5个番石榴品种果实食用品质和香气特征分析

为比较番石榴(Psidium guajava)不同品种果实的外观、营养价值和香气特征,采用国家标准方法,对5个番石榴品种(‘红宝石’、‘粉红蜜’、‘西瓜’、‘水蜜’、本地种)果实的外观和营养成分进行测定,采用顶空气质联用(HS-GC-MS)技术对5个品种果实的香气成分进行测定。结果表明,不同品种果实外观及营养成分差异明显。‘水蜜’的果形指数最低,果实扁圆形,种籽最少;大多数糖类物质(总糖、还原糖、蔗糖等)、糖酸比、总酚含量最高;果糖、VC和总黄酮含量位居第2;总酸、脂肪、粗纤维、灰分含量最低。主成分分析表明,‘水蜜’作为鲜食水果的食用品质最高。己醛和石竹烯是红肉型品种的特征风味物质,3-羟基-2-丁酮是白肉型品种的特征香气成分。     

嘉宝果不同发育期花果叶的挥发性成分分析

为了解嘉宝果(Myrciaria cauliflora)的挥发性成分,利用顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用技术对其不同发育期的花、果、叶的挥发性成分进行测量。结果表明,萜烯类是花、果、叶的主要挥发性成分,随开花进程呈增加趋势,随果实和叶片成熟进程而下降,单萜类是其中的优势成分,主要有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯、β-罗勒烯等;花苞期、初花期和嫩叶以β-蒎烯含量最高,盛花期和老叶以α-蒎烯最高,末花期和果实中均以D-柠檬烯含量最高,嫩叶中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯的总含量高达62.07%。酯类在花期中以初花期含量最高(16.92%),在果实中以完熟期含量最高(14.81%),老叶中酯类含量(4.35%)显著高于嫩叶(0.26%)。因此,α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯是花、果、叶共有主香成分,柳酸甲酯和苯乙醇是花苞期和初花期特征主香成分,毕澄茄烯是完熟果特征风味物质,β-石竹烯是嫩叶特征主香成分,桉叶油醇和β-胡椒烯是老叶特征主香成分。     

8个不同柠檬品种果皮香气成分的GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏提取法并结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对柠檬8个品种果皮香气成分进行了检测和分析。结果显示,从‘阿伦’、‘尤力克’、‘费米耐劳’、‘斐诺’、‘库托迪肯’、‘蒙纳盖洛’、‘维尔纳’、‘维拉弗兰卡’8个品种果皮中分别鉴定出31、31、33、34、32、33、32和32种主要成分,分别占总峰面积的90.94%、93.42%、91.61%、91.02%、89.58%、88.11%、92.57%和92.09%;柠檬8个品种中共有成分24种,其中含量较高的有D-柠檬烯、α-松油醇、γ-松油烯、β-蒎烯、松油烯-4-醇等;柠檬8个品种所含成分种类、相对含量间存在差异,可作为区分这8个品种的重要特征。本研究结果可为柠檬果皮的综合利用及品种选育提供理论依据。     

佛手挥发油特征化学成分群GC-MS研究

目的:分析6个不同产地佛手挥发油的化学成分,确定其特征化学指标成分群.方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取佛手挥发油.运用气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS),结合计算机检索对其化学成分进行分离和鉴定,得到其共有的特征性化学成分群,用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量.结果:从广东、四川、金华、广西、安徽佛手的挥发油中鉴定16种共有特征成分,按保留时间的先后顺序分别为:α-水芹烯、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、α-萜品油烯、邻伞花烃、柠檬烯、顺式-β-罗勒烯、反式-β-罗勒烯、γ-萜品烯、γ-萜品油烯、乙酸芳樟酯、顺式-水合桧烯、α-萜品醇、β-柠檬醛、α-柠檬醛,其占总峰面积的的比例大于82.9%;其中柠檬烯和γ-萜品烯是主要成分,两者峰面积占总峰面积的比例大于65%.结论:所建立的特征成分群能充分地袁征佛手挥发油化学组成,可以为佛手挥发油的质量评价提供参考.     

三白草花、叶和茎挥发性成分的比较分析

采用顶空固相微萃取提取三白草花、叶和茎中的挥发性成分,利用GC-MS对比分析三者中的挥发性成分.从三白草花、叶和茎分别鉴定出的31、22和22个成分,分别占总挥发性成分的95.64％、98.75％和98.54％.三者共有18个化学成分,其主要化合物类型是萜类(单萜和倍半萜,其中单萜含量最高),分别占总挥发性成分的92.18％、98.19％和97.74％,还含有两个芳香族化合物:枯茗醇和姜黄烯,此外,4-(1,5-二甲基己基-4-烯)环己烯-2-酮和二十一烷两个脂肪族化合物仅存在于花中,三者的主要化合物均为柠檬烯、柠檬醛(含顺式柠檬醛)、蒎烯(含α和β构型)和β-月桂烯,另外大根香叶烯D、姜黄烯、1-b-红没药烯和β-倍半水芹烯在花中的含量均高于叶和茎.叶茎中化合物种类和含量差别均不大,但与花有较大的差别.     

番石榴4个品种叶和幼果的生物活性和酚类成分研究

为提高番石榴（Psidium guajava）副产物的综合利用率,测定了‘珍珠’、‘水蜜’、‘红宝石’和‘西瓜’4个品种叶和幼果提取物中的酚类与黄酮含量,并分析了其与清除DPPH·、ABTS⁺、HO·自由基能力和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的相关性,并用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）分析了提取物的酚类成分。结果表明,4个番石榴品种叶的酚类和黄酮含量、清除自由基能力、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性均显著高于幼果,‘珍珠’叶的酚类含量最高,生物活性最强。酚类、黄酮含量与清除自由基能力呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。UPLC-MS/MS鉴定结果表明,4个品种叶酚类含量较高的均为槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、金丝桃苷、鞣花酸和杨梅苷,除鞣花酸外大部分存在于叶的酚类成分也存在于幼果中,且含量显著高于幼果。因此,4个品种中,‘珍珠’叶是开发天然抗氧化剂和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的优良资源。     

桂林地区不同桂花品种花香成分比较分析

为了解桂林地区不同桂花的花香成分差异,该研究采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气相色谱/质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,对桂林地区12种桂花的花瓣挥发性成分进行了检测分析。结果表明:共检测到49种挥发性成分,包括萜稀类31种、脂肪酸及其衍生物10种、苯基类4种和含氮化合物4种。其中,萜稀类化合物在4个品种群甚至12个品种中均属于比例最高的,总相对含量为82.28%～94.83%。所检测的桂花均含有反-β-罗勒烯等6种花香成分,但不同品种所含成分不同或相对含量不同,如‘龙怀金桂’含有β-紫罗酮且含量最高(为34.89%),而‘橡叶朱砂’却缺少β-紫罗酮。各品种主要的香气成分及其含量也不完全相同,如‘龙怀金桂’的主要香气成分是β-紫罗酮等5种,‘月塘金桂’是β-紫罗酮等8种,‘橡叶朱砂’为顺-氧化芳樟醇等6种。共鉴定出11种香气活性物质,其中10种属于萜稀类。‘龙怀金桂’香气活性物质总含量最高(为82.99%),且紫罗酮类和罗勒烯类活性物质的含量也最高;‘橡叶朱砂’和‘天香台阁’含有芳樟醇类活性物质最高(在60%左右)。综上认为,萜稀类化合物为桂林地区桂花的主要香气成分,不同桂花品种既含有共同的香气成分也含有不同的成分;‘龙怀金桂’适合开发罗勒烯类和紫罗酮类物质产品,‘橡叶朱砂’和‘天香台阁’适合开发芳樟醇类物质产品。     

柠檬和莱檬果皮精油挥发性成分分析

利用气质联用技术(GC-MS),对云南德宏栽培的小莱檬、塔西提2个莱檬品种和费米耐劳、尤力克、艾伦尤力克3个柠檬品种的果皮精油挥发性成分进行研究。结果表明,小莱檬、塔西提、费米耐劳、尤力克、艾伦尤力克柠檬果皮精油中分别检测到17、24、23、20、27种挥发性成分,烯烃类物质是莱檬和柠檬果皮精油挥发性的主要组分,其中特征香气成分D-柠檬烯含量最高,β-蒎烯、γ-萜品烯次之。塔西提莱檬特征香气成分物质种类和含量高于小莱檬,艾伦尤力克柠檬中烃类、醇类、醛类、酯类和酮类物质的种类和含量均高于费米耐劳柠檬和尤力克柠檬,主要特征香气成分含量也最高。     

睡莲属62个栽培种花朵挥发性成分GC-MS分析北大核心CSCD

为了解睡莲花朵的致香物质,利用气相色谱-质谱法对62个栽培种花朵的挥发性成分进行了研究。结果表明,共检测出72种挥发性成分,以烯烃类(26种)、烷烃类(11种)和醇类(9种)较多,其中花香成分有53种(73.60%)。40个热带睡莲花朵中共检测出56种挥发性成分,其中花香成分39种;22个耐寒睡莲品种花朵共检测出37种挥发性成分,其中花香成分27种。花香成分中主要致香物质有乙酸苄酯、顺式-罗勒烯、苯甲醇、金合欢烯、月桂烯、柠檬烯、苯甲醛、α-异松油稀、α-蒎烯、肉桂醇和β-丁香醇等。利用组内联接余弦的方法,分别根据挥发性成分和花香成分,62个睡莲栽培种(品种)可分成3和4组。这为睡莲香气物质的开发利用及与传粉动物的协同进化研究提供了基础资料。     

不同杂交兰品种花朵挥发性成分分析

采用顶空–固相微萃取技术,分析杂交兰不同品种、不同花期和花器官不同部位的花香成分。结果表明,杂交兰花香的主要成分为萜烯类化合物。不同品种间花香释放量差异明显,‘K24’以桉油精(23.91%)和正己醇(13.74%)为主,‘K21-1’以反式–橙花叔醇(30.39%)和环己烷(22.99%)为主;‘红美人’以α-法呢烯(43.50%)和芳樟醇(34.52%)为主;‘K18’以石竹烯(43.57%)和α-香柑油烯(19.59%)为主,‘黄金龙’以β-月桂烯(25.23%)和α-香柑油烯(15.45%)为主;‘十八格格’以β-石竹烯(42.99%)和α-法呢烯(19.65%)为主;‘汉城公主’以β-石竹烯(52.40%)和α-法呢烯(9.99%)为主。‘K18’释放量和化合物数量在盛开期最高。在花器官不同部位中,花瓣和萼片主要释放β-石竹烯,唇瓣主要释放β-罗勒烯。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.