【专辑序言】动物起源和寒武纪大爆发——序 言

动物起源和寒武纪大爆发是生命史上重要的演化创新事件。为展示相关领域的最新进展, 特组织主题为“动物起源和寒武纪大爆发”的论文专辑。作为专辑序言, 本文概述了动物起源和寒武纪大爆发领域的科学意义和当前研究趋势, 并简要介绍了本专辑的内容。专辑包含了来自13个研究单位共42位作者的12篇论文, 包括特约综述论文1篇和研究论文11篇。专辑不仅评述了相关领域的现状和未来发展趋势, 也展示了我国学者在该领域取得的部分新进展。这些进展涉及华南和华北数个特异埋藏化石库, 比如埃迪卡拉纪石板滩生物群、寒武纪宽川铺生物群和寒武纪凯里生物群等, 并涵盖了海绵动物、刺细胞动物、腕足动物、三叶虫和双瓣壳类节肢动物以及分类位置尚不明确的疑难动物化石等诸多类群。     

三叠纪特异埋藏化石库研究现状与意义*

特异埋藏化石库(Lagerst?tten)是地质历史记录中保存异常完好的生物化石集合体, 对于研究化石精细形态和解剖结构、古生态、古生理、生物演化等方面具有极其重要的科学价值。自20世纪70年代以来, 特异埋藏化石库的研究呈现阶段式增长, 近年来达到高峰期。本文综述了三叠纪特异埋藏化石库的时空分布、研究现状和科学意义。三叠纪特异埋藏化石库包括海相和陆相化石生物群, 主要分布在中国、欧洲和北美, 涵盖了从早三叠世到晚三叠世的广泛时期。这些特异埋藏化石库在揭示中生代初的生物面貌、二叠纪末大灭绝后生物的复苏辐射过程、 现代类型海洋生态系统的建立过程、中生代海洋革命和湖泊革命中发挥了关键作用。虽然中国已发现的特异埋藏生物群数量较多(本文统计的特异埋藏化石库总数25个, 中国有10个), 但与研究程度较高的欧洲地区相比, 国内生物群研究程度相对较低,新的生物类别和生态意义有待进一步挖掘和研究。综上, 我国的特异埋藏化石库在未来研究中具有巨大的潜力, 加强相关的研究工作将会对认识全球中生代生物演化做出重要贡献。     

寒武纪大爆发——来自贵州的化石证据*

寒武纪展示了生物演化和生态创新最为关键的一段历史, 在此期间发生了后生动物快速的辐射性演化事件, 被称为“寒武纪大爆发”。近四十年来, 基于寒武纪特异埋藏生物群的大量研究为解密寒武纪大爆发具体过程、主要动物类群起源与生态演化作出了重要贡献。贵州素有古生物王国之称, 在寒武系地层中不仅保存了大量解剖学细节精美的化石资源, 也在多个地区产出时间连续的生物组合演化序列, 在探讨动物起源与演化、全球地层对比及群落古生态学等方面具有极其重要的科研价值。近年来, 以小壳动物群、牛蹄塘生物群、杷榔生物群、剑河生物群、凯里生物群等多个生物群在贵州的发现提供了早期后生生物的新信息, 加密了中国乃至全球早期后生生物特异埋藏化石群的演化链, 为全面揭示寒武纪生物群落面貌、早期多门类后生动物的辐射演化和海洋生物群落演替提供了独特的意义, 最终为深入解读寒武纪大爆发的过程与发生机制提供重要实证。本文简要总结了贵州地区在该领域的主要学术贡献, 结合全球研究进展, 对目前存在的问题和未来研究方向提出展望。     

Experimental investigation of insect deposition in lentic environments and implications for formation of Konservat Lagerstätten

Terrestrial insects are often remarkably well preserved in lacustrine Konservat Lagerstätten. However, the assumption that carcasses should sink fast through the water column seems contradictory as this scenario is unlikely due to excessive buoyancy and surface tension. The mechanisms that promote rapid and permanent emplacement onto the sediment surface (RPESS) of such terrestrial animal remains are not fully understood. Here we use taphonomic experiments to show that floating in water, growth of microbial biofilms and reception of rapid sediment load promote RPESS of terrestrial insect remains in lentic water bodies. Our results show that the optimum conditions for RPESS occur when terrestrial insects enter a lentic water body in articulation, experience brief decay in association with growth of microbes, then are buried rapidly by airborne volcanic ash. These results provide a model for preservation of articulated terrestrial insects and emphasize the importance of microbial activity and volcanism for insect preservation in lacustrine Konservat Lagerstätten.     

The lithographic limestones of Cerin (southern Jura Mountains,France). A synthetic approach and environmental interpretation

The lithographic limestones of the Cerin quarry (southern French Jura Mountains), of Late Kimmeridgian age, were famous during the 19th century for their quality and consequently the quarry was intensely exploited. From 1975 to 1994, scientific excavations were carried out in these limestones in order to investigate the depositional environment, the burial of organisms and their taphonomy. A large set of data was collected about various organisms, unusual locomotion tracks, microbial mats and emersion structures. This led to a new interpretation of the environment as a laguna overlying a previously emergent and eroded coral reef. This laguna was episodically connected to the sea by temporary channels, during storms. Lime mud was supplied both from the sea and from the surrounding emergent areas. Most organisms, both marine and terrestrial, were transported, trapped, mixed and buried in the laguna. After death, the preservation of the carcasses was favoured by the presence of microbial mats providing superficial anoxic conditions and protecting them from decaying.     

Exceptional preservation requires fast biodegradation: thylacocephalan specimens from La Voulte-sur-Rhône (Callovian,Jurassic, France)

Konservat-Lagerstätten are seen as snapshots of past biodiversity for a given location and time. However, processes leading to the exceptional morphological preservation of fossils in these deposits remain incompletely understood. This results in a deficient assessment of taphonomic biases and limits the robustness/relevance of palaeobiological reconstructions. Here, we report the mineralogical characterization of crustacean fossils preserved within carbonate-rich concretions from the Jurassic Konservat-Lagerstätte of La Voulte-sur-Rhône (Ardèche, France). The combination of SEM-EDS, TEM, synchrotron-based XRF, XRD and XANES allows the mineralogical phases composing these fossils (i.e. fluorapatite, Fe-sulfides (pyrite, pyrrhotite) and Mg-calcite) and the surrounding matrix (i.e. Mg-calcite, clays and detrital silicates) to be identified. Fluorapatite and pyrite (and pyrrhotite) precipitated during decay under anoxic conditions, replacing delicate organic structures and preserving anatomical details. These mineral structures were subsequently consolidated by a Mg-calcite cement. Of note, histologically similar tissues were replaced by the same mineral phases, confirming that fossilization (in La Voulte) occurred rapidly enough to be influenced by tissue composition. Altogether, the present study shows that exceptional preservation requires fast biodegradation, thereby confirming recent experimental evidence.     

A spinose stem group brachiopod with pedicle from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale

A new genus and species of a Middle Cambrian stem group brachiopod, Acanthotretella spinosa n. gen. and n. sp., is described from the Burgess Shale Formation. Most of the 42 specimens studied came from the Greater Phyllopod bed (Walcott Quarry) and were collected from five bed assemblages, each representing a single obrution event. Specimens are probably preserved within their original habitat. In contrast to all brachiopods known from the Burgess Shale, the shells of the new stem group brachiopod are often deformed and do not show signs of brittle breakage, which suggests that the valves were originally either entirely organic in composition or, more likely, had just a minor mineral component. Acanthotretella spinosa differs from all the other described Cambrian brachiopods in that it is covered by long, slender and possibly partly mineralized spines that are posteriorly inclined at an oblique angle away from the anterior margin. The spines penetrate the shell and are mainly comparable with the thorn‐like organic objects that have been inferred from early siphonotretoid brachiopods. The pedicle was slender and was composed of a central coelomic region and emerged from an apical foramen at the end of an internal pedicle tube. The finding of a pedicle attached to the macrobenthic algae Dictyophycus and other epibenthos implies that A. spinosa did not have an infaunal mode of life. The visceral region and interior characters are poorly preserved.     

Treasure with blood: On the discovery of Traumatocrinus (Echinodermata,Triassic) crowns in China

A team of three paleontologists led by the important Triassic worker Te-You Hsu were killed in Guizhou during a field mapping project in 1944. A.T. Mu studied Hsu's crinoid collection and named a new species Traumatocrinus hsui after him in 1949. The first edition of crinoid Treatise did not acknowledge Mu's work and placed Traumatocrinus as junior synonym of Encrinus. However, it is now regarded as a valid taxon in the new edition published in 2011. During this study, original specimens reported by Mu were re-examined. Among them, 21 specimens survived to this day, and the rest of specimens mentioned in Mu were lost during the Second World War. The collection is illustrated with modern standards for the first time. Despite the hard working conditions endured by the Chinese workers during and shortly after the Second World War, this collection, including eleven slabs of crowns, one cup, eight columnals, and one holdfast curated in Nanjing, is the basis for family Traumatocrinidae.     

陕南张家沟剖面寒武纪早期微体化石Olivooidesmultisulcatus的新材料*

陕南西乡张家沟剖面寒武系下部统宽川铺组发现了大量特异埋藏化石,这些珍贵化石为三维磷酸盐化精美保存,在探索早期生命起源与演化方面意义重大,也是早寒武世前三叶虫时代生物地层对比的重要依据。本文主要对其中一类保存有软躯体的特异埋藏Olivooides multisulcatus Qian,1977进行描记,该类化石1977年曾在陕西宁强宽川铺生物群首次报道,与本文描记的化石类型相同,产地不同,因而具有地层对比意义。根据在西乡生物群发现的新材料,与Olivooides multisulcatus进行特征对比,对属征及种内变异特征进行了补充。     

Unique preservation of siliceous dinoflagellate motile cells from the Oligocene fossil Lagerstätte of Sieblos,Germany

The Triassic to Recent fossil record of the dinoflagellates is represented overwhelmingly by geologically resistant, organic-walled, non-motile resting cysts; such cysts are formed following the sexual phase in the life cycle. Very few confirmed records exist of the motile stage being preserved in the fossil record. This paper reports the occurrence of two very unusual dinoflagellate taphofacies, one developed in bituminous shales and the other in micrites, from the Oligocene fossil Lagerstätte at Sieblos, Hesse, Germany. A new dinoflagellate taxon, Sieblososphaera martini sp. nov. has been identified through analysis of dissociated skeletal elements in the bituminous shales and external moulds and casts in the micrites. The unique preservation of these fossils confirms them not only as primary biogenically silicified motile thecate cells, but also indicates that there was a much greater range of tabulation present within the subfamily Lithoperidiniaceae than has hitherto been recognized.     

The original colours of fossil beetles

Structural colours, the most intense, reflective and pure colours in nature, are generated when light is scattered by complex nanostructures. Metallic structural colours are widespread among modern insects and can be preserved in their fossil counterparts, but it is unclear whether the colours have been altered during fossilization, and whether the absence of colours is always real. To resolve these issues, we investigated fossil beetles from five Cenozoic biotas. Metallic colours in these specimens are generated by an epicuticular multi-layer reflector; the fidelity of its preservation correlates with that of other key cuticular ultrastructures. Where these other ultrastructures are well preserved in non-metallic fossil specimens, we can infer that the original cuticle lacked a multi-layer reflector; its absence in the fossil is not a preservational artefact. Reconstructions of the original colours of the fossils based on the structure of the multi-layer reflector show that the preserved colours are offset systematically to longer wavelengths; this probably reflects alteration of the refractive index of the epicuticle during fossilization. These findings will allow the former presence, and original hue, of metallic structural colours to be identified in diverse fossil insects, thus providing critical evidence of the evolution of structural colour in this group.