Tracing the origin of a cryptic invader: phylogeography of the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) species complex

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Discrimination of three Typhlodromalus species (Acari: Phytoseiidae) using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers

We compared the random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) banding patterns obtained from four laboratory cultures representing three phytoseiid mite species (Typhlodromalus limonicus (Garman and McGregor), two cultures of Typhlodromalus manihoti (de Moraes) and Typhlodromalus tenuiscutus (McMurtry and de Moraes). The RAPD-PCR was conducted on the pooled DNA from five adult female mites. For each culture, three samples of five females were analysed with each of eight RAPD-PCR primers. Five of the eight primers could be used individually to distinguish the species. To quantify the within- and between-species variation, genetic distances were calculated based on the proportion of shared scorable bands. The within-species genetic distances (0.072-0.186) were much lower than the between-species genetic distances (0.407-0.656). We believe that this technique could be used effectively to identify other cryptic mite species.     

Modelling the spatial distribution of selected North American woodland mammals under future climate scenarios

1. North America has a diverse array of mammalian species. Model projections indicate significant variations in future climate conditions of North America, and the habitats of woodland mammals of this continent may be particularly sensitive to changes in climate.
2. We report on the potential spatial distributions of 13 wide-ranging, relatively common species of North American woodland mammals under future climate scenarios.
3. We examined the potential influence of the mean and seasonal climate variables on the distribution of species. Presence-only occurrence records of species, four predictor variables, two future climate scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5), and two time steps (current and 2070) were used to build species’ distribution models using a maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt).
4. Our results suggested that overall, 11 of the 13 species are likely to gain climatically suitable space (regions where climate conditions will be similar to those of area currently occupied) at the continental scale, but American marten Martes americana and ‘woodland’ caribou Rangifer tarandus are likely to lose suitable climate range by 2070. Furthermore, climate space is likely to be expanding northwards under future climate scenarios for most of the mammals, and many jurisdictions in the border region between Canada and the USA are likely to lose iconic species, such as moose Alces alces. We identified regions as potential in situ and ex situ climate change refugia, which are increasingly considered to be important for biodiversity conservation.
5. The model results suggest significant implications for conservation planning for the 13 mammalian species under global climate change, especially at fine spatial scales. Numerous species that are presently common at their southern range edge will be functionally or completely extirpated in 50 years. The potential in situ and ex situ climate change refugia could provide an effective support for adaptive strategies aimed at species conservation planning.

     

Spatially explicit models as tools for implementing effective management strategies for invasive alien mammals

1. Invasive alien species are major drivers of global change that can have severe impacts on biodiversity and human well-being. Management strategies implemented to mitigate these impacts are based on a hierarchical approach, from prevention of invasion, via early warning and rapid response, to invasive species management.
2. We evaluated how different classes of spatially explicit models have been used as predictive tools to improve the effectiveness of management strategies. A review of literature published between 2000 and 2019 was undertaken to retrieve studies addressing alien mammal species through these models.
3. We collected 62 studies, dealing with 70 (27%) of the 261 mammal species that are considered to be introduced worldwide. Most of the studies dealt with species from the orders Rodentia (34%), Artiodactyla and Carnivora (both 24%); the most commonly studied families were Sciuridae (13%) and Muridae (12%).
4. Most of the studies (73%) provided spatial predictions of potential species spread, while only ca. 15% of the studies included evaluations of management options. About 29% of the studies were considered useful in risk assessment procedures, but only because they presented climatic suitability predictions worldwide, while studies modelling suitability before a species was introduced locally are still lacking for mammals. With some exceptions, spatially explicit population models are still little used, probably because of the perceived need for detailed information on life history parameters.
5. Spatially explicit models have been used in relatively few studies dealing with invasive mammals, and most of them covered a restricted pool of species. Most of the studies used climate matching to evaluate the suitability of geographic areas worldwide or the possibility of species that were already established spreading further. Modelling procedures could be a useful tool to assess the risk of establishment for species not yet present in an area but likely to arrive; however, such studies are lacking for mammals.

     

What can whiskers tell us about mammalian evolution,behaviour, and ecology?

1. Most mammals have whiskers; however, nearly everything we know about whiskers derives from just a handful of species, including laboratory rats Rattus norvegicus and mice Mus musculus, as well as some species of pinniped and marsupial.
2. We explore the extent to which the knowledge of the whisker system from a handful of species applies to mammals generally. This will help us understand whisker evolution and function, in order to gain more insights into mammalian behaviour and ecology.
3. This review is structured around Tinbergen’s four questions, since this method is an established, comprehensive, and logical approach to studying behaviour. We ask: how do whiskers work, develop, and evolve? And what are they for?
4. While whiskers are all slender, curved, tapered, keratinised hairs that transmit vibrotactile information, we show that there are marked differences between species with respect to whisker arrangement, numbers, length, musculature, development, and growth cycles.
5. The conservation of form and a common muscle architecture in mammals suggests that early mammals had whiskers. Whiskers may have been functional even in therapsids.
6. However, certain extant mammalian species are equipped with especially long and sensitive whiskers, in particular nocturnal, arboreal species, and aquatic species, which live in complex environments and hunt moving prey.
7. Knowledge of whiskers and whisker use can guide us in developing conservation protocols and designing enriched enclosures for captive mammals.
8. We suggest that further comparative studies, embracing a wider variety of mammalian species, are required before one can make large-scale predictions relating to evolution and function of whiskers. More research is needed to develop robust techniques to enhance the welfare and conservation of mammals.

     

Congruence in QTL for adventitious rooting in Pinus elliottii × Pinus caribaea hybrids resolves between and within-species effects

Targeting between-species effects for improvement in synthetic hybrid populations derived from outcrossing parental tree species may be one way to increase the efficacy and predictability of hybrid breeding. We present a comparative analysis of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) which resolved between from within-species effects for adventitious rooting in two populations of hybrids between Pinus elliottii and P. caribaea, an outbred F₁ (n=287) and an inbred-like F₂ family (n=357). Most small to moderate effect QTL (each explaining 2–5% of phenotypic variation, PV) were congruent (3 out of 4 QTL in each family) and therefore considered within-species effects as they segregated in both families. A single large effect QTL (40% PV) was detected uniquely in the F₂ family and assumed to be due to a between-species effect, resulting from a genetic locus with contrasting alleles in each parental species. Oligogenic as opposed to polygenic architecture was supported in both families (60% and 20% PV explained by 4 QTL in the F₂ and F₁ respectively). The importance of adventitious rooting for adaptation to survive water-logged environments was thought in part to explain oligogenic architecture of what is believed to be a complex trait controlled by many hundreds of genes.     

A review of mammal eradications on Mediterranean islands

1. Impacts of alien invasive species on island communities and ecosystems may be even more detrimental than on the mainland. Therefore, since the 1950s, hundreds of restoration projects have been implemented worldwide, with the aim of controlling or eradicating alien species from islands. To date, no review has been focused on eradication on Mediterranean islands. To fill the gap, I reviewed the available information concerning mammal eradications so far carried out on Mediterranean islands, examining the details of several aspects of project implementation and monitoring.
2. I obtained data for 139 attempted eradications on 107 Mediterranean islands in eight countries, with Greece, Italy, and Spain accounting for the highest number. Eradication projects targeted 13 mammal species. The black rat Rattus rattus was the target of over 75% of the known attempted eradications in the Mediterranean Basin; other species targeted were feral goat Capra hircus, house mouse Mus musculus, European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, and domestic cat Felis catus. The most widely adopted technique was poisoning (77% of all eradications), followed by trapping (15%) and hunting (4%). However, techniques were largely target-specific.
3. The average failure rate was about 11%. However, this percentage varied according to the specific mammalian order, and eradications of Carnivora failed more often than those of other mammals. Among rodents, house mouse eradication attained a very high failure rate (75%). Reinvasion occurred after 15% of successful eradications.
4. A better understanding of the motivations of animal rights activists may improve the chance of success when eradicating charismatic or domesticated species. Furthermore, it is crucial to collect data and case studies about reinvasions, in order to strengthen biosecurity programmes following eradication. As in other parts of the world, the next frontier in alien mammal management on Mediterranean islands concerns the eradication of invasive species from inhabited islands.

     

Studies on interspecies competition between the azuki bean weevil and the southern cowpea weevil

Experimental studies was made on the interspecies competition between the azuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis and the southern cowpea weevil, C. macultatus. And the following results were obtained.

1. The reverse result of competition between the two species observed under the air-tight condition and the air-free one. That is, the population of the azuki bean weevils destroyedby that of the southern cowpea weevils under the former condition and vice versa under the latter. It is thought that such a reversal is due to the difference of sensibility of each species to the air-tight condition.
2. Under the air-free condition, change of the time interval of food-supplying had no effect on the result of competition within the limits of this experiment. The population of the southern cowpea weevils was always destroyed by that of the azuki bean weevils. But there was a certain degree of correlation between the duration of co-existence and the interval of food-supplying.
3. From the results, it is possible to say that by changing the degree of air-tightness, or the time interval of food-supplying, the co-existence period and the final result of competition can be changed.
4. The different mechanism of competition between two species in the present experiment from the experiments ofUtida (1952) andYoshida (1957) were discussed.
5. A difference in the mechanism of interspecies competition and intraspecies competition was expected from the level of total population numbers of two species and the individual weight of C. chinensis.

     

Molecular identification and distribution of leatherjackets (Diptera: Tipulidae) in U.K. agricultural grassland

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Species traits and catchment‐scale habitat factors influence the occurrence of freshwater mussel populations and assemblages

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Exploration for native parasitoids of Asian longhorned beetle in China as prospective biological control agents

1. Native to China and the Korean Peninsula, the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a high-risk invasive pest of hardwood trees.
2. To explore the potential of biological control of ALB in the United States, we conducted surveys of ALB parasitoids using sentinel logs in five geographical regions (Beijing, Gansu, Guizhou, Shanghai, and Yunnan) in China from 2019 to 2022.
3. Seven hymenopteran larval parasitoid species, Bracon planitibiae Yang, Eurytoma chinensis Yang, Heydenia sp., Oxysychus glabripennis Yang, Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu, Spathius anoplophorae Yang, and Zolotarewskya anoplophorae Yang, were collected in Beijing. Four, three and two of these species were also found in Shanghai, Guizhou, and Yunnan, respectively. No parasitoid was found in Gansu.
4. Mean parasitism rates by all parasitoid species were 3.6%–15.8% in Beijing, 1.4%–16.4% in Guizhou, 1.6%–7.1% in Shanghai, and 5.8% in Yunnan.
5. Spathius anoplophorae and O. glabripennis were the two most dominant parasitoids collected consistently in the four different regions and may be considered as prospective agents for biological control introduction against ALB in the United States.
6. We discuss some underlying ecological mechanisms that might contribute to the rarity of egg parasitoids and future opportunities and challenges for biological control of ALB.

     

So similar and yet so different: taxonomic status of Pallid Swift Apus pallidus and Common Swift Apus apus

Capsule: Common Swift Apus apus and Pallid Swift Apus Pallidus are morphologically very similar but are genetically distinct and diverged 1.9–2.1 million years ago (mya).

Aims: To examine genetic differentiation and to estimate separation time between Common and Pallid Swifts.

Methods: Estimation of differences in three different mitochondrial DNA markers (COI, ND2 and control region), and a fourth marker, the cytb, that did not differ between taxa. Fossils were used to calibrate the estimate of separation date between the two taxa.

Results: The genetic between-species distances were 0.010, 0.006 and 0.033 for the three markers, respectively. These values were from three to ten times higher than within-species distances. Results show that the separation dates back to 1.9–2.1?mya, at the Plio-Pleistocene transition, when global climate underwent a period of significant cooling and Northern latitudes were probably more favourable to the Common than to the Pallid Swift.

Conclusion: Differences in breeding biology, migration, moult and vocalizations between the two species are mirrored by a clear genetic separation.     

Cold tolerance strategy and cold hardiness of the invasive zigzag elm sawfly Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae)

1. The invasive sawfly Aproceros leucopoda causes severe defoliation of various elm species and thus can be a major pest in forest stands and urban environments.
2. The overwintering biology of A. leucopoda has not been investigated so far; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the cold tolerance strategy and cold hardiness of hibernating A. leucopoda eonymphs.
3. The supercooling points (SCPs) of overwintering individuals varied geographically, monthly and interannually and ranged between ?12.14 °C and ?24.22 °C.
4. As none of the eonymphs survived once the SCP had been reached, A. leucopoda is classified as a freeze‐avoidant species.
5. Survival rates of overwintering eonymphs exposed to different sub‐zero temperatures above the SCP (?1.6 °C and ?4.0 °C for 10, 20 and 30 days and ?10.5 °C for 9 days) ranged between 89.2% and 100%, suggesting that A. leucopoda is not a chill‐susceptible species.
6. Our results suggest that low winter temperatures may not be expected to be an important limiting factor for the overwintering success of A. leucopoda.

     

High‐resolution distribution modeling of a threatened short‐range endemic plant informed by edaphic factors

1. Short‐range endemic plants often have edaphic specializations that, with their restricted distributions, expose them to increased risk of anthropogenic extinction.
2. Here, we present a modeling approach to understand habitat suitability for Ricinocarpos brevis R.J.F.Hend. & Mollemans (Euphorbiaceae), a threatened shrub confined to three isolated populations in the semi‐arid south‐west of Western Australia. The model is a maximum entropy species distribution projection constructed on the basis of physical soil characteristics and geomorphology data at approximately 25 m² (1 arc‐second) resolution.
3. The model predicts the species to occur on shallow, low bulk density soils that are located high in the landscape. The model shows high affinity (72.1% average likelihood of occurrence) for the known populations of R. brevis, as well as identifying likely locations that are not currently known to support the species. There was a strong relationship between the likelihood of R. brevis occurrence and soil moisture content that the model estimated at a depth of 20 cm.
4. We advocate that our approach should be standardized using publicly available data to generate testable hypotheses for the distribution and conservation management of short‐range endemic plant species for all of continental Australia.

     

Contrasting responses of black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) to experimental whole-stream warming

1. As global temperatures continue to rise, assessment of how species within ecological communities respond to shifts in temperature has become increasingly important. However, such assessments require detailed long-term observations or ecosystem-level manipulations that allow for interactions among species and the potential for species dispersal and exchange with the regional species pool.
2. We examined the effects of experimental whole-stream warming on a larval black fly assemblage in southwest Iceland. We used a paired-catchment design, in which we studied the warmed stream and a nearby reference stream for 1 year prior to warming and 2 years during warming and estimated population abundance, biomass, secondary production, and growth rates for larvae of three black fly species.
3. Experimental warming by 3.8°C had contrasting effects on the three black fly species in the assemblage. The abundance, biomass, growth, and production of Prosimulium ursinum decreased in the experimental stream during the warming manipulation. Despite increasing in the reference stream, the abundance, biomass, and production of another species, Simulium vernum, decreased in the experimental stream during warming.
4. In contrast, warming had an overall positive effect on Simulium vittatum. While warming had little effect on the growth of overwintering cohorts of S. vittatum, warming led to an additional cohort during the summer months and increased its abundance, biomass, and production. Overall, family-level production was enhanced by warming, despite variation in species-level responses.
5. Our study illustrates that the effects of climate warming are likely to differ even among closely related species. Moreover, our study highlights the need for further investigation into the uneven effects of warming on individual species and how those variable effects influence food web dynamics and ecosystem function.

     

Exploring the range expansion of the yellow-spotted longhorn beetle Psacothea hilaris hilaris in northern Italy

1. Psacothea hilaris hilaris is an exotic cerambycid detected in Lombardy (northern Italy) in 2005 and now established and undergoing an expansion phase. The species constitutes a serious pest for Ficus spp. and Morus spp.
2. The aim of this work is to update the distribution area of the species in Italy, investigating its expansion over 16 years. Data were acquired through the authors' direct field records and community science, by data mining on national and international web platforms and social networks. Reports were analysed and GPS points plotted in ArcMap 10.8.1 to obtain distribution maps.
3. Of the records collected, 34% were acquired during field surveys, 22% via e-mail and 44% through on-line forums and social networks.
4. Adults of P. h. hilaris showed a long period of activity, from April to the beginning of December, with a peak of presence from June to September. The presence of the pest has been ascertained over six provinces in Lombardy covering an area estimated at more than 1750 km² in 2021. New detections occurred within 2 km of a known infestation from the previous year in 41.6% of cases, and between 2 and 4 km away in 37.7% of cases. The mean rate of range expansion estimated from reported records was 3.17 ± 0.33 km/year from 2010 to 2021. After an initial phase of settlement, the insect is now spreading southward.
5. Given the relevant phytosanitary interest that the species may have for fig plants in Italy and in the Mediterranean Basin, it is fundamental to deepen the knowledge about its flight biology, dynamics and active dispersal capabilities in order to estimate the future range expansion.

     

Root vertical distributions of two Artemisia species and their relationships with soil resources in the Hunshandake desert,China

1. Plant root variations and their relations with soil moisture and nutrient supply have been well documented for many species, while effects of drought, combined with extreme poor soil nutrients, on plant roots remain unclear.
2. Herein, we addressed root vertical distributions of two typical xerophyte semishrub species, Artemisia sphaerocephala and A. intramongolica, and their relations with soil moisture, total soil nitrogen and carbon contents in arid Hunshandake desert, China. The two species experienced similar light regimes and precipitation, but differed in soil moisture and soil nutrients.
3. Root vertical distribution patterns (e.g., coarse root diameter, root depth and root biomass) differed considerable for the two species due to high heterogeneity of soil environments. Coarse and fine root biomasses for A. intramongolica, distributed in relatively moist fixed dunes, mainly focused on surface layers (94%); but those for A. sphaerocephala dropped gradually from the surface to 140 cm depth. Relations between root traits (e.g., diameter, root biomass) and soil moisture were positive for A. intramongolica, but those for A. sphaerocephala were negative.
4. In general, the root traits for both species positively correlated with total soil nitrogen and carbon contents. These findings suggest that both soil moisture and poor soil nutrients were the limiting resources for growth and settlement of these two species.

     

Insect morphometry is reproducible under average investigation standards

1. Morphometric research is being applied to a growing number and variety of organisms. Discoveries achieved via morphometric approaches are often considered highly transferable, in contrast to the tacit and idiosyncratic interpretation of discrete character states. The reliability of morphometric workflows in insect systematics has never been a subject of focused research, but such studies are sorely needed. In this paper, we assess the reproducibility of morphometric studies of ants where the mode of data collection is a shared routine.
2. We compared datasets generated by eleven independent gaugers, that is, collaborators, who measured 21 continuous morphometric traits on the same pool of individuals according to the same protocol. The gaugers possessed a wide range of morphometric skills, had varying expertise among insect groups, and differed in their facility with measuring equipment. We used intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to calculate repeatability and reproducibility values (i.e., intra‐ and intergauger agreements), and we performed a multivariate permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) using the Morosita index of dissimilarity with 9,999 iterations.
3. The calculated average measure of intraclass correlation coefficients of different gaugers ranged from R = 0.784 to R = 0.9897 and a significant correlation was found between the repeatability and the morphometric skills of gaugers (p = 0.016). There was no significant association with the magnification of the equipment in the case of these rather small ants. The intergauger agreement, that is the reproducibility, varied between R = 0.872 and R = 0.471 (mean R = 0.690), but all gaugers arrived at the same two‐species conclusion. A PERMANOVA test revealed no significant gauger effect on species identity (R² = 0.69, p = 0.58).
4. Our findings show that morphometric studies are reproducible when observers follow the standard protocol; hence, morphometric findings are widely transferable and will remain a valuable data source for alpha taxonomy.

     

Competition from sea to mountain: Interactions and aggregation in low‐diversity monogenean and endohelminth communities in twospot livebearer Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) populations in a neotropical river

1. The role of interspecific interactions in structuring low‐diversity helminth communities is a controversial topic in parasite ecology research. Most parasitic communities of fish are species‐poor; thus, interspecific interactions are believed to be unimportant in structuring these communities.
2. We explored the factors that might contribute to the richness and coexistence of helminth parasites of a poeciliid fish in a neotropical river.
3. Repeatability of community structure was examined in parasitic communities among 11 populations of twospot livebearer Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus in the La Antigua River basin, Veracruz, Mexico. We examined the species saturation of parasitic communities and explored the patterns of species co‐occurrence. We also quantified the associations between parasitic species pairs and analyzed the correlations between helminth species abundance to look for repeated patterns among the study populations.
4. Our results suggest that interspecific competition could occur in species‐poor communities, aggregation plays a role in determining local richness, and intraspecific aggregation allows the coexistence of species by reducing the overall intensity of interspecific competition.

     

Phylogeny and form in fishes: Genetic and morphometric characteristics of dragonets (Foetorepus sp.) do not align

Measures of biodiversity are often hindered by a lack of methodological practices that distinguish cryptic or morphologically similar cohabiting species. This is particularly difficult for marine fishes where direct observations of the ecology and demography of populations are difficult. Dragonets (Foetorepus c.f. calauropomus) were collected as bycatch from research trawls deployed in waters off north-eastern Tasmania, Australia. Morphometric and genetic analyses were conducted on the 43 specimens recovered. Sequence analysis of two mitochondrial loci distinguished three genetic clusters, each having levels of dissimilarity consistent with species-level distinctions between other members of the Callionymidae. While clear morphological distinctions were observed between male and female fish, limited morphometric analyses could not differentiate between members of the three genetic groups. This finding highlights questions about the ability of genetically distinct but morphologically similar groups to occupy the same ecological niche, and points to additional and undescribed hidden biodiversity amongst cryptic species of fish.