黄连对羟苯基丙酮酸双加氧酶的生物信息学分析

本研究以黄连hppd基因编码的对羟苯基丙酮酸双加氧酶(4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase,HPPD)为研究对象,用生物信息学方法对该蛋白理化性质、信号肽、跨膜结构域、亚细胞定位、亲疏水性、二级结构及模体、三级结构等进行分析。表明该酶的ORF可以编码430个氨基酸,是一种无信号肽、无跨膜结构、定位于微体和细胞质的可溶性亲水蛋白。无卷曲螺旋,α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主要的二级结构元件。三级结构建模采用SWISS-MODEL建模,Ramachandran评估显示均为可靠模型。并用3DLigand Site配体结合位点预测系统预测配体结合位点。     

甜瓜乙烯应答因子基因CmERF Ⅰ-14的生物信息学分析

本研究采用生物信息学的方法对甜瓜数据库中的甜瓜乙烯应答因子基因ERFⅠ-14(登录号:MEL O3C014441)的启动子特性、RNA结构、理化性质、导肽、信号肽、跨膜结构域、蛋白质二级结构、三级结构及功能域等进行预测和推断。结果表明,CmERFⅠ-14基因的开放阅读框(ORF)长645 bp,编码214个氨基酸,蛋白质的分子量约为23 kD,理论等电点为6.59,不存在导肽和信号肽,无跨膜结构域,二级结构中最主要的结构元件是无规则卷曲,包含一个AP2/ERF功能结构域,预测到8个可能的互作蛋白和多个启动子元件,没有预测到CpG岛。系统发育分析发现,其与黄瓜ERF3-like蛋白(XP_004140127.1)亲缘关系最近。     

几种植物类伐昔洛韦水解酶基因的生物信息学分析

以拟南芥和蓖麻为重点,利用生物信息学对不同植物的类伐昔洛韦水解酶(valacyclovir hydrolase-like,VACVase-Like)蛋白的理化性质、保守结构域、信号肽、跨膜结构域、导肽、亲疏水性、二级结构及三级结构等进行预测和分析,并构建了该家族系统发生树。结果表明,除了可可树属于稳定蛋白外,其余均属于不稳定蛋白。该基因家族均含有明显的信号肽、导肽、跨膜结构和亲疏水结构,且结构组成上相似,属于分泌蛋白,但是对亚细胞定位分析发现,在不同植物中存在和发挥功能部位均不相同。分析结果可为植物VACVase-like的研究提供有价值的信息,为进一步研究其在植物体内的功能和作用机理提供依据。     

不同植物中推定蓖麻烯合酶基因的生物信息学分析

利用Gen Bank中已登录的完整的麻风树、乳浆大戟、蓖麻和乌桕中的13个蓖麻烯合酶(Casbene synthase,CS;EC 4.6.1.7)基因序列,通过生物信息学方法对其核酸及氨基酸序列、组成成分、导肽、信号肽、跨膜结构域、疏水性/亲水性、蛋白质的二级结构、三级结构及功能域等进行了分析预测。结果表明,13个CS基因的ORF长度均在1 647~1 845 bp,蛋白分子量均在63.0~70.8 k D,终止密码子为TGA或TAA,理论等电点均小于7.0,表明CS蛋白呈酸性。氨基酸含量最高的均为亮氨酸。核苷酸同源性比较分析表明,CS基因主要分为两类。导肽预测发现其中6个CS具有导肽,均为叶绿体导肽。信号肽和扩模结构域预测发现这些CS不存在信号肽和跨膜结构域,肽链整体呈现为亲水性。这些CS的主要二级结构元件为α-螺旋,并且都包含两个萜类合酶功能域。以上研究为进一步探索CS基因的功能提供一定理论依据。     

不同植物防御素的生物信息学分析

采用生物信息学的方法和工具对已在GenBank上注册的花生、鹰嘴豆、合欢、车前草、沙梨、辣椒等植物的防御素的核酸和氨基酸序列作了分析,并对其组成成分、翻译后修饰、导肽、跨膜结构域、疏水性,亲水性、蛋白质二级结构和功能结构域进行预测和推断的结果表明：此类蛋白可能是一具有信号肽的分泌型蛋白,α-螺旋和不规则卷曲是蛋白质二级结构中量最大的结构元件,β-转角和延伸链散布于整个蛋白质中,包含一个gamma-thionin功能结构域。     

人精氨酸酶Ⅰ基因克隆及生物信息学分析

[目的]克隆人精氨酸酶Ⅰ(human-ARGⅠ)基因并分析其生物学特性。[方法]根据NCBI数据库提供的人精氨酸酶Ⅰ基因序列设计其特异性引物,利用PCR扩增目的基因,并将其连接到p CMV-MYC载体上并利用生物信息学工具分析人精氨酸酶Ⅰ蛋白的生物学特性。[结果]酶切鉴定与DNA测序结果显示人精氨酸酶Ⅰ基因全长969bp,编码322个氨基酸残基;人精氨酸酶Ⅰ蛋白属于精氨酸酶——组蛋白去乙酰化酶超家族,是位于细胞质中的稳定亲水性蛋白,无信号肽,不含跨膜结构域,其二级结构由无规则卷曲,α-螺旋和延伸链构成,并且三级结构与二级结构预测结果高度一致,建模结果准确可靠。[结论]人精氨酸酶Ⅰ基因全长969 bp,编码322个氨基酸残基,分子量为34 734. 94,p I 6. 72,其氨基酸序列中无信号肽,无跨膜结构域,是非分泌型及亲水性蛋白,是属于精氨酸酶-组蛋白去乙酰化酶超家族,无规则卷曲为二级结构中最主要的结构元件,并且三级结构与二级结构预测结果高度一致,建模结果准确可靠。     

中华绒螯蟹IAG基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

采用RACE-PCR技术,获得中华绒螯蟹胰岛素样促雄激素腺基因(Es-IAG)全长cDNA序列,并利用相关生物信息学软件对该基因及其蛋白质的结构、理化特性进行生物信息学分析。结果发现,Es-IAG基因序列全长1 392 bp,编码151个氨基酸,Es-IAG多肽的相对分子量为16.61 kD,理论等电点pI为5.08,前体多肽中存在分泌型信号肽,存在两个糖基化位点和16个磷酸化位点,存在两个典型的R**R蛋白酶酶切位点,未发现跨膜结构域。Es-IAG为分泌性蛋白,蛋白需要通过结合细胞膜上的受体而发挥性别调控等作用。对22个近缘物种的IAG基因序列系统进化分析显示,中华绒螯蟹与蓝蟹、拟穴青蟹的亲缘关系较近。为深入研究Es-IAG基因及其蛋白的结构和功能提供了相关依据。     

葡萄乙醇脱氢酶基因Ⅲ的电子克隆及生物信息学分析

利用电子克隆方法获得葡萄乙醇脱氢酶基因Ⅲ(ADHⅢ),并采用生物信息学方法对该基因编码蛋白从氨基酸组成、理化性质、跨膜结构域、疏水性/亲水性、亚细胞定位、高级结构以及功能域等方面进行了预测和分析.结果表明,葡萄ADHⅢ基因全长1 602 bp,包含1 140 bp的ORF,编码379个氨基酸,该蛋白不具有明显的疏水区域,也无跨膜结构域,α-螺旋和不规则卷曲是其二级结构的主要构件.葡萄ADHⅢ包含有ADH功能域,和其他植物的ADHⅢ在序列组成、高级结构及活性位点等方面均具有高度的相似性.     

人转录因子FoxM1B的生物信息学分析

目的:分析预测人转录因子FoxM1B启动子及蛋白结构和功能。方法:运用生物信息学软件对人FoxM1B基因的启动子区域及其蛋白的理化性质、跨膜区、信号肽和亲疏水性进行预测分析;利用软件模拟生成人FoxM1B蛋白质的三级结构图像,了解与其相互作用的蛋白网络。结果:采用生物信息学软件预测出人FoxM1B基因5'侧翼存在转录起始位点及启动子,且启动子(1300~1900bp)的侧翼有1个CpG岛。人FoxM1B蛋白是亲水性蛋白,且不包含跨膜结构域和信号肽;在二级结构中,无规卷曲是其主要折叠方式,模拟生成蛋白质三级结构图像与二级结构预测一致。人FoxM1B蛋白与CCNB1、CCNA2、MYBL2、CDK1和PLK1等蛋白存在相互作用,可能通过这些蛋白参与细胞周期和DNA损伤修复过程。结论:对人FoxM1B基因及其编码蛋白的性质、结构和互作蛋白等进行了预测分析,为后续实验研究提供了依据和线索,奠定了重要的信息基础。     

绿脓杆菌外膜蛋白OprF的生物信息学分析

[目的]利用生物信息学方法预测绿脓杆菌外膜蛋白OprF的理化性质、高级结构和细胞表位。[方法]采用在线软件预测OprF蛋白的理化性质;Signal P 4.1软件预测OprF信号肽序列;利用TMHMM软件预测ACFA蛋白跨膜结构;SOPMA服务器预测蛋白的二级结构;Swiss-Model程序预测OprF三维结构;综合ABCpred与Bepi Pred方案预测OprF的B细胞表位;运用神经网络法预测OprF的CTL表位;使用MHC-Ⅱ类分子结合肽程序预测OprF的Th细胞表位。[结果]OprF为亲水性蛋白;1~24位氨基酸为信号肽序列;存在多个酶切位点;无跨膜结构并定位于细胞膜外;二级结构中含无规则卷曲34.36%、α-螺旋31.90%、β-转角11.66%、β-片层22.09%;并可能存在3个B细胞表位、2个CTL表位、4个Th细胞表位。[结论]系统分析了OprF蛋白的理化性质、信号肽、跨膜结构、二级与三级结构,以及B、T细胞抗原表位。     

Structures of the intradiskal loops and amino terminus of the G-protein receptor, rhodopsin.

The intradiskal surface of the transmembrane protein, rhodopsin, consists of the amino terminal domain and three loops connecting six of the seven transmembrane helices. This surface corresponds to the extracellular surface of other G-protein receptors. Peptides that represent each of the extramembraneous domains on this surface (three loops and the amino terminus) were synthesized. These peptides also included residues which, based on a hydrophobic plot, could be expected to be part of the transmembrane helix. The structure of each of these peptides in solution was then determined using two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. All peptide domains showed ordered structures in solution. The structures of each of the peptides from intradiskal loops of rhodopsin exhibited a turn in the central region of the peptide. The ends of the peptides show an unwinding of the transmembrane helices to form this turn. The amino terminal domain peptide exhibited alpha-helical regions with breaks and bends at proline residues. This region forms a compact domain. Together, the structures for the loop and amino terminus domains indicate that the intradiskal surface of rhodopsin is ordered. These data further suggest a structural motif for short loops in transmembrane proteins. The ordered structures of these loops, in the absence of the transmembrane helices, indicate that the primary sequences of these loops are sufficient to code for the turn.     

Helix packing motif common to the crystal structures of two undecapeptides containing dehydrophenylalanine residues: implications for the de novo design of helical bundle super secondary structural modules

De novo designed peptide based super secondary structures are expected to provide scaffolds for the incorporation of functional sites as in proteins. Self-association of peptide helices of similar screw sense, mediated by weak interactions, has been probed by the crystal structure determination of two closely related peptides: Ac-Gly1-Ala2-Delta Phe3-Leu4-Val5-DeltaPhe6-Leu7-Val8-DeltaPhe9-Ala10-Gly11-NH2 (I) and Ac-Gly1-Ala2-DeltaPhe3-Leu4-Ala5-DeltaPhe6-Leu7-Ala8-DeltaPhe9-Ala10-Gly11-NH2 (II). The crystal structures determined to atomic resolution and refined to R factors 8.12 and 4.01%, respectively, reveal right-handed 3(10)-helical conformations for both peptides. CD has also revealed the preferential formation of right-handed 3(10)-helical conformations for both molecules. Our aim was to critically analyze the packing of the helices in the solid state with a view to elicit clues for the design of super secondary structural motifs such as two, three, and four helical bundles based on helix-helix interactions. An important finding is that a packing motif could be identified common to both the structures, in which a given peptide helix is surrounded by six other helices reminiscent of transmembrane seven helical bundles. The outer helices are oriented either parallel or antiparallel to the central helix. The helices interact laterally through a combination of N--H...O, C--H...O, and C--H...pi hydrogen bonds. Layers of interacting leucine residues are seen in both peptide crystal structures. The packing of the peptide helices in the solid state appears to provide valuable leads for the design of super secondary structural modules such as two, three, or four helix bundles by connecting adjacent antiparallel helices through suitable linkers such as tetraglycine segments.     

植物萜类合成酶3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶的生物信息学分析

采用生物信息学的方法和工具对已在GenBank上注册的橡胶、烟草、辣椒、穿心莲等植物的萜类合成酶3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶的核酸及氨基酸序列进行分析,并对其组成成分、信号肽、跨膜拓朴结构域、疏水性/亲水性、蛋白质二级及三级结构、分子系统进化关系等进行预测和推断。结果表明该类酶基因的全长包括5′、3′非翻译区和一个开放阅读框,无信号肽,是一个跨膜的亲水性蛋白,包括两个功能HMG-CoA结合motif及两个功能NADPH结合motif,α-螺旋和不规则盘绕是蛋白质二级结构最大量的结构元件,β-转角和延伸链散布于整个蛋白质中,蛋白质的功能域在空间布局上折叠成“V”形,“V”形的两臂由螺旋状的N结构域和S结构域构成,中间部分由L结构域构成。     

Computational differentiation of N-terminal signal peptides and transmembrane helices

Signal peptides and transmembrane helices both contain a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids. This common feature makes it difficult for signal peptide and transmembrane helix predictors to correctly assign identity to stretches of hydrophobic residues near the N-terminal methionine of a protein sequence. The inability to reliably distinguish between N-terminal transmembrane helix and signal peptide is an error with serious consequences for the prediction of protein secretory status or transmembrane topology. In this study, we report a new method for differentiating protein N-terminal signal peptides and transmembrane helices. Based on the sequence features extracted from hydrophobic regions (amino acid frequency, hydrophobicity, and the start position), we set up discriminant functions and examined them on non-redundant datasets with jackknife tests. This method can incorporate other signal peptide prediction methods and achieve higher prediction accuracy. For Gram-negative bacterial proteins, 95.7% of N-terminal signal peptides and transmembrane helices can be correctly predicted (coefficient 0.90). Given a sensitivity of 90%, transmembrane helices can be identified from signal peptides with a precision of 99% (coefficient 0.92). For eukaryotic proteins, 94.2% of N-terminal signal peptides and transmembrane helices can be correctly predicted with coefficient 0.83. Given a sensitivity of 90%, transmembrane helices can be identified from signal peptides with a precision of 87% (coefficient 0.85). The method can be used to complement current transmembrane protein prediction and signal peptide prediction methods to improve their prediction accuracies.     

Characterization of a membrane protein folding motif, the Ser zipper, using designed peptides

Polar residues play important roles in the association of transmembrane helices and the stabilities of membrane proteins. Although a single Ser residue in a transmembrane helix is unable to mediate a strong association of the helices, the cooperative interactions of two or more appropriately placed serine hydroxyl groups per helix has been hypothesized to allow formation of a "serine zipper" that can stabilize transmembrane helix association. In particular, a heptad repeat Sera Xxx Xxx Leud Xxx Xxx Xxx (Xxx is a hydrophobic amino acid) appears in both antiparallel helical pairs of polytopic membrane proteins as well as the parallel helical dimerization motif found in the murine erythropoietin receptor. To examine the intrinsic conformational preferences of this motif independent of its context within a larger protein, we synthesized a peptide containing three copies of a SeraLeud heptad motif. Computational results are consistent with the designed peptide adopting either a parallel or antiparallel structure, and conformational search calculations yield the parallel dimer as the lowest energy configuration, which is also significantly more stable than the parallel trimer. Analytical ultracentrifugation indicated that the peptide exists in a monomer-dimer equilibrium in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. Thiol disulfide interchange studies showed a preference for forming parallel dimers in micelles. In phospholipid vesicles, only the parallel dimer was formed. The stability of the SerZip peptide was studied in vesicles prepared from phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids of different chain length: POPC (C16:0C18:1 PC) and DLPC (C12:0PC). The stability was greater in POPC, which has a good match between the length of the hydrophobic region of the peptide and the bilayer length. Finally, mutation to Ala of the Ser residues in the SerZip motif gave rise to a relatively small decrease in the stability of the dimer, indicating that packing interactions rather than hydrogen-bonding provided the primary driving force for association.     

幽门螺杆菌Lpp20蛋白的生物信息学分析

目的：分析幽门螺杆菌Lpp20蛋白的主要化学和免疫学分子特征,为基因工程疫苗和诊断抗原的研究奠定基础。方法：根据Lpp20蛋白的氨基酸序列,应用生物信息学工具分析其蛋白序列,预测其信号肽、跨膜区、疏水性、二级结构、三级结构等性质。结果：Lpp20蛋白具有一段信号肽、脂蛋白信号肽酶切位点及脂盒模体,没有跨膜区,可能是一个外周膜蛋白;Lpp20蛋白的二级结构以α螺旋为主,其三级结构为一个致密的球状。结论：为基于幽门螺杆菌Lpp20蛋白的疫苗开发打下了基础。     

Structural classification and prediction of reentrant regions in alpha-helical transmembrane proteins: application to complete genomes

Alongside the well-studied membrane spanning helices, alpha-helical transmembrane (TM) proteins contain several functionally and structurally important types of substructures. Here, existing 3D structures of transmembrane proteins have been used to define and study the concept of reentrant regions, i.e. membrane penetrating regions that enter and exit the membrane on the same side. We find that these regions can be divided into three distinct categories based on secondary structure motifs, namely long regions with a helix-coil-helix motif, regions of medium length with the structure helix-coil or coil-helix and regions of short to medium length consisting entirely of irregular secondary structure. The residues situated in reentrant regions are significantly smaller on average compared to other regions and reentrant regions can be detected in the inter-transmembrane loops with an accuracy of approximately 70% based on their amino acid composition. Using TOP-MOD, a novel method for predicting reentrant regions, we have scanned the genomes of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens. The results suggest that more than 10% of transmembrane proteins contain reentrant regions and that the occurrence of reentrant regions increases linearly with the number of transmembrane regions. Reentrant regions seem to be most commonly found in channel proteins and least commonly in signal receptors.     

Structures of the transmembrane helices of the G-protein coupled receptor, rhodopsin.

An hypothesis is tested that individual peptides corresponding to the transmembrane helices of the membrane protein, rhodopsin, would form helices in solution similar to those in the native protein. Peptides containing the sequences of helices 1, 4 and 5 of rhodopsin were synthesized. Two peptides, with overlapping sequences at their termini, were synthesized to cover each of the helices. The peptides from helix 1 and helix 4 were helical throughout most of their length. The N- and C-termini of all the peptides were disordered and proline caused opening of the helical structure in both helix 1 and helix 4. The peptides from helix 5 were helical in the middle segment of each peptide, with larger disordered regions in the N- and C-termini than for helices 1 and 4. These observations show that there is a strong helical propensity in the amino acid sequences corresponding to the transmembrane domain of this G-protein coupled receptor. In the case of the peptides from helix 4, it was possible to superimpose the structures of the overlapping sequences to produce a construct covering the whole of the sequence of helix 4 of rhodopsin. As similar superposition for the peptides from helix 1 also produced a construct, but somewhat less successfully because of the disordering in the region of sequence overlap. This latter problem was more severe for helix 5 and therefore a single peptide was synthesized for the entire sequence of this helix, and its structure determined. It proved to be helical throughout. Comparison of all these structures with the recent crystal structure of rhodopsin revealed that the peptide structures mimicked the structures seen in the whole protein. Thus similar studies of peptides may provide useful information on the secondary structure of other transmembrane proteins built around helical bundles.     

Orientation and dynamics of synthetic transbilayer polypeptides containing GpATM dimerization motifs

Deuterium NMR spectroscopy was used to study how the positioning of a dimerization motif within a transbilayer polypeptide influences its orientation and dynamics in bilayers. Three polypeptide variants comprising glycophorin A transmembrane (GpATM) dimerization motifs incorporated into lysine-terminated poly-leucine-alanine helices were mixed into 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles. The variants differed in orientation of the motif segment around the helix axis with respect to the peptide ends. Polypeptides were labeled with methyl-deuterated alanines at positions that were identically situated relative to the peptide ends (Ala-20 and Ala-22) and at two positions within the motif. An analysis of quadrupole splittings revealed similar tilts and orientations of the peptide ends for all three variants, suggesting that average orientations were dominated by interactions at the bilayer surface. For one variant, however, fast orientational fluctuations about the helix axis were significantly smaller. This may indicate some perturbation of peptide dynamics and conformation by interactions that are sensitive to the motif orientation relative to the peptide ends. For the variant that displayed distinct dynamics, one orientation consistent with observed splittings corresponded to the motif being situated such that its two glycines were particularly accessible to adjacent peptides.