论壮族传统文化对生物多样性的保护: 以广西靖西市为例

本文在文献研究和实地调查的基础之上, 结合目前开展的关于壮族生物多样性相关传统知识的调查、整理与编目工作, 分别从酸食文化、织染文化、地名文化和文学艺术的角度对壮族文化多样性和生物多样性之间的关系进行了初步探究, 并从自然崇拜、乡规民约和习惯法、传统生态观念以及传统医药文化等几个方面探讨了传统文化对当地生物多样性的保护作用。结果表明: (1)壮族文化多样性与生物多样性密切相关。丰富的生物多样性孕育了传统文化, 而传统文化的形成和发展又直接或间接地丰富了当地的生物多样性; (2)壮族人民在长期生产生活中创造的传统文化和传统知识促进了当地生物多样性的保护与可持续利用; 而对生物多样性的保护又进一步保障了当地传统文化的传承。本文还对传统知识和传统文化的发展现状及受威胁因素进行了讨论, 并以此为基础, 提出传承壮族传统文化、保护和可持续利用传统知识的相关建议, 即应通过加强宣传和立法, 建立传统知识数据库和发展乡村旅游等形式, 加强对传统知识与传统文化的保护。     

佤族传统文化在生物多样性保护中的作用

生物多样性与文化多样性相辅相成, 传统文化对生物多样性的保护作用已经得到广泛认可。佤族在长期利用和管理当地生物资源的过程中形成了丰富的民族文化, 研究佤族传统文化对生物多样性的保护作用对当地生物多样性保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以佤族聚居人口最多的西盟佤族自治县与沧源佤族自治县作为研究区域, 采用生态学和民族学方法调查了佤族利用的野生植物资源及相关传统文化。结果表明: 佤族传统使用的野生植物十分丰富, 是当地佤族形成传统饮食、医药、服饰、建筑文化的物质基础。基于自然崇拜形成的生态观、习惯法和节庆习俗可促进当地生物多样性保护与生物资源可持续利用。地方政府在传统文化和传统知识保护方面做出了积极努力, 非物质文化遗产项目已经应用于扶贫和乡村振兴的产业发展; 市场化和城市化发展、生活方式改变、生物资源减少、保护意识薄弱、外来文化侵蚀等是文化多样性丧失的主要因素; 地方社区将特色生物资源转化为生态产品的能力不足, 制约了生物资源的可持续利用。因此, 亟需健全保护传统知识和传承民族文化的政策和制度, 建立传统知识数据库, 加强宣传教育、科学研究和人才培养, 充分发挥少数民族优秀传统文化在生物多样性保护与生物资源可持续利用中的积极作用。     

西双版纳黄瓜农家品种及其传统知识

西双版纳黄瓜(Cucumis sativus var. xishuangbannanesis)是黄瓜的一个变种。云南省西双版纳及周边地区的少数民族长期以来栽培、管理和利用这种黄瓜, 使它成为当地重要的作物农家品种, 对其开展民族植物学研究, 了解其传统知识十分必要。我们于2017-2018年在西双版纳傣族自治州调查了西双版纳黄瓜农家品种及其相关的传统知识。结果表明, 与现代品种相比, 西双版纳黄瓜农家品种具有香味浓郁、耐贮藏等特异性; 西双版纳的傣族、基诺族、彝族、瑶族等少数民族拥有丰富的关于西双版纳黄瓜农家品种的传统知识。西双版纳黄瓜种质资源在大部分村寨已经消失或濒临消失, 与之相关的传统知识也随之消亡, 目前仅在海拔较高、交通欠发达的边远山区还栽培和保留了少量的农家品种。建议开展西双版纳黄瓜农家品种的原生境保护, 既保护其种质资源, 也保护相关的传统知识。     

民族植物学研究现状(2017-2022)

《生物多样性公约》《名古屋议定书》《植物科学深圳宣言》等指导性文件都强调要认识到生物多样性相关传统知识的重要作用。生物多样性相关传统知识在生物文化多样性保护和可持续发展方面的作用也越来越受到人们的关注。民族植物学研究人与植物的相互作用关系, 是研究生物多样性相关传统知识的最主要学科领域, 近些年来取得了一系列的研究进展, 研究成果对于《植物科学深圳宣言》第六个优先领域目标的完成具有重要的推动作用。本文回顾了近年来特别是《植物科学深圳宣言》发布后的民族植物学研究状况, 主要从认知、利用、保护、管理植物等方面进行概述, 以便全面了解近期民族植物学研究的发展状况, 保护传统知识和植物文化, 为生物文化多样性的保护与发展做出重要贡献。近期获得的民族植物学成果, 说明民族植物学研究可以解决当下的一些热点问题。民族植物学的研究发现, 该学科能极大地促进传统知识、植物文化、生物文化多样性的保护, 尤其在农家品种以及濒危语言的保护方面有着巨大优势。     

生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估: 以澜沧与康定两县域为例

本研究依据《县域生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估技术规定》, 调查评估了云南省澜沧县和四川省康定市两县域生物多样性相关传统知识的分布数量与特征, 分析了传统知识保护与传承状况, 识别了主要受威胁因素和保护空缺, 旨在为我国传统知识保护和民族地区实施传统知识获取与惠益分享制度提供科学依据, 推动《生物多样性公约》与《名古屋议定书》等国际公约的履行。研究结果如下: 分别调查编目澜沧县、康定市的生物多样性相关传统知识145项、98项; 这些传统知识具有明显的地区气候与自然环境特征、生产生活实践特征、传统文化特征和地区社会经济特征; 相关部门在传统知识保护管理方面做出了积极努力, 同时包括习惯法、传统节庆等传统文化和包括祭祀、神山、神林等宗教方式在内的地方社区行动在传统知识保护与传承方面也发挥了重要作用; 生物多样性相关传统知识、创新和做法已被广泛应用于地方社区脱贫攻坚和产业发展; 传统知识保护立法仍不健全、受到威胁、保护意识薄弱及承载传统知识的生物资源减少是制约传统知识保护传承的主要因素。两县域生物多样性相关传统知识丰富, 并且地方社区有效参与了生物多样性相关传统知识的保护与可持续利用。今后应建立传统知识获取与惠益分享国家制度; 加强宣传教育, 提升保护传承意识; 因地制宜开展传统知识保护; 推动传统知识相关生物资源的保护与可持续利用。     

论传统知识的概念与保护

近年来, 传统知识受到国际国内的广泛关注, 特别是与生物资源相关的传统知识保护问题在《生物多样性公约》等国际论坛已成为焦点议题。然而, 传统知识尚没有统一的定义。本文在分析相关国际公约有关传统知识的概念的基础上, 结合作者过去几年在中国民族地区的相关研究工作, 提出与生物资源保护与持续利用相关的传统知识可分为以下5类: (1)传统利用农业生物及遗传资源的知识; (2)传统利用药用生物资源的知识; (3)生物资源利用的传统技术创新与传统生产生活方式; (4)与生物资源保护与利用相关的传统文化与习惯法; (5)传统地理标志产品。本文还针对目前传统知识保护中存在的问题, 探讨了开展传统知识调查、整理、编目、继承、发展、保护和推广应用的各项措施, 并提出建立国家法规制度, 以确保公平公正地与地方社区和土著居民分享因利用传统知识而产生的惠益。     

《生物多样性公约》传统知识议题的背景、进展与趋势

传统知识之所以成为《生物多样性公约》等国际公约的热点议题,主要源于其重要的研究价值、经济潜力以及特定的社会历史背景.《生物多样性公约》签署至今,在传统知识议题方面取得了许多进展,如:设立专门的传统知识工作组,为履行公约相关条款制定了工作方案和行动计划,推动特殊制度的谈判,达成一系列道德行为准则,以及通过了《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公正公平分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》.根据公约第十次和第十一次缔约方大会达成的相关决议,习惯性可持续利用(customary sustainable use)、特殊制度(sui generis systems)、传统知识归还(repatriation)等将成为今后传统知识谈判的重点.我国需要加强生物多样性保护和知识产权等主管部门之间的协作,协调我国在不同国际法框架中传统知识议题的谈判立场;还需要开展习惯性可持续利用、特殊制度体系、传统知识就地或者活态保护(living protection)的研究.     

大理白族食用香料植物资源多样性研究

目的：了解白族食用香料植物资源状况，挖掘白族特色饮食文化中食用香料植物的利用。方法：以云南大理白族自治州三月街集贸市场为研究区域，应用民族植物学调查法对该区域食用香料植物种类、利用部位、烹饪方式等进行分析。结果：共收集到食用香料植物128种，隶属于41科101属。其中唇形科（Lamiaceae）植物最多，共记录到18种；食用部位主要以果实（32.81%）和茎（28.13%）为主；食用方法以炖煮、炒食和凉拌为主；该区域饮食主要以鲜、辣、酸口味最为突出，其中酸木瓜（Pseudocydonia sinensis）、长梗梅（Prunus mume var. cernua）等味酸性植物被广泛运用于白族特色菜肴中。结论：大理白族具有丰富的食用香料植物资源，食用香料植物种类、食用部分、食用方法等具有多样性，形成了白族特色文化中不可分割的一个重要部分。挖掘大理白族香料植物利用价值，对民族文化多样性及生物多样性保护具有一定的指导意义。     

大理地区白族传统食用酸味植物的民族植物学研究

采用文献研究法、村社访谈法、参与式观察法及民族植物学定量评价法,对大理地区白族传统食用酸味植物进行了调查和研究。调查结果显示:大理地区白族传统食用酸味植物共22种(变种),隶属于9科18属,其中蔷薇科(Rosaceae)种类最多,为12种。以果实(含幼果)为食用部位的酸味植物种类最多(16种),以茎叶(含嫩茎、嫩叶和茎)为食用部位的酸味植物种类也较多(4种)。以生食(16种)和腌制(11种)为食用方法的酸味植物种类较多。食用类别包括调料、零食、食疗、水果、饮料和蔬菜,其中,作为调料、零食、食疗和水果食用的酸味植物种类较多,分别有11、10、9和9种。该地区酸味植物共具有16种功能,其中,具开胃、消食、解暑、治痢疾和祛风湿等功能的酸味植物种类较多。定量评价结果显示:毛叶木瓜(Chaenomeles cathayensis Schneid.)、皱皮木瓜[Chaenomeles speciosa(Sweet)Nakai]、长梗梅[Armeniaca mume var.cernua(Franch.)Yüet Lu]、梅(Armeniaca mume var.mume Sieb.)、高河菜(Megacarpaea delavayi var.delavayi Franch.)、余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica Linn.)和云南杨梅(Myrica nana Cheval.)的食用植物文化重要性指数(CFSI)较高,说明其在当地的利用价值较高。综合分析结果显示:大理地区白族传统食用酸味植物的种类、食用部位、食用类别、食用方法和功能方面具有多样性,传统利用知识丰富。此外,从自然环境、人文环境和食疗功能方面分析了大理地区白族喜食酸味植物及其制品的原因,并提出了促进大理地区白族特色植物资源的发掘和利用的建议。     

基于民族生态学视角的贵州苗族食用野菜多样性研究

基于民族生态学视角,运用生态学、民族学等学科的理论与方法,以贵州东南部的雷公山国家自然保护区为研究区域,对贵州苗族食用野菜资源及相关传统知识进行了调查研究。结果显示:(1)贵州苗族传统食用的野菜有80种,隶属46科67属,苗族对野菜的食用方式、食用部位呈现出多样性特征;(2)贵州苗族食用野菜相关传统知识的多样性主要体现在野菜采集文化、野菜处理传统知识、野菜饮食传统文化、野菜相关的苗医药文化、与野菜相关的文学与谚语等5个方面;苗族食用野菜相关传统知识多样性指数α和β分别为0.75和0.29,说明贵州苗族食用野菜相关传统知识具有多样而空间分布不连续的特征;(3)苗族食用野菜种类多样性与野菜相关传统知识α多样性指数的Pearson相关性系数为0.844,说明两者具有较强的正相关关系,食用野菜有关传统知识多样性对食用野菜种类多样性发挥着重要作用。因此,充分肯定野菜价值、挖掘整理和弘扬民族文化,促进野菜资源保护与可持续利用具有重要学术价值和现实应用价值。     

元阳水稻地方品种多样性变化及换种规律研究

为了评估哈尼水稻地方品种可持续发展的内在因素,调查了元阳县水稻地方品种的多样性和箐口村水稻种子的更换情况,结果显示元阳水稻地方品种多样性的减少比发达地区缓慢的多.在婚姻状况和海拔梯度两方面,哈尼的换种表现出明显的规律性.68.6%的非本村互婚户从外村引种,55.1%的本村互婚户在村内互换种子,购买种子的农户极少;35%...     

Influence of ethnic traditional cultures on genetic diversity of rice landraces under on-farm conservation in southwest China

Background

Crop genetic resources are important components of biodiversity. However, with the large-scale promotion of mono-cropping, genetic diversity has largely been lost. Ex-situ conservation approaches were widely used to protect traditional crop varieties worldwide. However, this method fails to maintain the dynamic evolutionary processes of crop genetic resources in their original habitats, leading to genetic diversity reduction and even loss of the capacity of resistance to new diseases and pests. Therefore, on-farm conservation has been considered a crucial complement to ex-situ conservation. This study aimed at clarifying the genetic diversity differences between ex-situ conservation and on-farm conservation and to exploring the influence of traditional cultures on genetic diversity of rice landraces under on-farm conservation.

Methods

The conservation status of rice landrace varieties, including Indica and Japonica, non-glutinous rice (Oryza sativa) and glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa Matsum), was obtained through ethno-biology investigation method in 12 villages of ethnic groups from Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China. The genetic diversity between 24 pairs of the same rice landraces from different times were compared using simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers technology. The landrace paris studied were collected in 1980 and maintained ex-situ, while 2014 samples were collected on-farm in southwest of China.

Results

The results showed that many varieties of rice landraces have been preserved on-farm by local farmers for hundreds or thousands of years. The number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei genetic diversity index (He) and Shannon information index (I) of rice landraces were significantly higher by 12.3–30.4 % under on-farm conservation than under ex-situ conservation. Compared with the ex-situ conservation approach, rice landraces under on-farm conservation programs had more alleles and higher genetic diversity. In every site we investigated, ethnic traditional cultures play a positive influence on rice landrace variety diversity and genetic diversity.

Conclusion

Most China’s rice landraces were conserved in the ethnic areas of southwest China. On-farm conservation can effectively promote the allelic variation and increase the genetic diversity of rice landraces over the past 35 years. Moreover, ethnic traditional culture practices are a crucial foundation to increase genetic diversity of rice landraces and implement on-farm conservation.

     

Population structure of rice (Oryza sativa) landraces under farmer management

Greater insight into the dynamics of genetic resources of crop plants is needed in order to pinpoint detrimental evolutionary patterns and draw up conservation priorities. The present study demonstrated farmer management of crop population structure and temporal evolution of rice genetic diversity in traditional production systems. The 16 STMS primers analysed for 11 rice landrace populations indicated enough polymorphism to fully differentiate the inter- and intrapopulation diversity. A total number of 98 alleles were recorded, of which 91 were common and seven were rare. The mean number of alleles per locus was 6.13 and for different groups of rice landrace populations, namely five populations of upland common landrace Jaulia, three populations of irrigated common landrace Thapachini and one population each of three distinct rare landraces were 4.37, 2.75 and 4.37, respectively. The study also compared genebank-conserved ( ex situ ) populations and on-farm-managed ( in situ ) landrace populations of same named landraces Jaulia and Thapachini, and revealed greater number of alleles per locus for on-farm-managed populations as compared to the populations under static management. A substantial number of alleles specific to populations under dynamic management could also be recorded. Further, the rare landrace populations included in the present study were more diverse than the common landrace populations. The rare landraces were distinct genetic entities largely representing locally common alleles. Investigating the population genetic structure is therefore helpful in monitoring change in diversity over time and space, and also for devising a rational plan for management of farmer landraces on-farm.     

Natural and human‐mediated selection in a landrace of Thai rice (Oryza sativa)

Landrace rice in Thailand consists of managed populations grown under traditional and long‐standing agricultural practices. These populations evolve both in response to environmental conditions within the local agro‐ecosystem and in response to human activities. Single landraces are grown across varying environments and recently have experienced temporal changes in local environments due to climate change. Here we assess the interplay between natural selection in a changing climate and human‐mediated selection on the population genetic structure of Muey Nawng, a local landrace of Thai rice. Genetic diversity and population structure of landrace rice were assessed by a STRUCTURE analysis of 20 microsatellite loci. The first exon–intron junction of the waxy gene was sequenced to determine genotypes for glutinous or non‐glutinous grain starch. Muey Nawng rice is genetically variable and is structured based on starch grain types and the level of resistance to gall midge pest. A strong positive correlation was found between genetic diversity and the percentage of gall midge infestation. Variation in the waxy locus is correlated with starch quality; selection for non‐glutinous rice appears to involve additional genes. The dynamics of genetic diversity within Muey Nawng rice depends on three factors: (a) a genetic bottleneck caused by strong selection associated with gall midge infestation, (b) selection by local farmers for starch quality and (c) variation introduced by farmer practices for cultivation and seed exchange. These results, when taken in total, document the ability of landrace rice to quickly evolve in response to both natural and human‐mediated selection.     

Landraces of maize in Central Mexico: an altitudinal transect

Conservation of crop genetic resources is now considered an important component of sustainable agricultural development. If conservation of genetic resources for agriculture is to be successful, a more complete understanding of the dynamics affecting traditional (landrace) crop populations is needed. We conducted a study of maize-based agriculture in the Central Highlands of Mexico in communities at 2400, 1700, 1400, and 1200 masl to assess the status of traditional varieties in an area characterized by thorough integration into the national economy. Our research contradicts the view that modern varieties persist because of marginal conditions, deficient infrastructure, weaker markets, or traditional attitudes. One or two landraces dominated highland maize populations and farmers appeared to be more conservative in terms of their emphasis on traditional maize varieties than at lower elevations. The dominance of traditional varieties in the highlands is well known but poorly explained, and the coexistence of traditional and modern varieties in the mid-elevations was unexpected. Our highland study area has good roads, is near Mexico City, and is less than 50 km away from four major crop research institutes that have done maize breeding since 1950’s. We suggest that in situ conservation of maize genetic resources in the highlands is sustained because the landraces there have good agronomic performance and are highly valued by farmers for their end-use qualities. At the mid-elevations, competition between local and modern maize was sharpest, and farmers have found that both landraces and improved varieties suit their needs, hence enhancing genetic diversity. Interventions and incentives would appropriately be carried out here to assure in situ conservation of locally adapted landraces of maize.     

In Situ conservation of maize in Mexico: Genetic diversity and Maize seed management in a traditional community

Results from a study of maize varieties and seed sources in a traditional community in Jalisco, Mexico, raise questions about the relationship between genetic erosion and the introduction of varieties. The relevance of models for in situ conservation of crop genetic resources based on geographical isolation of a community is discussed. The morphophenological diversity of local materials is shown to be enhanced by introductions of both improved cultivars and landraces from farmers in other communities. On the other hand, the geographical point of reference for defining “local” landrace is shown to be larger than the community itself. Farmers will classify seed obtained from other farmers in and outside the community as that of a local landrace if it resembles their own according to the phenotypic characteristics they use to distinguish varieties. Maize diversity in this community is then the result of a certain level of introduction of genetic material and not of geographical isolation.     

西双版纳傣族曼仑村植物遗传资源研究:现状与保护策略

本文采用民族植物学和文化人类学的方法, 对地处我国西南边陲西双版纳勐仑镇的傣族村寨曼仑村的植物遗传资源进行了调查和研究, 结果表明: 当地仍然保存有十分丰富的植物遗传资源, 栽培植物有68个科, 136个属, 204个种, 地方品种也较丰富, 集中分布在葫芦科、天南星科、禾本科等8个科; 当地人与植物遗传资源的形成和发展关系密切, 随着社会变迁、经济发展和人口膨胀等各种因素的影响, 原本丰富的植物遗传资源锐减, 从而使与之共存的传统知识也面临消亡的危机。作者认为只有充分调动当地人的积极性, 主动参与到植物遗传资源的保护领域, 才能进行有效保护。     

Population Structure of Barley Landrace Populations and Gene-Flow with Modern Varieties

Landraces are heterogeneous plant varieties that are reproduced by farmers as populations that are subject to both artificial and natural selection. Landraces are distinguished by farmers due to their specific traits, and different farmers often grow different populations of the same landrace. We used simple sequence repeats (SSRs) to analyse 12 barley landrace populations from Sardinia from two collections spanning 10 years. We analysed the population structure, and compared the population diversity of the landraces that were collected at field level (population). We used a representative pool of barley varieties for diversity comparisons and to analyse the effects of gene flow from modern varieties. We found that the Sardinian landraces are a distinct gene pool from those of both two-row and six-row barley varieties. There is also a low, but significant, mean level and population-dependent level of introgression from the modern varieties into the Sardinian landraces. Moreover, we show that the Sardinian landraces have the same level of gene diversity as the representative sample of modern commercial varieties grown in Italy in the last decades, even within population level. Thus, these populations represent crucial sources of germplasm that will be useful for crop improvement and for population genomics studies and association mapping, to identify genes, loci and genome regions responsible for adaptive variations. Our data also suggest that landraces are a source of valuable germplasm for sustainable agriculture in the context of future climate change, and that in-situ conservation strategies based on farmer use can preserve the genetic identity of landraces while allowing adaptation to local environments.     

Local genetic diversity of sorghum in a village in northern Cameroon: structure and dynamics of landraces

We present the first study of patterns of genetic diversity of sorghum landraces at the local scale. Understanding landrace diversity aids in deciphering evolutionary forces under domestication, and has applications in the conservation of genetic resources and their use in breeding programs. Duupa farmers in a village in Northern Cameroon distinguished 59 named sorghum taxa, representing 46 landraces. In each field, seeds are sown as a mixture of landraces (mean of 12 landraces per field), giving the potential for extensive gene flow. What level of genetic diversity underlies the great morphological diversity observed among landraces? Given the potential for gene flow, how well defined genetically is each landrace? To answer these questions, we recorded spatial patterns of planting and farmers’ perceptions of landraces, and characterized 21 landraces using SSR markers. Analysis using distance and clustering methods grouped the 21 landraces studied into four clusters. These clusters correspond to functionally and ecologically distinct groups of landraces. Within-landrace genetic variation accounted for 30% of total variation. The average F _is over landraces was 0.68, suggesting high inbreeding within landraces. Differentiation among landraces was substantial and significant (F _st = 0.36). Historical factors, variation in breeding systems, and farmers’ practices all affected patterns of genetic variation. Farmers’ practices are key to the maintenance, despite gene flow, of landraces with different combinations of agronomically and ecologically pertinent traits. They must be taken into account in strategies of conservation and use of genetic resources.