小鼠毛囊不同生长周期中MITF下游色素相关基因的定位表达及相关性分析

小眼畸形转录因子（MITF）不仅是黑色素细胞发育、增殖和存活的必要调节因子,而且对调节相关酶和黑素体蛋白表达来确保黑色素产生具有至关重要的作用。MITF下游色素相关基因在小鼠毛囊生长周期中的表达及相关性仍有待研究。HE染色结果表明不同毛囊时期的小鼠毛囊呈现典型的组织形态学结构;免疫组织化学显示,MITF、GPNMB、OA1、TYR、TYRP2在不同毛囊生长周期中的毛基质及内外毛根鞘均有不同程度的阳性表达。黑色素测定结果表明,在毛囊生长初期和中期,碱性可溶性总黑色素（ASM）、真黑素（EM）以及褐黑素（PM）相对含量高于毛囊生长末期。蛋白免疫印迹结果表明,MITF、GPNMB、OA1、TYR、TYRP2在毛囊生长初期和中期蛋白质相对水平明显高于毛囊生长末期。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明, MITF、GPNMB、OA1、TYR、TYRP2、PMEL在毛囊生长初期和中期,mRNA相对表达量显著高于毛囊生长末期。在不同毛囊生长周期小鼠皮肤的MITF下游色素相关基因表达存在显著差异,表明上述因子在维持黑色素细胞色素生成是不可或缺的因素。     

BFAR与p75NTR的蛋白相互作用抑制p75NTR信号转导

p75NTR是低亲和力的神经生长因子受体,能与高亲和力受体TrkA协同作用促进细胞增殖,也能与细胞内配体结合介导死亡信号通路,诱导细胞凋亡.为了探讨p75NTR功能的调控机制,本文利用膜蛋白酵母双杂交技术从人胎脑cDNA文库中筛选到一个新的p75NTR相互作用蛋白--BFAR.通过对酵母的共转化、GST pull-down和免疫共沉淀实验,证实了p75NTR与BFAR蛋白在体内外相互作用的特异性.荧光共定位实验发现,两者可共定位于细胞质中.此外,荧光素酶检测实验表明,共转染p75NTR和BFAR能够抑制p75NTR介导的NFκB和JNK信号通路.细胞周期实验发现,BFAR在PC-12细胞和HEK293T细胞中的高表达使细胞周期中的G2/M期细胞数增加,S期细胞数量减少,而G0/G1期细胞数无显著差异.     

HFSC标记在阿尔巴斯绒山羊毛囊及毛囊干细胞中的表达

旨在检测最广泛应用的毛囊干细胞标记在阿尔巴斯绒山羊毛囊组织中的表达情况,为今后内蒙古绒山羊毛囊组织学和细胞学领域相关研究提供依据。以阿尔巴斯绒山羊为研究对象,对其进行Krt15、Krt19、CD34和Sox9等的冰冻切片和细胞免疫组化实验。以上4个标记均在外根鞘中表达;Krt15、Krt19在隆突部表达,在隆突部下端不连续表达;CD34在隆突部和隆突部下端都有较强的表达;Sox9主要集中在隆突部表达。Krt15、Krt19、CD34和Sox9共同表达的部位为毛囊隆突部,因此可结合表达部位特征选用为阿尔巴斯绒山羊毛囊隆突部来源的毛囊干细胞鉴定标记。     

IGF1和IGF1R在小鼠第一个毛囊生长周期皮肤的表达

毛囊生长周期中,真皮乳头和毛基质间的基质 上皮信号调控细胞的增殖和分化。多功能细胞调控因子胰岛素样生长因子1（IGF1)是该信号路径的成员之一。第1个毛囊生长周期决定着毛囊的正常生长和发育,但IGF1在此期的作用未见报道。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,IGF1在生长期皮肤中的相对表达量最低,在退化期表达量最高,在静止期表达量又降低。与生长初期相比,IGF1在退化期和静止期的表达量呈差异极显著（P＜0.01）;胰岛素样生长因子1受体（IGF1R）在生长期皮肤中的相对表达量最高,在退化期表达量最低,而在静止期表达量又升高。与生长初期相比,IGF1R在退化期和静止期的表达量呈差异极显著（P＜0.01）。Western 印迹结果显示,IGF1和IGF1R蛋白在小鼠皮肤第1个毛囊生长周期各阶段的表达趋势分别与其mRNA的表达趋势一致;免疫组织化学结果表明,IGF1主要分布在小鼠表皮,而IGF1R免疫阳性在小鼠毛囊毛球部、内外根鞘和毛乳头均有分布。以上实验结果揭示,IGF1和IGF1R在小鼠皮肤第1个毛囊生长周期的各阶段的差异性表达,可能在毛囊生长周期各阶段的转化过程中参与了黑色素的形成。然而,IGF1和IGF1R表达趋势不一致,提示IGF1在小鼠皮肤中发挥作用时,并非只与IGF1R结合才能发挥作用。     

HGF/c-met在小鼠毛囊生长周期中的表达

目的 HGF及其受体c-met是很多系统中间充质-上皮互相作用的主要的介导者,毛囊周期性生长是典型的间充质-上皮互作模型,为证实HGF/c-met信号在小鼠毛囊周期生长过程中是否发挥作用。方法本实验运用免疫组织化学的方法对HGF/c-met在ICR小鼠毛囊生长期、退化期和休止期进行组织定位。结果 HGF主要位于真毛乳头和皮脂腺,c-met主要位于毛基质、根鞘部和表皮。HGF及其受体在小鼠毛囊生长期表达量达到最高值,在退化期基本不表达,在休止期-生长期过渡时HGF及其受体表达量均上升。结论 HGF/c-met信号在ICR小鼠毛囊生长过程中起调控作用。     

绒山羊70d胚胎与新生羊羔体侧部皮肤miRNA的比较分析

目的:最近发现miRNA对哺乳动物毛囊的发育和维持具有重要作用,研究miRNA在绒山羊次级毛囊发育中的作用,可以为人工调节绒毛生长和提高羊绒产量提供新的线索。方法:应用Exiqon miRNA8.1表达谱芯片对70d胎儿皮肤和出生2w羊羔体侧部皮肤组织差异表达的miRNA基因进行筛查,找出绒山羊皮肤发育不同阶段差异表达的miRNA。结果:绒山羊70d胎儿皮肤中相对于出生2w羊羔体侧部皮肤上调的miRNA 4个。绒山羊70d胎儿皮肤中相对于出生2w羊羔体侧部皮肤下调的miRNA 64个。结论:绒山羊70d胚胎皮肤中上调的miRNA远远少于出生后羊羔皮肤上调miRNAs,说明miRNA在皮肤毛囊不同发育阶段中发挥重要作用。     

戊四氮点燃癫痫大鼠海马P75NTR及NF-κB的表达变化

目的探讨戊四氮点燃癫痫大鼠海马神经营养因子受体P75NTR及核转录因子NF-κB表达的变化,以探讨癫痫的发病机制。方法戊四氮腹腔注射诱导大鼠癫痫持续状态（SE）,观察大鼠行为学改变,分别选取1,6,24,72h四个时间点运用反转录多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法检测SE大鼠和对照组海马P75NTR mRNA及NF-κB mRNA的表达。结果SE后6h,P75NTR和NF-κB表达开始增高,24h达高峰（P〈0.01）,72h略有下降,但仍高于对照组水平（P〈0.05）。各组间两两比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论癫痫SE时,P75NTR高表达同时伴NF-κB活性增强,二者变化具有相关性,可能为SE致痫的共同途径。     

大鼠p75NTR荧光真核表达载体的构建及其在HEK293细胞中的表达

目的:构建大鼠p75神经营养素受体(p75 neurotrophin receptor,p75NTR)cDNA序列的绿色荧光真核表达载体并鉴定其在人胚肾293(human embryo kidney 293,HEK293)细胞中的表达.方法:采用PCR方法从含野生型大鼠p75NTR的pDC316-RP75质粒中扩增目的片段,经EcoRⅠ和SaⅡ双酶切,定向克隆于pEGFP-N1质粒中,构建绿色荧光真核表达栽体pEGFP-N1-RP75,经酶切及测序鉴定后,通过脂质体转染HEK293细胞,激光共聚焦及免疫组织化学法鉴定大鼠p75NTR的表达.结果:重组质粒经酶切鉴定和序列分析证实含有大鼠p75NTR的编码序列,转染后经激光共聚焦显微镜及免疫组织化学染色观察表明重组质粒能够在HEK293细胞中表达出具有活性的大鼠p75NTR片段.结论:大鼠p75NTR绿色荧光真核表达栽体构建成功并可在HEK293细胞中表达,为进一步研究奠定了基础.     

p75NTR介导神经细胞凋亡研究进展

在神经发育过程中,神经营养因子通过其低亲和力受体p75NTR与高亲和力受体Trk的介导,在神经元的存活、分化与髓鞘形成中发挥着重要的作用;与存活、生长这些“正性”信号相反,p75NTR也介导受损后及新生神经元凋亡这一“负性”信号。一直以来,p75NTR是如何介导这些截然相反的功能仍不清楚,尤其是何时引起凋亡,其机制如何更是所知甚少。近来,随着s-p75NTR、proNGF、sortilin复合受体等的发现,其中的一些机制开始有所明朗。本文就p75NTR介导神经元凋亡的研究进展做一综述。     

神经营养因子低亲和力受体——P75NTR

P75NTR为神经营养因子低亲和力受体,在神经系统等许多组织中表达,为肿瘤坏死因子超家族第一个成员,它与NGF等神经营养因子以相似亲和力结合。生物学作用主要包括两个方面,与高亲和力受体(Trk)协同作用,与细胞凋亡有关。而诱导细胞凋亡的信号转导途径与与肿瘤坏死因子家族其它成员不同。     

The sodium cycle: A novel type of bacterial energetics

The progress of bioenergetic studies on the role of Na⁺ in bacteria is reviewed. Experiments performed over the past decade on several bacterial species of quite different taxonomic positions show that Na⁺ can, under certain conditions, substitute for H⁺ as the coupling ion. Various primary Na⁺ pumps ( generators) are described, i.e., Na⁺-motive decarboxylases, NADH-quinone reductase, terminal oxidase, and ATPase. The formed is shown to be consumed by Na⁺ driven ATP-synthase, Na⁺ flagellar motor, numerous Na⁺, solute symporters, and the methanogenesis-linked reverse electron transfer system. InVibrio alginolyticus, it was found that , generated by NADH-quinone reductase, can be utilized to support all three types of membrane-linked work, i.e., chemical (ATP synthesis), osmotic (Na⁺, solute symports), and mechanical (rotation of the flagellum). InPropionigenum modestum, circulation of Na⁺ proved to be the only mechanism of energy coupling. In other species studied, the Na⁺ cycle seems to coexist with the H⁺ cycle. For instance, inV. alginolyticus the initial and terminal steps of the respiratory chain are Na⁺ - and H⁺-motive, respectively, whereas ATP hydrolysis is competent in the uphill transfer of Na⁺ as well as of H⁺. In the alkalo- and halotolerantBacillus FTU, there are H⁺ - and Na⁺-motive terminal oxidases. Sometimes, the Na⁺-translocating enzyme strongly differs from its H⁺-translocating homolog. So, the Na⁺-motive and H⁺-motive NADH-quinone reductases are composed of different subunits and prosthetic groups. The H⁺-motive and Na⁺-motive terminal oxidases differ in that the former is ofaa ₃-type and sensitive to micromolar cyanide whereas the latter is of another type and sensitive to millimolar cyanide. At the same time, both Na⁺ and H⁺ can be translocated by one and the sameP. modestum ATPase which is of the F₀F₁-type and sensitive to DCCD. The sodium cycle, i.e., a system composed of primary generator(s) and consumer(s), is already described in many species of marine aerobic and anaerobic eubacteria and archaebacteria belonging to the following genera:Vibrio, Bacillus, Alcaligenes, Alteromonas, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Propionigenum, Clostridium, Veilonella, Acidaminococcus, Streptococcus, Peptococcus, Exiguobacterium, Fusobacterium, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanosarcin, etc. Thus, the sodium world seems to occupy a rather extensive area in the biosphere.     

Role of the furosemide-sensitive Na+/K+ transport system in determining the steady-state Na+ and K+ content and volume of human erythrocytesin vitro andin vivo

Summary To study the physiological role of the bidirectionally operating, furosemide-sensitive Na⁺/K⁺ transport system of human erythrocytes, the effect of furosemide on red cell cation and hemoglobin content was determined in cells incubated for 24 hr with ouabain in 145mm NaCl media containing 0 to 10mm K⁺ or Rb⁺. In pure Na⁺ media, furosemide accelerated cell Na⁺ gain and retarded cellular K⁺ loss. External K⁺ (5mm) had an effect similar to furosemide and markedly reduced the action of the drug on cellular cation content. External Rb⁺ accelerated the Na⁺ gain like K⁺, but did not affect the K⁺ retention induced by furosemide. The data are interpreted to indicate that the furosemide-sensitive Na⁺/K⁺ transport system of human erythrocytes mediates an equimolar extrusion of Na⁺ and K⁺ in Na⁺ media (Na⁺/K⁺ cotransport), a 1:1 K⁺/K⁺ (K⁺/Rb⁺) and Na⁺/Na⁺ exchange progressively appearing upon increasing external K⁺ (Rb⁺) concentrations to 5mm. The effect of furosemide (or external K⁺/Rb⁺) on cation contents was associated with a prevention of the cell shrinkage seen in pure Na⁺ media, or with a cell swelling, indicating that the furosemide-sensitive Na⁺/K⁺ transport system is involved in the control of cell volume of human erythrocytes. The action of furosemide on cellular volume and cation content tended to disappear at 5mm external K⁺ or Rb⁺. Thein vivo red cell K⁺ content was negatively correlated to the rate of furosemide-sensitive K⁺ (Rb⁺) uptake, and a positive correlation was seen between mean cellular hemoglobin content and furosemide-sensitive transport activity. The transport system possibly functions as a K⁺ and waterextruding mechanism under physiological conditiosin vivo. The red cell Na⁺ content showed no correlation to the activity of the furosemide-sensitive transport system.     

Sodium ATPase and Sodium/proton Antiporter Are Not Obligatory for Sodium Homeostasis of Enterococcus hirae at Acid pH

Enterococcus hirae grows in a broad pH range from 5 to 11. An E. hirae mutant 7683 lacking the activities of two sodium pumps, Na⁺-ATPase and Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter, does not grow in high Na⁺ medium at pH above 7.5. We found that 7683 grew normally in high Na⁺ medium at pH 5.5. Although an energy-dependent sodium extrusion at pH 5.5 was missing, the intracellular levels of Na⁺ and K⁺ were normal in this mutant. The Na⁺ influx rates of 7683 and two other strains at pH 5.5 were much slower than those at pH 7.5. These results suggest that Na⁺ elimination of this bacterium at acid pH is achieved by a decrease in Na⁺ entry and a normal K⁺ uptake.     

Ouabain resistance of the epithelial cell line (Ma104) is not due to lack of affinity of its pumps for the drug

Na⁺, K⁺-pumps of most eukaryotic animal cells bind ouabain with high affinity, stop pumping, and consequently loose K⁺, detach from each other and from the substrate, and die. Lack of affinity for the drug results in ouabain resistance. In this work, we report that Ma104 cells (epithelial from Rhesus monkey kidney) have a novel form of ouabain-resistance: they bind the drug with high affinity (Km about 4×10^–8 m), they loose their K⁺ and stop proliferating but, in spite of these, up to 100% of the cells remain attached in 1.0 m ouabain, and 53% in 1.0 mm. When 4 days later ouabain is removed from the culture medium, cells regain K⁺ and resume proliferation. Strophanthidin, a drug that attaches less firmly than ouabain, produces a similar phenomenon, but allows a considerably faster recovery. This reversal may be associated to the fact that, while in ouabain-sensitive MDCK cells Na⁺, K⁺-ATPases blocked by the drug are retrieved from the plasma membrane, those in Ma104 cells remain at the cell-cell border, as if they were cell-cell attaching molecules. Cycloheximide (10 g/ml) and chloroquine (10 m) impair this recovery, suggesting that it also depends on the synthesis and insertion of a crucial protein component, that may be different from the pump itself. Therefore ouabain resistance of Ma104 cells is not due to a lack of affinity for the drug, but to a failure of its Na⁺, K⁺-ATPases to detach from the plasma membrane in spite of being blocked by ouabain.We wish to thank Dr. E. Rodríguez-Boulán for the generous supply of Ma104 cells, as well as acknowledge the generous economic support of the National Research Council (CONACYT) of Mexico. Confocal experiments were performed in the Confocal Microscopy Unit of the Physiology Department, CINVESTAV.     

Internal radiotherapy of painful bone metastases

Internal radiotherapy is effective in the treatment of metastatic bone pain and can improve quality of life. A number of controlled studies using various agents have shown a mean response rate in pain relief of 70–80% of treated patients. Some investigators prefer radionuclides which emit low beta particles for the treatment of bone pain, because the assumption of lower bone marrow toxicity of this agents. However, neither dosimetric data for radiation absorbed dose to the bone marrow nor clinical blood count depression have shown any significant differences between these agents. Other researchers suggest enhanced antitumoral effects using high-energy beta emitters and propose aggressive first-line treatment in the early disease stage instead of using these radiopharmaceuticals only in end-stage patients suffering intractable bone pain. Another approach consists of including other treatment modalities such as autologous stem cell rescue or in combination with chemo or bisphosphonate therapy to a radionuclide treatment scheme. Future research should focus more on the curative effects of combination with radiosensitizer, for example, chemotherapy, or repeated treatments with bone seeking agents.     

Intracellular calcium content of human erythrocytes: Relation to sodium transport systems

Summary To study the possible role of intracellular Ca (Ca _i ) in controlling the activities of the Na⁺–K⁺ pump, the Na⁺–K⁺ cotransport and the Na⁺/Li⁺ exchange system of human erythrocytes, a method was developed to measure the amount of Ca embodied within the red cell. For complete removal of Ca associated with the outer aspect of the membrane, it proved to be essential to wash the cells in buffers containing less than 20nm Ca. Ca was extracted by HClO₄ in Teflon^® vessels boiled in acid to avoid Ca contaminations and quantitated by flameless atomic absorption. Ca _i of fresh human erythrocytes of apparently healthy donors ranged between 0.9 and 2.8 mol/liter cells. The mean value found in females was significantly higher than in males. The interindividual different Ca contents remained constant over periods of more than one year. Sixty to 90% of Ca _i could be removed by incubation of the cells with A23187 and EGTA. The activities of the Na⁺–K⁺ pump, of Na⁺–K⁺ cotransport and Na⁺/Li⁺ exchange and the mean cellular hemoglobin content fell with rising Ca _i ; the red cell Na⁺ and K⁺ contents rose with Ca _i . Ca depletion by A23187 plus EGTA as well as chelation of intracellular Ca²⁺ by quin-2 did not significantly enhance the transport rates. It is concluded that the large scatter of the values of Ca _i of normal human erythrocytes reported in the literature mainly results from a widely differing removal of Ca associated with the outer aspect of the membrane.     

Metabolism of NAD+ in Nuclei of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during Stimulation of Its Biosynthesis by Nicotinamide

The activities of nuclear enzymes involved in NAD⁺ metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 913a-1 and its mutant 110 previously selected as an NAD⁺ producer were investigated. The presence of extracellular nicotinamide increased the total NAD⁺ pool in the cells and increased [³H]nicotinic acid incorporation; however, NAD⁺ concentration in isolated nuclei decreased slightly. The stimulating effect of nicotinamide on intracellular synthesis of NAD⁺ correlated with increases in ADP-ribosyl transferase, NAD⁺-pyrophosphorylase, and NAD⁺ ase activities.