Physiological and Ecological Studies in the Analysis of Plant Environment: IX. Adaptive Changes in the Vegetative Growth and Development of Helianthus annuus induced by an Alteration in Light Level

Pot experiments were carried out in which sunflowers in theearly vegetative phase were first grown for a period under threelevels of light (1·0, 0·5, and 0·24 daylight).Subsequently pots from each light group were subdivided intothree so that in a second period plants could be subjected tothe nine possible combinations of the same three light intensitiesbefore and after transference. During the post-transference period of adaptation to eithera higher or a lower intensity the net assimilation rate is logarithmicallyproportional to the light received and there is no residualeffect of the initial light treatments. Eight days after transferencethe leaf-area ratios (total leaf area/total plant weight) ateach light level become adjusted to a new equilibrium irrespectiveof the large initial differences in the ratio induced by thepre-transference intensities. In both periods there is an inverseand logarithmic relationship between the leaf-area ratio andfalling light intensity; consequently, the greater the degreeof shading in the pre-transference period, the higher are themean ratios in the second period. Since the relative growthrate is the product of the net assimilation rate and the leaf-arearatio, the variations in the leaf-area ratio in the post-transferenceperiod induced by the initial light treatments are reflectedin the relative growth rates. Thus plants transferred from alower to a higher light intensity are leafier and initiallygrow faster than plants maintained at the higher level in bothperiods: the converse conditions lead to a reduction in thegrowth rate. Shading depresses the growth of the roots, but the relativegrowth rate is dependent on the light intensity in both thepre-transference and post-transference periods. With transferencefrom daylight to 0·24 daylight, the roots during theperiod of adjustment may lose weight, while the growth rateis maximal when plants are moved from the lowest to the highestintensity. In two out of the three experiments the relativegrowth rate of the shoot in the post-transference period isof the same order at all light intensities and is largely independentof the light received in the initial period. In terms of leaf weight, decreasing the light intensity decreasesthe relative growth rate and there is no consistent after-effectof the initial light treatments. The rate of expansion in leafarea tends to be highest at the intermediate level of 0·5daylight and over all the post-transference intensities therates are maximal for those plants which received initiallyfull daylight. The ratio of leaf area to leaf weight is inversely and logarithmicallyproportional to the light level. After transference the slopesof the regressions are independent of the initial light treatments,but the mean ratios are inversely correlated with the initialdegree of shading. These adaptive changes to a variation in the light level arediscussed with particular reference to the control of growthexerted by growth-regulating substances. It is concluded thaton the basis of existing knowledge no adequate interpretationis yet possible.     

Physiological and Ecological Studies in the Analysis of Plant Environment: XII. The Role of the Light Factor in Limiting Growth

Previous investigations in southern England on twenty-two herbaceousspecies have demonstrated that for widely spaced plants thediurnal solar radiation limits the net assimilation rate ofall species and restricts the relative growth rate of many.In examining how far these limitations apply to other environmentsit is now shown that in the subtropics and tropics the levelsof net assimilation rate and relative growth rate can greatlyexceed those so far recorded for cool temperate regions, andthese differences are attributed to the higher insolation andtemperatures. From a variety of evidence it is concluded that as the distancebetween plants is reduced 8O the net assimilation rate is progressivelydiminished even in regions of high insolation through the enhancedmutual shading. In consequence levels of light which may besupra-optimal for relatively isolated individuals may yet limitthe dry-matter production of a dense population. There is anoptimal ratio of leaf area to ground surface (leaf-area index)for the maximal exploitation of the incoming radiation in carbonfixation by the population and this optimum will vary with thespecies and the light intensity. Where other environmental factorsare favourable, light may limit dry-matter production everywhere. On an annual basis dry-matter production will be dependent ontwo components—the length of the ‘growing season’and the period over which the leaf-area index remains optimal.In the tropics the highest annual rate of production so farrecorded is 7⁸ tonnes/hect. produced by Saccharum officinarumandin north-east Europe 23.5 tonnes by Fagus sylvatica. Over shortperiods the rate of dry-matter production can attain 3⁸g./m.²/dayand the utilization of solar energy can be as high as 4.2 percent., or 9.5 per cent, for the range 4, 000–7, 000 A. Although information on the productivity of natural communitiesis still ex-ceedingly scanty, an attempt has been made to interpretthe general pattern in terms of the length of the growing season,the level of solar radiation, the magni-tude of the leaf-areaindex of the whole community, and the period over which theleaf canopy remains green. It is postulated that in any regionthe vegetation reaches a dynamic equilibrium when there is themaximum exploitation of the incoming radiation to produce thegreatest production of dry matter.     

Physiological and Ecological Studies in the Analysis of Plant Environment: XI. A Further Assessment of the Influence of Shading on the Growth of Different Species in the Vegetative Phase

In a further analysis of the effects of varying light intensityon growth and development in the vegetative phase the reactionsof thirteen herbaceous species have been recorded. In some experimentsthe degree of shading has been extended to 0.055 daylight, alevel near or below the compensation point. For Lathyrus maritimus, Trifolium pratense, and Vicia faba,the net assimilation rate is directly related to the logarithmof the light intensity, but for Helianthus annuus, T. repent,T. hybridum, Medicago sativa, Phaseolus multiflorus, and Loliummultiflorum the relationship, though curvilinear, is not logarithmic.It is concluded that for all species the assimilation rate ofunshaded plants was limited by light even though in high summerthe recorded light energy between 4,000–7,000 A averaged1,900–2,200 foot-candles. For all these species between daylight and 0.12 daylight theleaf-area ratio rises as the intensity decreases and in generalthe trend is logarithmic. When the degree of shading is increasedto 0.055 daylight the logarithmic relationship still holds forL. maritimus and V. faba though this level is below the compensationpoint. For other species, such as P. multiflorus andH. annuusthe trend may be reversed below 0.12 daylight and the ratiothen falls. When the light intensity is reduced from daylight to 0.5 daylight,then for the species already cited and for Lolium perenne, Phleumpratcnse, and Festuca pratensis the relative growth-rate isinvariably depressed. At 0.055 daylight the relative growth-ratenever exceeded 1 per cent. per day. For L. perennet, P. pratense,and Dactylis glomerata the reactions to shading of ‘hay’and ‘grazing’ strains were different. The ecological and physiological implications of these findingsare discussed.     

The Vegetative Growth of Helianthus annuus and Phaseolus vulgaris as Affected by Seasonal Factors in Freetown, Sierra Leone

Sand-culture experiments were carried out in full daylight atsuccessive weekly intervals between March and December 1969,to investigate the effects of seasonal changes in climatic factorson the growth of Helianthus annuus and Phaseolus vulgaris inFreetown. Values for a number of growth parameters were calculatedfrom the dry weights of the leaves, stems, and roots, and fromthe leaf areas. Simultaneously the diurnal changes in climaticfactors were recorded. Multiple regressions linking light, temperature, and relativehumidity with some of the growth parameters were calculated.The total variance accounted for in the regressions of relativegrowth-rate, net assimilation rate, and leaf weight ratio onlight, temperature, and relative humidity ranged from 51 to60 per cent in P. vulgaris. In H. annuus relative humidity wasless important; the percentage proportion of total varianceaccounted for in the regression of leaf weight ratio (and leafarea ratio in both species) on light and temperature was notsignificant. The results showed that H. annuus grew faster than P. vulgaris,but the latter's growth was depressed less by the dull weatherof the rainy season. The relative growth-rates of both specieswere positively dependent on light and temperature while theirnet assimilation rates were negatively dependent on relativehumidity, and their leaf area ratios negatively dependent onlight. All parameters used except leaf area ratio and leaf areato leaf weight ratio showed seasonal variations correspondingto dry and rainy seasons. The initial and final values of leafarea ratio and weight ratios were always different but did notvary in the same direction in both species. The results are discussed in relation to similar work done elsewhere.     

Differences in the Interacting Effects of Light and Temperature on Growth of Four Species in the Vegetative Phase

A comparative study, employing the concepts of growth analysis,has been made of the varying responses in the early vegetativephase of Gossypium hirsutum, Helianthus annuus, Phaseolus vulgaris,and Zea mays to combinations of light intensity (1.08, 2.16,3.24, 4.32, and 5.4 x 10⁴ lx—photoperiod 14 h) and constantdiurnal air temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C).Depending on the combination of treatments, the temperatureof the internal tissues departed from air temperature by 6.9to 1.4 °C: so only the internal temperatures are cited here. For each species there are complex interactions between theeffects of light and temperature on the net assimilation rate,the leaf-area ratio, and the relative growth-rates of plantweight and leaf area. The magnitude of the changes induced bythe two factors vary both with the growth component and thespecies. The temperature responses are maximal up to 20–5°C while at the highest temperatures they may be negative.The temperature coefficients for leaf-area ratio are consistentlyless than those of the other three components: here betweenspecies the coefficients over 10–20 °C vary by a factorof 9.6, 5.4, and 5.1 for the rates of gain in plant weight andleaf area and the net assimilation rate, while the orderingwithin each growth component is species dependent. Under conditions of optimal temperature the relative growth-rateand net assimilation rate progressively increase, accordingto the species, up to either 4.32 or 5.4x 10⁴ lx. The leaf-arearatio is always largest at the lowest intensity. The level oflight at which the rate of gain in leaf area reaches a maximumranges from 2.16x 10⁴ lx for Phaseolus to between 4.32 and 5.40x10⁴ lx for Gossypium. The highest relative growth-rate and net assimilation rate ofHelianthus exceed those of Zea substantially. Indeed the maximalassimilation rate for Helianthus of 2.10 g dm^–2 week^–1is the highest ever recorded under field or controlled conditions.Possible reasons for this reversal of the photosynthetic potentialsof the two species observed by previous workers are discussed.     

Determination of the Length of the Vegetative and Pre-floral Stages in the Day-Neutral Plant Helianthus annuus by Chilling Pulses

Helianthus annuus seedlings grown in an 18 h day at 28 ?C wereexposed to one 6 d chilling pulse of 12 ?C, at spaced timesduring the first 21 d from sowing. At 2 d intervals, the terminalbuds of 5 plants were dissected to determine leaf number andto score the vegetative or flowering state of the shoot apex.It was found that, while the rate of leaf initiation was reducedequally by each chilling pulse, pulses commencing on days 9or 12 reduced the total leaf number from 30 to 26, while pulsesapplied earlier had little effect. This variation is interpretedin terms of the time available for leaf production. The apicesof control plants commenced the visible transition to flowering16 d after sowing. Chilling pulses applied from days 3 or 6delayed this transition by about 5 d, whereas later pulses causedonly a 1•5 d delay. In a second experiment, where the chillingwas reduced to 2 d duration, it was again found that chillingdelayed flowering during the first 8 d and was progressivelyless effective when applied later. From this variation in temperaturesensitivity it is proposed that chilling sunflower plants immediatelyafter sowing delays flowering by extending the vegetative phaseof growth and so delaying the attainment of a ‘ripenessto flower’ state that appears to coincide with the expansionof the first pair of leaves. From day 8 onwards processes leadingto flowering that are relatively temperature insensitive apparentlybecome dominant in the apex and result in visible signs of flowering8 d later, although during this transitional stage leaf primordiacontinue to be initiated on the flanks of the apex.     

Physiological and Ecological Studies in the Analysis of Plant Environment: VII. An Analysis of the Differential Effects of Light Intensity on the Net Assimilation Rate, Leaf-Area Ratio, and Relative Growth Rate of Different Species

Since relative growth rate is the product of net assimilationrate and leaf-area ratio (leaf area/plant weight), it followsthat if the effects of shading on both net assimilation rateand leaf-area ratio can be expressed mathematically, then therelationship between light intensity and relative growth ratecan be derived from the product of the two mathematical expressions. For all the ten species investigated in field and pot cultureexperiments, it has been found that during the early vegetativephase both the changes in leaf-area ratio and net assimilationrate, over the range of 0·1 to full daylight, are linearlyrelated to the logarithm of the light intensity. In consequence,the relationship between relative growth rate and the logarithmof light intensity—being the product of the two linearregressions—is curvilinear. For species of shady habitats (Geum urbanum, Solamun dulcamara)neither the levels of assimilation rate nor the ‘compensation-point’values are very different from those of the eight species fromopen situations (e.g. Hordeum vulgare, Pisum sativum, Fagopyrumesculentum). Nevertheless the intensity at which growth rateis maximal varies between species: it is 0•5 for G. urbanum,0•7 for H. annuus, full daylight for F. esculentum, whilefor Trifolium subterraneum the calculated value is 1·8daylight. Such specific differences can be largely accountedfor in terms of the differences in leaf-area ratio at the differentlight levels. On the basis of this analysis of the light factor, a ‘shade’plant is best redefined as a species in which a reduction ofthe light intensity causes a rapid rise in the leaf-area ratiofrom an initial low value in full daylight: for a ‘sun’plant the converse definition holds.     

Interacting Effects of Light and Day and Night Temperatures on the Growth of Four Species in the Vegetative Phase

A comparative examination has been made under controlled conditionsof the interacting effects on growth in the vegetative phasewhich takes place when the diurnal temperature is either maintainedconstant at 20 and 25 ?C or reduced at night by 5 and 10 ?Cand the plants subjected daily to either 2.16 or 4.32 ? 10⁴lx for 14 h. For each species (Gossypium hirsutum, Hclianthusannuus, Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays) the changes in netassimilation rate, the leaf area ratio and the relative growthrates in plant weight and leaf area were recorded. Contrary to some previous findings, none of these componentsof growth are favoured by cool nights. Rather such reductionsin temperature retard the growth processes to a varying degreeaccording to the species and the component. In general, significantreductions are more evident for the two relative growth rateswhen a drop from 20 to 10 ?C is combined with the lower levelof illumination. The implications of these results are considered in relationto a prior study where for similar light conditions the samespecies plants were subjected to constant temperatures rangingfrom 10 to 25 ?C.     

Physiological and Proteomic Characterization of the Elevated Temperature Effect on Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Primary Leaves

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - This work examines the effect of increasing environmental temperatures, resulting from the ongoing global climate change, on the primary leaves of sunflower...     

The Influences of Seasonal Changes in Solar Radiation and Air Temperature on the Growth in the Early Vegetative Phase of Zea mays

At weekly intervals from May to September over 2 years the growthof separate batches of Zea mays (Swiss hybrid Orla 266) wasrecorded for individual plants in pot experiments, togetherwith the corresponding weekly means of solar radiation and themean, maximum, and minimum diurnal air temperatures. To reducesampling errors the plants were ranked on the bases of initialgrain size and leaf number. To minimize differences in stageof development at the end of 21 days from sowing the size wasadjusted in 1965 by switching the pots in and out of a glasshouse:in 1966 the plants were kept for the first 11 days in a controlledenvironment and then hardened off in the open. Between 21 and28 days when the second sample was taken half the plants weresubjected to light shade (0.65–0.70 daylight). Multiple regression analysis showed that the relative growthrate of the whole plant (RGR), the rate of increase in leafarea (RLGR), and the net assimilation rate (NAR) were positivelydependent on both radiation and mean air temperature. In 1965there were negative effects of minimum temperature on RGR andNAR and a positive response of RLGR to leaf number. In 1966an increase in leaf number led to a higher RGR and LAR but depressedRLGR, while minimal temperature had no significant effects.In all these regressions the variation accounted for was high,ranging from 80 to 89 per cent. At the second sampling occasion the leaf-area ratio (LAR_f) wasinversely related to radiation, negatively dependent on daytemperature, but positively linked with night temperature. Theorder of the initial LAR exerted no influence. The RGRs of theshoot and the root were positively associated with both radiationand mean temperature. In 1965 there were small negative responsesof the shoot to both minimum temperature and leaf number andfor the root only leaf number. The variation accounted for wasleast for LAR_f (59–62 per cent) and intermediate for RGR_aand RGR_r (77–89 per cent). For RGR, NAR, and RLGR the calculated partial regression coefficientsfor mean temperature in 1965 were larger than those for radiationbut in 1966, apart from RLGR, they were equalled by radiation.The discrepancies between years can be ascribed to a highercorrelation coefficient between radiation and temperature in1965 (0.53) as against 1966 (0.33). The value of multiple regression analysis in the evaluationof the environment by carefully designed field experiments isemphasized in relation to other investigations of light andtemperature undertaken under controlled conditions.     

Immunofluorescent Localization of a Connexin 26-like Protein at the Surface of Mesophyll Protoplasts from Vicia faba L. and Helianthus annuus L.

Mesophyll protoplasts from three week old leaves of Helianthus annuus L. and from four week old leaves of Vicia faba L. were incubated with polyclonal, monospecific antibodies, raised against either cx 32 or cx 26 mouse liver connexin. Crossreactions were visualized by FITC-labeled anti-rabbit antibodies. Incubations with the cx 26 antibody resulted in fluorescing spots on protoplast surfaces of both plant species, indicating the presence of a polypeptide, immunologically related to the animal cx 26. A plant protein, exhibiting similarities to cx 26, would present a new member of connexin-like plant proteins. Controls, performed with preimmune serum or with the FITC-conjugate alone, were negative. Immunofluorescing spots were not obtained after incubations with the cx 32 antibody. Since the existence of a cx 32-like plant protein, associated with ultrastructures of plasmodesmata and the plasma membrane, is meanwhile established, several explanations for the failed attempt to demonstrate a cx 32 antibody labeling at protoplast surfaces are discussed.     

Physiological and Ecological Studies in the Analysis of Plant Environment: VI. The Constancy for Different Species of a Logarithmic Relationship between Net Assimilation Rate and Light Intensity and its Ecological Significance

In this further study of light as an environmental factor theeffects of shading on the growth of Helianthus annuus, Fagopyrumesculentum, Trifolium subterraneum, Tropaeolum majus, Lycopersicumesculentum, Vicia faba, Pisum sativum, Hordeum vulgare, Solanumdulcamara, and Geum urbanum have been investigated. It has been established that the reductions in the net assimilationcaused by shading are similar for all ten species. The net assimilationrate during the season of active growth is linearly relatedto the logarithm of the light intensity. When similar experimentsare conducted late in the autumn and the relative growth rateis very low, the logarithmic relationship no longer holds. From the data it is possible to obtain precise estimates ofthe compensation point. The mean values of the compensationpoint ranged from 0·06 to 0·09 of daylight foreight species, while for V. faba and H. vulgare somewhat higherfigures were obtained—0·14 and 0·18 of daylight. Flctuations in the net assimilation rate in full daylight showedno correlation with variations in the value of the compensationpoint. From these results it is concluded that species cannot be groupedinto ‘sun’ or ‘shade’ plants, eitheron the basis of differences in the value of the compensationpoint or on the grounds that there are large variations in theeffects of shading on net assimilation rate.     

Auxin Uptake and the Rapid Auxin-Induced Growth in Isolated Sections of Helianthus annuus

When a sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hypocotyl section is placed in a solution of 10 micromolar 1-naphthylacetic acid, the majority of the auxin enters via the cut surfaces. However, it is the minority entering radially which causes the typical growth response. Auxin supplied only to the apical cut surface gives a weak, slower response.     

Physiological and Ecological Studies in the Analysis of Plant Environment: VIII. An Inexpensive Integrating Recorder for the Measurement of Daylight

The design is based on the principle that changes in the currentpassing through a vacuum emission cell, induced by variationsin the light quanta received, control the rate of charge ofa condenser. When the striking voltage of a discharge tube isreached the resultant flow of current energizes an electromagneticrelay which, in turn, is connected with a Post Office counter.In order to eliminate possible errors due to changes in temperature,the compartment containing the discharge tube is kept at a constanthigh temperature (100° F.), while a stabilized mains sourceof electricity is used. A ground-glass diffusing dome is usedand a filter to exclude infra-red and ultra-violet radiation.With a photometric cell of relatively uniform sensitivity inthe visible spectrum the recorder gave a linear response upto the maximum intensity investigated. No change in the calibrationfactor occurred in two summers' continuous use in the open.The electrical components, including the photo-electric cell,cost c. £25, while the construction only demands normalworkshop facilities.     

Effects of Temperature, Photoperiod and Seed Vernalization on Flowering in Faba Bean Vicia faba

Factorial combinations of three photoperiods (10, 13 and 16h), two day temperatures (18 and 28 °C) and two night temperatures(5 and 13 °C) were imposed on nodulated plants of six diversegenotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Plants were grown inpots in growth cabinets from both vernalized (1.5±0.5°C for 30 d) and non-vernalized seeds. The times from sowingto the appearance of first open flowers (f) were recorded. Seedvernalization decreased the subsequent time taken to flowerin almost all genotype x growing environment combinations (theexceptions were plants of the cv. Maris Bead grown in threecooler, short-day regimes). The influence of temperature andphotoperiod on the rate of flowering was quantified, using amodel applied previously to other long-day species of grainlegume in which positive linear relations between both temperatureand photoperiod and the rate of progress towards flowering areassumed to apply. A significant positive linear response ofrate of progress towards flowering to limited ranges of meandiurnal temperature was detected in all six genotypes, but inthree genotypes (Syrian Local Large, Aquadulce and Maris Bead)the 28 °C day temperature reduced the rate of progress towardsflowering - suggesting that the optimum temperature for floweringin these genotypes is below 28 °C. In four genotypes (MarisBead, Giza-4, Aquadulce and BPL 1722) a significant positiveresponse to photoperiod, typical of quantitative long-day plants,was observed only in plants grown from vernalized seeds. Incontrast, plants of the genotype Zeidab Local grown from bothnon-vernalized and vernalized seeds showed the same positiveresponse to photoperiod, whereas plants of the land-race SyrianLocal Large were consistently unresponsive to photoperiod. Theimplications of this range of responses amongst diverse genotypesare discussed in relation to screening germplasm. Vicia faba, faba bean, flowering, photoperiod, temperature, seed vernalization, germplasm screening     

The Effect of Temperature on the Growth of Individual Leaves of Vicia faba L. in the Field

The generalized logistic curve was used to describe the growthof individual leaves in crops of Vicia faba L. Durations of.expansionand mean absolute growth rates were derived from these curves.The duration of expansion was inversely related to temperatureaveraged over four days from unfolding. This relationship wasindependent of leaf position except for the lowest leaves. Theduration of expansion of a leaf was related to the rate of productionof new leaves, the number of expanding leaves remaining relativelyconstant. Absolute growth rates varied with leaf position upto leaf 10. At higher leaves, in the absence of water stress,absolute growth rate was a function of temperature and radiation. Vicia faba L., field bean, leaf growth, temperature     

The Effects of Position and Temperature on the Expansion of Leaves of Vicia faba L.

The growth in area of the first eight leaves of broad bean plantswas investigated in growth room experiments. Plants were grownat either 20 or 14 °C or transferred from 20 to 14 °C.Rates of leaf appearance and unfolding increased with temperature.The duration of growth of a leaf increased with leaf numberfor the first five leaves and then remained constant The meangrowth rate declined or remained constant with increasing leafnumber Durations of growth were shorter and growth rates largerat 20 °C than at 14 °C Plants responded immediatelyto the change in temperature Final areas of leaves which expandedafter transfer from 20 to 14 °C were larger than those grownat 20 °C Vicla faba L., broad bean, leaf expansion, temperature responses     

An Analysis of the Effects of Temperature and Light Integral on the Vegetative Growth of Pansy cv. Universal Violet (Violaxwittrockiana Gams.)

Pansies (Viola xwittrockiana Gams.) cv. Universal Violet weresown on five dates between Jul. and Dec. 1992 and placed insix temperature-controlled glasshouse compartments set to providemean temperatures between 6.5 and 30 °C. Shoot dry weightand leaf number were recorded. A model was constructed, to analysethe effects of light and temperature on dry matter accumulation,which assumed that relative growth rate (RGR) declined linearlywith thermal time accumulated from sowing, reflecting ontogeneticdrift. Furthermore, it assumed that RGR was a semi-ellipsoidfunction of temperature, rising to an optimum of 25.3 °Cand declining thereafter, and a positive linear function oflight integral. When fitted to data collected in this studythe model accounted for 94% of the variance in RGR. Independentvalidation using data from four further crops grown in glasshousecompartments at four different set point temperatures showedthat the model could also be used to predict plant dry weightaccurately (r ²=0.98). The rate of mainstem leaf productionwas also linearly related to both light integral and temperature. Pansy; Viola xwittrockiana ; temperature; light integral; dry weight; relative growth rate; leaf number     

低温弱光对以色列番茄幼苗生长及生理指标的影响

用以色列引进品种F-044和安徽省地区主栽品种皖红3号番茄为材料,研究在不同低温(10℃/5℃)弱光(60μm ol.m-2.s-1)处理下及恢复过程中,番茄幼苗生长及生理指标的变化。结果表明:各处理指标变化趋势相同;10℃低温弱光处理后,番茄幼苗生长势、叶片叶绿素含量及超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二酶(MDA)含量,根冠比上升。各指标在恢复期内均能恢复到对照水平;5℃低温弱光胁迫后,F-044仅地上部分干物质积累受胁迫影响,根冠比上升了14.97%,而皖红3号因地下干物质积累减少显著,根冠比则下降了27.74%;各处理下F-044的各项指标变化、恢复情况均显著好于皖红3号,低温弱光耐性强于皖红3号。     

Studies on the movement and distribution of ethylene in Vicia faba L.

In Vicia faba ethylene does not appear to move between different parts of the plant in physiologically significant amounts. The resistance to longitudinal movement is such that lateral emanation effectively isolates different parts of the plant from each other. When emanation is prevented, ethylene can be channelled to any part of the plant. Exposure of one section of a plant to ¹⁴C-labelled ethylene (up to 200 l/l) increased the internal concentration in other parts with ethylene that did not originate from the feeding chamber. A basipetal gradient of endogenous ethylene concentration was found in the lacuna of intact plants, the source of ethylene being the stem tissue. The permeability of stem tissue to ethylene decreases with age. The concentration of ethylene in tissues surrounding the lacuna is always higher than that in the lacuna and it is argued that compartmentation of ethylene occurs within these tissues.