstrates that it was likely a Tiwanaku colony. In contrast, no immigrants from the Lake Titicaca Basin were present in 27 individuals analyzed from the San Pedro de Atacama cemeteries of Coyo Oriental, Coyo-3, and Solcor-3; it is likely that these sites represent economic and religious alliances, but not colonies. However, strontium isotope analysis alone cannot distinguish movement between the Tiwanaku- and Chiribaya-affiliated sites in the Moquegua and Ilo Valleys of southern Peru. Analyzing oxygen isotope and trace element concentration data and comparing it with strontium isotope data from the same individuals provides a more detailed picture of residential mobility in the Tiwanaku and Chiribaya polities. In addition to monitoring diagenetic contamination, trace element concentration data identified movement during adulthood for certain individuals. However, these data could not distinguish movement between the Moquegua and Ilo Valleys. While oxygen isotope data could clearly distinguish the high-altitude sites from others, more data is needed to characterize the local oxygen isotope ratios of these regions. These data demonstrate the potential for archaeological reconstruction of residential mobility through multiple lines of evidence. 相似文献
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The feeding niches and trophic ecology of two South African grazers, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou, are compared using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data from feces and tooth dentine collagen. As sympatric, closely
related taxa predicted to occupy similar trophic positions, the blue and black wildebeest provide a good model for studying
the mechanisms of coexistence and macroevolution in mammals. Data from feces collected from a single reserve in the Free State
Province reveal different trophic behaviors between two herds of blue wildebeest and between both compared with a single herd
of black wildebeest. These data suggest that sympatric coexistence of blue and black wildebeest is facilitated by differential
niche occupation at family group or herd levels, rather than between species. However, such separation does not occur over
longer time scales: results from dentine collagen support the hypothesis that the two species are indistinct in terms of trophic
behavior, although blue wildebeest show more feeding flexibility, probably because of their wider habitat tolerance range.
Similarities in premaxillary width of males and females of both species also suggest that both species are adapted to similar
feeding styles. Thus, it is unlikely that changes in trophic behavior provided the trigger for divergence of the black from
the blue wildebeest lineage in the Middle Pleistocene. We argue that the case of these two species represents an example of
speciation that was not driven by resource competition, as is often assumed for many turnover events in mammalian evolution.
We briefly discuss a previous suggestion that links black wildebeest evolution to their more territorial breeding behavior
associated with Middle-to-Late Pleistocene landscape changes in southern Africa. 相似文献
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Middle Miocene mammals are known from ~15 million-year-old sediments exposed along the Panama Canal of Central America, a region that otherwise has an exceedingly poor terrestrial fossil record. These land mammals, which represent a part of the ancient terrestrial herbivore community, include an oreodont Merycochoerus matthewi, small camel-like protoceratid artiodactyl Paratoceras wardi, two horses Anchitherium clarencei and Archaeohippus sp., and two rhinos Menoceras barbouri and Floridaceras whitei. Bulk and serial carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of the tooth enamel carbonate allow reconstruction of the ancient climate and ecology of these fossil mammals. Ancient Panama had an equable climate with seasonal temperature and rainfall fluctuations less than those seen today. The middle Miocene terrestrial community consisted predominantly, or exclusively, of C3 plants, i.e., there is no evidence for C4 grasses. Statistically different mean carbon isotope values for the mammalian herbivores indicate niche partitioning of the C3 plant food resources. The range of individual carbon isotope analyses, i.e., 13C from –15.9 to –10.1, indicates herbivores feeding on diverse plants from different habitats with extrapolated 13C values of –29.9 to –24.2, possibly ranging from dense forest to more open country woodland. The ecological niches of individual mammalian herbivore species were differentiated either by diet or body size. 相似文献
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Codron D Lee-Thorp JA Sponheimer M de Ruiter D Codron J 《American journal of physical anthropology》2006,129(2):204-214
Baboons are dietary generalists, consuming a wide range of food items in varying proportions. It is thus difficult to quantify and explain the dietary behavior of these primates. We present stable carbon (delta(13)C) and nitrogen (delta(15)N) isotopic data, and percentage nitrogen (%N), of feces from chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) living in two savanna environments of South Africa: the mountainous Waterberg region and the low-lying Kruger National Park. Baboons living in the more homogeneous landscapes of the Waterberg consume a more isotopically heterogeneous diet than their counterparts living in Kruger Park. Grasses and other C(4)-based foods comprise between approximately 10-20% (on average) of the bulk diet of Kruger Park baboons. Carbon isotopic data from the Waterberg suggest diets of approximately 30-50% grass, which is higher than generally reported for baboons across the African savanna. Based on observations of succulent-feeding, we propose that baboons in the Waterberg consume a mix of C(4) grasses and CAM-photosynthesizing succulents in combined proportions varying between approximately 5-75% (average, approximately 35%). Fecal delta(15)N of baboons is lower than that of sympatric ungulates, which may be due to a combination of low levels of faunivory, foraging on subterranean plant parts, or the use of human foods in the case of Kruger Park populations. Fecal N levels in baboons are consistently higher than those of sympatric ungulate herbivores, indicating that baboons consume a greater proportion of protein-rich foods than do other savanna mammals. These data suggest that chacma baboons adapt their dietary behavior so as to maximize protein intake, regardless of their environment. 相似文献
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Predicting leaf wax n‐alkane 2H/1H ratios: controlled water source and humidity experiments with hydroponically grown trees confirm predictions of Craig–Gordon model 下载免费PDF全文
BRETT J. TIPPLE MELISSA A. BERKE BASTIAN HAMBACH JOHN S. RODEN JAMES R. EHLERINGER 《Plant, cell & environment》2015,38(6):1035-1047
The extent to which both water source and atmospheric humidity affect δ2H values of terrestrial plant leaf waxes will affect the interpretations of δ2H variation of leaf waxes as a proxy for hydrological conditions. To elucidate the effects of these parameters, we conducted a long‐term experiment in which we grew two tree species, Populus fremontii and Betula occidentalis, hydroponically under combinations of six isotopically distinct waters and two different atmospheric humidities. We observed that leaf n‐alkane δ2H values of both species were linearly related to source water δ2H values, but with slope differences associated with differing humidities. When a modified version of the Craig–Gordon model incorporating plant factors was used to predict the δ2H values of leaf water, all modelled leaf water values fit the same linear relationship with n‐alkane δ2H values. These observations suggested a relatively constant biosynthetic fractionation factor between leaf water and n‐alkanes. However, our calculations indicated a small difference in the biosynthetic fractionation factor between the two species, consistent with small differences calculated for species in other studies. At present, it remains unclear if these apparent interspecies differences in biosynthetic fractionation reflect species‐specific biochemistry or a common biosynthetic fractionation factor with insufficient model parameterization. 相似文献
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This study used naturally occurring carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of teeth to study the diets of marine mammals. The isotopic ratios of nonchemically preserved teeth from eight species of marine mammals, representing 87 individuals that spanned the trophic continuum, were found to reflect nutritional sources. The δ13C signals distinguished animals that lived in waters dominated by different primary producers (e. g., seagrass, kelp, and phytoplankton), and δ15N values indicated the diet and trophic level of the species. This research suggests that isotopic signatures of teeth can be used in dietary studies to show differences and similarities among age classes, genders, geographic locations, and time periods. 相似文献
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《Dendrochronologia》2014,32(1):55-61
Comparison between growth variability, based on ring-width (RW) analysis, and moisture-sensitive signals in tree-ring carbon and oxygen stable-isotope composition provides increased understanding of how climate and hydrology influenced bog pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) at two sites in southern Sweden during the mid- and late Holocene. Tree-ring sequences from two subfossil trees collected at raised bogs having different hydrology and catchment size were analyzed to probe the stable-isotope signals associated with two bog-wide episodes of growth depression, one during the Holocene Thermal Maximum and the other during the Neoglacial Transition. The occurrence of lower whole-wood δ13C and cellulose δ13C and δ18O values immediately prior to the onset of growth depression in both trees, suggesting increased atmospheric relative humidity, is consistent with the notion that excessive effective moisture impeded tree growth. Correlation analysis indicates that the growth response lagged about three years behind the decline in δ13C and δ18O values in each tree, possibly reflecting relatively slow rise in the local water table in response to wetter climate. 相似文献