吉林省查干湖地区植物资源及区系特征

为探究吉林省查干湖地区植物资源组成及其区系特征，对查干湖地区野生维管植物的资源组成、生活型谱、水分生态类型及区系地理成分进行分析研究。结果表明，吉林查干湖地区共有野生维管植物578种，隶属于79科283属，其中包括蕨类植物2科2属4种，裸子植物2科2属2种，被子植物75科279属572种；其生活型谱可划分为5种类型，以多年生草本植物为主，共364种植物，占物种总数的62.98%；水分生态类型可划分为8种类型，以典型中生植物为主，共267种植物，约占物种总数的46.19%；植物区系地理成分划分为10个一级分布区类型，以东古北极分布种为主，共189种植物，约占物种总数的32.70%；查干湖地区野生维管植物可划分为食用植物、药用植物、饲用植物、纤维植物、观赏植物、生态功能植物、有毒植物、其它资源植物共8种类型，其中药用植物资源最为丰富，约占物种总数的76.12%。研究表明，吉林查干湖地区野生维管植物资源丰富，物种组成、生活型谱、水分生态类型以及地理区系均具有明显的多样性，通过对区域内植物资源的全面梳理和系统分析，为该地区的野生植物资源保护及合理利用提供重要的科学依据。     

南中国海地区湿地植物多样性研究

对南中国海地区湿地的植物多样性进行了深入研究,调查范围包括浅水海域、潮间带滩涂、河口地带和三角洲冲积平原、三角洲基塘等湿地类型。基本弄清了南中国海湿地植物的生境多样性、物种多样性以及生态系统多样性,为有效保护和合理利用南中国海湿地资源提供科学的依据。调查表明,南中国海近海近岸湿地生境多样性复杂,物种丰富。主要生境类型有浅海水域湿地等13类;湿地高等植物的生态系统主要有红树林湿地生态系统等6种;南中国海地区湿地共有高等植物179科,593属,829种。国家Ⅰ级保护植物3种,Ⅱ级保护植物9种。     

江苏沿海滩涂盐生药用植物资源研究

在查阅文献资料和野外实地调查的基础上,对江苏沿海滩涂地区盐生药用植物资源组成、科属构成、地理分区和用途等进行调查和分析,以达到对植物多样性保护和植物资源合理利用的目的。江苏沿海滩涂地区盐生药用植物有106种,隶属于33科74属。其中菊科、禾本科为该地区优势科。植物区系的地理成分主要以世界分布、泛热带分布和北温带分布为主,在属的分布区类型上有明显的泛热带向温带过渡的特征。对这些资源的开发、利用和保护进行了综合分析和评价。     

巴岳山-西温泉风景名胜区种子植物区系特征分析

在对重庆市巴岳山-西温泉风景名胜区种子植物详细调查、标本采集及鉴定的基础上,对其科、属的分布区类型进行统计分析,其种子植物区系特征如下：（1）区系成分丰富,有136科,573属,1043种;包括11种科的分布区类型和15种属的分布区类型。（2）优势科、属明显。（3）种子植物区系起源古老,单型科、单型属及原始多心皮古老类群较多。（4）科属分布区类型以热带分布为主,温带分布类型也占相当比例;同时,有许多分布区亚型及间断分布类型,呈现出明显的区系过渡性质。（5）珍稀濒危及重点保护植物、中国特有分布类型丰富,有较高的保护价值。     

神农架北坡堵河源自然保护区植物多样性研究

为建立自然保护区,保护神农架北坡堵河源地区丰富的生物多样性资源,并为神农架地区植物起源、植被演替以及生物多样性和濒危物种状况深入、准确评价提供基础数据,2002年,采用路线调查与标准地调查相结合的方法,结合历史资料,对堵河源地区的野生植物资源进行了实地野外调查研究,分析了植物区系和植物多样性及其受威胁状况。结果表明:(1)该保护区具有丰富的植物物种多样性,有维管束植物174科730属1733种(含亚种、变种),其中,国家重点保护野生植物有23种;(2)该区植物区系成分具有复杂性、多样性,拥有中国种子植物分布区类型属级水平的全部类型,但明显偏重于温带性质。且植物区系起源古老,有中国特有分布属37个,其中,古特有属27个;(3)该区具有丰富的植被类型,包括4个植被型组,8个植被型,26个群系,具有较高的保护和科研价值。同时针对保护区植物多样性受威胁状况,提出了植被恢复、加强防火设备设施建设、生态移民、保护珍稀濒危植物及社区共管是保护植物多样性的有效措施。     

湖北野三河自然保护区野生种子植物区系研究

通过资料收集、外业调查和内业统计分析,对野三河自然保护区种子植物物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明：保护区共有野生种子植物1106种（含种下分类群）,隶属于150科533属;野生种子植物150个科可划分为11个分布区类型和10个变型,以热带成分占优势,占非世界分布科的56．88％;533个属可划分为14个分布区类型和17个变型,以温带成分占优势,占非世界分布属的59．06％;与相邻5个自然保护区相比,野三河与木林子自然保护区的相似性系数最高。本研究旨在为野三河自然保护区生物多样性保护、野生植物资源的开发、自然保护区规划建设和管理提供本底资料和科学依据。     

江苏盐城滩涂湿地植物区系及植物资源研究

通过野外实地调查,运用了样方结合样线法、特殊地区重点调查法及GPS定位等方法,对该地区的植物区系和植物资源进行分析研究以达到对植物多样性保护和植物资源合理利用的目的。结果表明江苏盐城滩涂湿地共有维管植物114科391属688种,其中被子植物104科377属668种,占据绝对优势,其中禾本科、菊科、莎草科、豆科等为该区的优势科。该区植物的生活型主要有乔木、草本、灌木、藤本4种类型,其中草本植物以81.10％,占绝对的优势。植物区系地理成分主要以世界分布、泛热带分布和北温带分布为主,在科、属的分布区类型上有明显的泛热带向温带过渡的特征。滩涂湿地植物资源丰富,主要讨论药用、食用、芳香、油脂、纤维等植物资源。     

毕节喀斯特石漠化区野生植物资源及区系研究

为了明确毕节喀斯特石漠化地区的植物资源及区系特征,该研究于2018年、2019年分别采用样线和样方法对研究区的野生植物资源进行调查,同时通过标本采集、文献查阅等方法对研究区的植物资源及区系进行分析,为喀斯特石漠化治理及生态保护提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)研究区植物总计133科438属721种,其中蕨类10科13属16种,裸子植物7科9属11种,被子植物116科417属695种;被子植物中,单子叶植物15科75属121种,双子叶植物101科342属574种;珍稀濒危植物共35种,隶属于14科24属。(2)资源植物分类中,药用类植物121科339属516种,蜜源植物74科180属333种,食用类植物37科60属75种,观赏类植物75科146属209种,纤维类植物42科82属89种,淀粉和糖料类植物21科37属59种,芳香油类植物25科88属132种,油脂类植物63科117属144种,树脂及树胶类植物17科17属22种,鞣料类38科63属87种,其他植物资源合计68科128属155种。(3)植物区系上蕨类植物的科、属区系分化小,种子植物科的区系划分为9个分布区类型、9个亚型,以热带成分为主;属级水平上共15个分布区类型、20个亚型,属水平上温带成分占优势。研究表明,研究区植物资源种类丰富,植物区系具有温带和热带双重性质和过渡性特征。     

松嫩平原不同生境蝴蝶群落多样性及其保护建议

随着气候变化加剧和人类活动影响,生物多样性变化及其保护逐渐受到广泛关注。蝴蝶作为开花植物的传粉媒介和生态环境监测及评价的关键指示者,其多样性变化能够在一定程度上反映生境状况,因此,有必要清晰认识不同生境中的蝴蝶多样性变化。为明确松嫩平原蝴蝶资源和不同生境的群落多样性差异,采用样线法于2016年5月-2018年8月对松嫩平原的割草草地、湿地、农田、放牧利用草地及恢复草地共五种生境类型进行调查研究。结果发现,调查共记录蝴蝶5108头,隶属于6科21属26种,其中牧女珍眼蝶（Coenonympha amaryllis）和红珠灰蝶（Plebejus argyrognomon）为优势种类,分别占蝴蝶个体总数的25.61%和31.66%,且在五种生境类型中均有分布。不同生境类型中,蝴蝶群落的物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数无明显差异,而恢复草地生境的蝴蝶群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数较高,优势度指数较低。农田生境中的蝴蝶个体数量较少,且群落组成与其他四种生境之间均具有显著差异。五种生境类型中的蝴蝶数量和多样性均呈现一定的月动态和年动态变化趋势。除湿地和农田外,其余三种生境中蝴蝶物种和个体数量从5月到8月均持续升高。四种生境的蝴蝶物种数量、个体数量（除农田外）在2018年均出现明显下降趋势。物种丰富度指数等指标的月动态和年动态在不同生境类型间存在较大差异。这些结果表明,生境类型和人类活动与蝴蝶多样性变化关系密切,表现为单一生境中蝴蝶多样性较低,复杂生境有利于保护蝴蝶多样性。本研究有助于厘清松嫩平原蝴蝶资源的基础数据,并为该地区蝴蝶多样性保护和利用及评估该区域生态环境提供一定理论支撑。     

秦岭兰科植物地理区系特征

秦岭是中国野生兰科植物最为丰富和区系分化率最高的地区之一,但是有关该地区兰科植物的系统整理尚未见到,本研究为秦岭兰科植物资源保护提供基础数据支持,为今后秦岭国家公园建设和生物的重点区域进行了补充调查和标本采集,形成了秦岭地区兰科植物名录,依据中国种子植物分布区类型的划分方法以及GIS软件,分析它们的属种特征、区系成分以及空间分布格局。秦岭兰科植物有52属149种,其中中国特有种70种,占总种数的47%;生活型有地生型、附生型、半附生型和腐生型,以地生型为主;秦岭兰科植物主要分布在海拔800~3 400 m;热点地区为陇南西南山地、太白-佛坪山地、伏牛山地。同时,在区系分析的基础上,提出秦岭兰科植物的区系特征,发现：（1）种类丰富,温带性质显著;（2）起源古老,新老兼并;（3）特有成分繁多;（4）珍稀濒危保护植物聚集;（5）丰富度随生境的变化而不同。秦岭兰科植物地理区系研究为植物生物多样性的保护提供基础数据支持,在秦岭植物多样性研究方面具有一定的意义。     

Ontogeny of respiratory area of a marine teleost, porgy,pagrus major

Relationships of respiratory areas (gill, body surface and fin areas) (A) to body mass (W) were determined with a marine teleost, the porgyPagrus major of 0.0002–1230 g (just after hatch to 3+ years old), based on the allometric formula A=αW^β. (1) Early larvae (0.0002–0.0003 g) did not have the secondary lamellae that were responsible for gas exchange at the gills. After this stage, a tetraphasic relationship was observed between lamellar area (total area of secondary lamellae, often called gill area) (GA_L) and boby mass. During the late larval and early juvenile stages, the GA_L-W relationship showed a triphasic positive allometry with β-values of 3.773, 1.561 and 1.111 corresponding to the first half of the late larval stage (0.00034–0.001g), the second half of the stage (0.001–0.01 g) and the early juvenile stage (0.02–0.1 g), respectively, During the squamated juvenile and later stages (0.1–1080g), there was a negative allometry with a β-value of 0.813. (2) A triphasic relationship was observed between the total cutaneous surface area (body surface area and fin area) (CA_b+f) and body mass. During the early larval stage, in which an increase of body mass was very small. from 0.0002 to 0.00025 g, CA_b+p/W increased with growth with a β-value of 3.986. After this stage, the CA_b+t W relationship showed a diphasic negative allometry with β-values of 0.562, during the late larval stage (0.00028–0.0045 g) and 0.652 during the early juvenile and later stages (0.0045–1230 g). (3) Based on these results, factors controlling the metabolism-size relationship are discussed.     

Leaf vasculature in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

The vascular system of the leaves of Saccharum officinarum L. is composed in part of a system of longitudinal strands that in any given transverse section may be divided into three types of bundle according to size and structure: small, intermediate, and large. Virtually all of the longitudinal strands intergrade, however, from one type bundle to another. For example, virutually all of the strands having large bundle anatomy appear distally in the blade as small bundles, which intergrade into intermediates and then large bundles as they descend the leaf. These large bundles, together with the intermediates that arise midway between them, extend basipetally into the sheath and stem. Most of the remaining longitudinal strands of the blade do not enter the sheath but fuse with other strands above and in the region of the blade joint. Despite the marked decrease in number of bundles at the base of the blade, both the total and mean cross-sectional areas (measured with a digitizer from electron micrographs) of sieve tubes and tracheary elements increase as the bundles continuing into the sheath increase in size. Linear relationships exist between leaf width and total bundle number, and between cross-sectional area of vascular bundles and both total and mean cross-sectional areas of sieve tubes and tracheary elements.     

Test of Accuracy of LAI Estimation by LAI-2000 under Artificially Changed Leaf to Wood Area Proportions

The accuracy of LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer for leaf (LAI) and plant (PAI) area indexes measurements was tested in 20-year-old Norway spruce stand using the reduction of canopy biomass. Needle and branch areas were reduced progressively upward every one meter. Values of effective leaf area index (LAI_e), as an uncorrected product of LAI-2000, were compared with directly estimated LAI and PAI values after each reduction step. LAI-2000 underestimates PAI and LAI values according to LAI-2000 rings readings, and varied proportions between leaf and wood areas. The values of LAI_c have been increased with decreasing of the view angle of the relevant LAI-2000 rings. Therefore, the underestimation of LAI becomes smaller when the readings near the horizon are masked. More accurate results, for projected LAI (LAI_p) calculation, are produced by LAI-2000 when some dense grids of measurement points and the most vertical ring readings (0 –13 °) are used. Correction factor 1.6 is possible to use for unreduced canopy hemi-surface LAI estimation, when the last rings (i.e. 5^th and 4^th rings, 47 –74 °) are excluded. Correction factor of 1.25 can be used to compute LAI_p if the angle readings under 43 °are also masked.     

Spatial variation in sapwood area to leaf area ratio and specific leaf area within a crown of silver birch

Spatial variation in sapwood area to leaf area ratio (Huber value, HV) and specific leaf area (SLA) was examined in branches of closed-canopy trees of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). HV increased basipetally within a crown and decreased with increasing branch order, but exhibited no significant radial trend along a primary branch. HV was primarily determined by branch position in a crown and branch diameter at the sampling point, being independent of the size of the tree and branch. Greater HV in the lower-crown branches is considered a means to mitigate differences in hydraulic transport capacity between the branches located in different canopy layers. Beside branch position and sampling location on a branch, SLA depended significantly on several other variables characterising tree and branch size. SLA increased basipetally within a crown and along a primary branch, but exhibited no significant trend with branch orders. Because height caused leaf area (A_L) to diminish more rapidly than leaf dry weight, A_L primarily determined the vertical variation in SLA.     

Effect of Norway Spruce Planting Density on Shoot Morphological Parameters

Temporal and spatial variations of shoot structural parameters, including shoot silhouette to projected needle area ratio, are very important, e.g., for the correction of leaf area index estimated by indirect methods. Here we bring few examples of their evolution within mountain spruce monoculture planted in two different densities.     

Cotton genotypic variation in the photosynthetic response to irradiance

The photosynthetic response of 8 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes to changing irradiance was investigated under field conditions during the 1998 through 2000 growing seasons. Equations developed to describe the response of net photosynthetic rate (P_N) to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) demonstrated that, across all irradiances, the two okra leaf-type genotypes photosynthesized at a greater rate per unit leaf area than all of the six normal leaf-type genotypes. This superior photosynthetic performance of the okra leaf-type genotypes can be partially explained by their 13 % greater leaf chlorophyll content relative to that of the normal leaf-type genotypes. The 37 % reduction in leaf size brought upon by the okra leaf trait may have concentrated the amount of photosynthetic machinery per unit leaf area. Nevertheless, the lack of sufficient canopy leaf surface area suppressed the potential yield development that could accompany the higher P_N per unit leaf area.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the page numbers.     

Calibration of LAI-2000 canopy analyser with leaf area index in a young eucalypt stand

Plant area index (PAI) measured with a LI-COR LAI-2000 plant canopy analyser (PCA) was calibrated with leaf area index (LAI) in a young stand of Eucalyptus grandis in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, South Africa. Destructive sampling and allometric equations were used to estimate LAI at 2 and 3 years after planting. Significant correlations (P<0.001) were found between LAI and PAI for each age with different equations being generated for the two ages (LAI=1.0594(PAI)−0.892 at 2 years of age, and LAI=1.0393(PAI) at 3 years of age). The equations differed from those reported in other eucalypt studies, as the PCA in this study over-predicted LAI at 2 years, and slightly under-predicted at 3 years, of age. It is argued that the stage of growth influenced this calibration, as the canopy and foliar structure may have been different in the young stands, affecting the basic assumptions for the PCA. A broad conversion from PCA derived PAI to LAI may not necessarily be valid for young, short rotation eucalypt plantations.     

Gas exchange and canopy structure of 9-year-old loblolly pine,pitch pine and pitch x loblolly hybrids

Summary Seasonal gas exchange and canopy structure were compared among 9-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.), and pitch x loblolly hybrids (Pinus rigida x taeda) growing in an F2 plantation located in Critz, Va., USA. Leaf net photosynthesis, conductance, internal CO₂ concentration (c_i), water use efficiency (WUE; photosynthesis/conductance), dark respiration and the ratio of net photosynthesis/respiration did not vary among or within the three taxa. Significant differences in volume production, crown length, total crown leaf surface area and the silhouette area of shade shoots among the taxa were observed. The loblolly-South Carolina source had greater volume and crown surface area than the pitch pine, and the hybrid taxa were intermediate between the two. Although the silhouette area ratio of shade foliage varied among taxa, it was not related to volume. A strong relationship between total leaf surface area and volume was observed. Leaf conductance, c_i, WUE and leaf water potential were the physiological parameters significantly and positively correlated with volume. This study suggests that the amount of needle surface in the canopy is more important in early stand volume growth than the leaf carbon exchange rate and the degree of needle self-shading in the lower canopy.     

Relationship between specific leaf area of aCryptomeria japonica foliage shoot segment and its diameter

Dependency of specific leaf area (SLA) on shoot diameter (x) was studied forCryptomeria japonica foliage shoot segments about 5 cm in length taken from 18 branches at different height levels on 3 trees in August 1987. The leaf area of a shoot segment (S) was defined as half the sum of the needle area (s) estimated by the allometric relationship betweens and needle length. The dry weight of woody tissue (W _w) and needles (W _n) of a segment and itsS were divided by the segment length (L) to give linear densities asW _w/L,W _n/L andS/L, respectively. The densities were related tox by power-form equations.S/L values tended to be constant around 1.2 [cm² cm⁻¹] within the discussed range ofx, whileW _w/L andW _n/L values clearly increased withx. The approximately reciprocal relationship between average needle area (s) and linear density of the number of needles supported the fact thatS/L values were roughly constant regardless ofx.SLA andSNA were defined asS/(W _w+W _n) andS/W _n, respectively. TheSLA-x relationship expected from the average value ofS/L and theW _w/L-x and theW _n/L-x relationships was well fitted to the observed decrease inSLA with increasingx. SNA also decreased asx increased. Variations inSLA andSNA among the shoot segments with similarx were not systematically related to their height levels. An empirical equation with a maximum value ofx (Xmax) was also proposed in order to formulate theSLA-x relationship.     

The first record of two demersal calanoid copepods,Pseudodiaptomus poplesia and P. nihonkaiensis in Korea,with remarks on morphology of the genital area

The demersal calanoid copepods Pseudodiaptomus nihonkaiensis Hirakawa, 1983 and P. poplesia (Shen, 1955) are redescribed from Korean waters. Using scanning electron microscopy, we examine the morphology of the female genital systems of four species of Pseudodiaptomus (P. inopinus, P. marinus, P. nihonkaiensis and P. poplesia), revealing interspecific differences. The zoogeography of these four species is discussed.