肿瘤坏死因子家族新成员——TRAIL

肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)或称凋亡素2配体(Apo2 ligand, Apo-2L), 是TNF家族的新成员.它是从表达序列标签库(expressed sequenced tag, EST)中寻找TNF的同源分子时发现的.TRAIL是一种分子质量为32.5 ku的Ⅱ型跨膜糖蛋白, 活性形式呈同源三聚体.TRAIL和可溶性的TRAIL强烈诱导肿瘤细胞株凋亡.新近发现的TRAIL受体DR4和DR5及TRID说明了TRAIL与TNF和Fas/Apo-1配体的作用途径是不同的.随着对TRAIL的受体及作用机理研究的深入, TRAIL很可能成为新一代抗肿瘤制剂.     

以TRAIL为靶点的肿瘤治疗研究进展

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡配体（tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand,TRAIL）是肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor,TNF）超家族成员。TRAIL与其受体结合后启动凋亡信号转导,选择性地诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,而对正常组织细胞没有明显的伤害,而且一些药物和细胞因子可协同TRAIL诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。本文就TRAIL及其受体、TRAIL诱导凋亡的机制以及影响凋亡的因素和途径,以TRAIL为靶点的肿瘤治疗的研究现状作一综述。     

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）及抗肿瘤作用

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）是肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）超家族成员之一,能选择性的诱导肿瘤细胞、转化细胞凋亡,而对正常组织无毒性,有望成为肿瘤治疗的新方法,备受人们的关注。本文从TRAIL的结构、受体、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡机制及在肿瘤治疗中的应用等方面作了介绍,以期为TRAIL临床应用提供参考。     

肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体及其与肿瘤治疗前景

肿瘤坏因子相关的凋亡诱导配体（ＴＮＦ－related apoptosis inducing ligand,TRALL)属于肿瘤坏死因子家族,可激活肿瘤细胞的凋亡。本文介绍了ＴＲＡＩＬ的结构与功能,凋亡诱导途径及其肿瘤治疗应用前景。     

补骨脂酚通过激活ROS强化TRAIL的抗肝细胞癌HepG2细胞作用的机制研究

目的:探究补骨脂酚(Bakuchiol,Bak)对肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand,TRAIL)抗HepG2细胞作用的影响及内在机制。方法:常规培养HepG2细胞,给予梯度浓度的Bak处理,检测细胞活力。联合应用Bak与TRAIL处理,检测细胞活力。Western blot检测Bak处理后氧化应激水平、死亡受体4(Death Receptor 4,DR4)、DR5的表达变化。联合应用Bak与TRAIL检测凋亡情况。进而引入ROS清除剂NAC,联合NAC处理后,检测ROS、DR4、DR5以及凋亡情况。结果:Bak剂量依赖地抑制了HepG2细胞的活力,联合应用Bak+TRAIL对细胞活力的抑制作用优于单独用药。Bak处理后氧化应激水平升高,体现在ROS增加,GSH水平下降;Western blot检测发现Bak处理后DR4、DR5表达增加。联合应用Bak+TRAIL显著增加了细胞凋亡蛋白Bax的表达,抑制了抗凋亡蛋白Bcl2的表达。引入ROS阻断剂NAC处理后,与Bak+TRAIL组相比,ROS水平下降,DR4、DR5表达减少。凋亡检测发现NAC处理降低了Bak+TRAIL引起的细胞凋亡。结论:Bak可以显著增强TRAIL引起的HepG2细胞凋亡,该作用可能与Bak激活氧化应激进而上调DR4、DR5表达有关。     

提高重组TRAIL表达产率的优化策略

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（Apo2L/TRAIL）是一种新型的抗肿瘤蛋白。针对缩短发酵周期,提高生产效率这一目标,首先在摇瓶中利用响应面设计优化发酵表达条件,总TRAIL蛋白的表达量提高到25.7%。在此基础上研究了发酵条件对可溶性TRAIL蛋白表达量的影响。于3.7L发酵罐放大进行补料-分批发酵实验时,单位菌体可溶性TRAIL蛋白的表达量提高了67%,实现了在大肠杆菌高密度培养过程中单位细胞重组TRAIL蛋白的可溶性表达和体积生产率的提高。     

LPS、TNFα刺激PBL诱导TRAIL表达的初步研究

近来的实验显示从 EST来源的 TRAIL在体外能特异性地诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。我们选择人PBL作为人 TRAIL基因的来源 ,抽提细胞在 LPS和 rh- TNFα刺激 2、1 0、1 8h的总 RNA,通过RT- PCR观察 TRAIL基因转录 m RNA的水平 ,然后用 PCR扩增 TRAIL基因 ,并用免疫印迹法分析 TRAIL m RNA翻译蛋白的水平。结果发现 :在 LPS和 rh- TNFα的刺激下可以从 1 0 6 ～ 1 0 7个人 PBL中扩增出 TRAIL基因。提示 LPS和 rh- TNFα刺激细胞并进一步诱导细胞凋亡可能与诱导表达 TRAIL有关。本实验得到了 TRAIL基因 ,为重组表达 TRAIL打下了基础。     

TRAIL联合多西紫杉醇对人鼻咽癌CNE2细胞的体外作用研究

目的:研究肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡配体(TRAIL)联合化疗药物多西紫杉醇对鼻咽癌CNE2细胞凋亡诱导作用。方法:应用MTT法检测不同浓度多西紫杉醇的抗癌活性,计算其亚毒性剂量,流式细胞仪检测多西紫杉醇及TRAIL单独或者联合作用于鼻咽癌CNE2细胞后的细胞凋亡发生率,TUNEL法观察细胞凋亡发生情况。结果:鼻咽癌细胞对TRAIL的作用敏感,多西紫杉醇可以增强其凋亡诱导作用。结论:TRAIL与多西紫杉醇具有协同抗鼻咽癌作用,有望应用于鼻咽癌的临床治疗。     

胰腺癌对TNF相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)的抗性与逆转研究

TRAIL(TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)是一种能识别和选择性杀伤肿瘤细胞的蛋白质因子,但研究发现胰腺癌对TRAIL的敏感程度远远不及其他肿瘤,其抵抗机制主要集中于胞内水平的调节,如c-FLIPS、BCL-2/BCL-xL、XIAP表达上调等,且针对性的逆转策略也进行了深入的研究.本文就TRAIL途径在胰腺癌中的研究进展作一概要的介绍.     

TRAIL联合多西紫杉醇诱导喉鳞癌Hep-2细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的：观察肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）联合多西紫杉醇应用于人喉鳞癌Hep-2细胞生长的抑制增殖和诱导凋亡作用。方法：实验分四组,1组对照组,2组为应用TRAIL组,3组单独应用多西紫杉醇,4组联合应用TRAIL及多西紫杉醇。分别应用MTT、流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,倒置显微镜观察细胞的形态学改变。结果：TRAIL与多西紫杉醇联合作用于Hep-2细胞,能显著增强对Hep-2细胞的杀伤、抑制增殖及诱导凋亡作用,其联合应用的凋亡抑制率明显高于单独应用TRAIL组和多西紫杉醇组（P〈0．05）。结论：TRAIL与多西紫杉醇联用能显著提高对喉鳞癌Hep-2细胞的生长抑制和诱导凋亡作用。     

High-throughput screening of cell death inducible short peptides from TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand sequence

Therapeutic peptides and small molecules, rationally designed to trigger cell death have attracted strong attention. Cell death inducible peptides were screened from amino acid sequence of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Using Fmoc solid phase synthesis, cellulose membrane-bound octameric peptide library of TRAIL scan was prepared and cell viability assay was directly performed on peptide disk with Jurkat cells. Six peptide sequences that could induce cell death were found. Peptide sequence with RNSCWSKD (TRAIL(227-234)) that exist in the zinc-binding site revealed high cell death inducible activity. Apoptotic cell death was observed when cells were treated with soluble synthesized peptide.     

Oxaliplatin enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by CBL-regulated death receptor redistribution in lipid rafts

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor family that selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells. However, gastric cancer cells are insensitive to TRAIL. In the present study, we show that oxaliplatin enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis of MGC803, BGC823, and SGC7901 cells. Oxaliplatin promoted death receptor 4 (DR4) and death receptor 5 (DR5) clustering into aggregated lipid rafts, while the cholesterol-sequestering agent nystatin partially prevented lipid raft aggregation, DR4 and DR5 clustering, and reduced apoptosis. Furthermore, the expression of the casitas B-lineage lymphoma (Cbl) family was downregulated by oxaliplatin. Transfection of c-Cbl or Cbl-b partially reversed oxaliplatin-induced lipid raft aggregation. These results indicated that oxaliplatin enhanced TRAIL-induced gastric cancer cell apoptosis at least partially through Cbl-regulated death receptor redistribution in lipid rafts.     

乙醛脱氢酶1和肿瘤坏死因子相关诱导凋亡配体在膀胱癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨乙醛脱氢酶1(ALDH-1)和肿瘤坏死因子相关诱导凋亡配体(TRAIL)在膀胱癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:选取2015年3月到2018年1月在河北北方学院附属第一医院进行治疗的膀胱癌患者70例,收集其手术切除的癌组织和癌旁正常组织,采用免疫组化法检测癌组织和癌旁正常组织中ALDH-1、TRAIL表达情况,分析ALDH-1、TRAIL的表达与膀胱癌患者的临床病理特征的关系及癌组织中ALDH-1、TRAIL表达的相关性。结果:癌组织中的ALDH-1的阳性表达率高于癌旁正常组织,TRAIL的阳性表达率低于癌旁正常组织(P0.05)。膀胱癌患者的ALDH-1阳性表达率与年龄、性别、分化程度、肿瘤数量无关(P0.05),临床分期为T2-T3期、有淋巴结转移的膀胱癌患者ALDH-1阳性表达率高于临床分期为Ta-T1期、无淋巴结转移的膀胱癌患者(P0.05)。膀胱癌患者的TRAIL阳性表达率与年龄、性别、临床分期、淋巴结转移、肿瘤数量无关(P0.05),高分化的膀胱癌患者TRAIL阳性表达率高于中低分化的膀胱癌患者(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,癌组织中ALDH-1、TRAIL表达无明显的相关性(P0.05)。结论:膀胱癌组织中ALDH-1的表达偏高且与临床分期和淋巴结转移有关,TRAIL的表达偏低且与分化程度有关,但ALDH-1和TRAIL之间无相关性,需进一步探讨与研究。     

抑制PI3K信号通路促进TRAIL诱导人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7凋亡

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, TRAIL）对癌细胞有独特的细胞毒性作用,而对正常细胞没有影响. 但乳腺癌细胞耐受TRAIL诱导凋亡.本研究探索磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K）信号通路对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞耐受TRAIL的影响. 采用MTT法、显微照相以及DAPI染色观察TRAIL对MCF-7细胞生长的抑制作用以及诱导细胞凋亡状况;流式细胞分析细胞凋亡的情况;激光共聚焦显微镜观察多聚ADP核糖多聚酶-1（poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase -1,PARP-1）的迁移和定位;Western印迹分析死亡受体、caspase-3/8、磷酸化的AKT［pAKT(Ser473)］、Src和PARP-1等蛋白质表达. 结果显示,小剂量TRAIL（< 80 nmol/L）和Ly294002（< 40μmol/L）对MCF-7细胞生长没有显著的抑制作用,但是大剂量TRAIL（160 nmol/L）和Ly294002（80 μmol/L）则能抑制MCF-7细胞生长;低剂量Ly294002协同TRAIL抑制MCF-7细胞生长,并诱导细胞凋亡;Ly294002和TRAIL共同作用能促进PARP-1从胞浆进入细胞核;蛋白质表达分析显示,MCF-7细胞均表达死亡受体DR4、DR5、诱骗受体DcR1和DcR2、以及caspase-8,但是不表达caspase-3;Ly294002和TRAIL共同作用也能抑制pAKT(Ser473)和Src的表达,并且导致PARP-1断裂. 本研究结果提示,抑制PI3K信号可增加MCF-7细胞对TRAIL诱导的敏感性;MCF-7细胞通过PI3K/AKT途径促进Src的表达耐受TRAIL的细胞毒性作用Ly294002联合TRAIL是一种新的药物组合方式治疗乳腺癌.     

Refolding and purification of Apo2L/TRAIL produced as inclusion bodies in high-cell-density cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli

As a new member of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) was produced mainly as inclusion bodies by recombinant Escherichia coli with a temperature-inducible expression system. High concentrations of both biomass (65 g dry cells l(-1)) and inactive TRAIL (4.8 g l(-1)) were obtained by applying a high-cell-density cultivation procedure. After the inclusion bodies were washed and solubilized. TRAIL refolded when at 1 mg ml(-1) by a simple pulse dilution method with a 35% yield. Renatured TRAIL was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by one-step immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The purified TRAIL showed strong cytotoxicity activity against human pancreatic 1990 tumor cells, with ED50 about 1.6 microg ml(-1).     

Apoptosis in oncology

INTroDUCTIONApoptosis, also known as programmed celldeath, is a highly orchestrated form of cell deathin which cells neatly commit suicide by choppingthemselves into membrane-packaged bits. It is critical not ohly to the development but also to thehomeostasis and normal functioning of the adultfor a multiple cellular organism. The malfunctioning of apoptosis during the development willlead to abortion or abnormalities, while failure ofDNA-damaged cells to kill themselves via apoptosismay …     

Interaction of Beclin 1 with survivin regulates sensitivity of human glioma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis

We reported a novel interaction between Beclin 1, a key regulator of autophagy, and survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family. We found that knock-down of Beclin 1 down-regulated survivin protein, and the turnover rate of survivin was increased when Beclin 1 expression was silenced. Knock-down of Beclin 1 sensitized glioma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and introduction of survivin antagonized the sensitizing effect, suggesting that down-regulation of survivin mediates the enhanced sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrate a novel interaction between Beclin 1 and survivin, and may provide a potential mechanism underlying the cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis.

Structured summary

MINT-7969366: Beclin-1 (uniprotkb:Q14457) physically interacts (MI:0915) with survivin (uniprotkb:O15392) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007)MINT-7968986, MINT-7969161: survivin (uniprotkb:O15392) physically interacts (MI:0915) with Beclin-1 (uniprotkb:Q14457) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)     

Cellular FLIPL plays a survival role and regulates morphogenesis in breast epithelial cells

Strong evidences support the inhibitory activity of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) in the apoptotic signalling by death receptors in tumor cells. However, little is known about the role of FLIP in the regulation of apoptosis in non-transformed cells. In this report, we demonstrate that FLIP_L plays an important role as a survival protein in non-transformed breast epithelial cells. Silencing of FLIP_L by siRNA methodology enhances TRAIL-R2 expression and activates a caspase-dependent cell death process in breast epithelial cells. This cell death requires the expression of TRAIL, TRAIL-R2, FADD and procaspase-8 proteins. A mitochondria-operated apoptotic pathway is partially required for FLIP_L siRNA-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, FLIP_L silencing markedly abrogates formation of acinus-like structures in a three-dimensional basement membrane culture model (3D) of the human mammary MCF-10A cell line through a caspase-8 dependent process. Furthermore, over-expression of FLIP_L in MCF-10A cells delayed lumen formation in 3D cultures. Our results highlight the central role of FLIP in maintaining breast epithelial cell viability and suggest that the mechanisms regulating FLIP levels should be finely controlled to prevent unwanted cell demise.     

Lactobacillus strains induce TRAIL production and facilitate natural killer activity against cancer cells

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an endogenous cytokine that induces apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. Here, we show for the first time that lactobacilli induce TRAIL production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Treatment with lactobacilli induced TRAIL on the cell surface of PBMC and in culture medium. The TRAIL production induced by lactobacilli partially depends on IFN-α and IFN-γ. Lactobacilli treatment facilitated NK activity of PBMC against prostate cancer cells. Moreover, TRAIL neutralization antibody efficiently prevented the NK activity. Our results indicate that lactobacilli facilitate NK activity through TRAIL production, and raise the possibility of a new TRAIL-based strategy against malignant tumors.