一种快速提取丝状真菌染色体DNA的方法

介绍了一种适用于丝状真菌染色体DNA大片段的快速提取方法,该方法以(100mM Tris,100mM NaGl,50mM EDTA-Na2 2%SDS,pH值9.0)为提取液,经石英砂研磨破壁.应用该方法成功地提取了粗糙脉胞菌(Neurospora crassa)、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)、产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum)和头孢霉菌(Cep- halosporium sp.)等4种不同丝状真菌的染色体DNA大片段,且所提DNA片段均大于20kb,可直接用于限制性酶切、PCR等分子生物学研究.     

一种快速高效获取丝状真菌PCR反应模板的方法

建立一种快速高效获取丝状真菌PCR反应模板的方法,提高丝状真菌PCR鉴定效率。通过单因素法对机械破壁联合微波法进行条件优化,利用优化后的方法获取13株不同种属丝状真菌的PCR反应模板,同时与Chelex-100法、机械破壁法作对比,以试剂盒抽提法作为阳性对照,进行ITS序列扩增,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增结果。机械破壁联合微波法获取丝状真菌PCR反应模板的最佳条件为40 Hz机械破壁1 min、微波700 W高温裂解3 min,采取该法与试剂盒抽提法获得的模板均成功扩增13株不同种属丝状真菌ITS序列,且PCR鉴定结果一致;Chelex-100法获得的模板成功扩增6株丝状真菌ITS序列;机械破壁法获得的模板虽成功扩增9株丝状真菌ITS序列,但扩增效果欠佳。机械破壁联合微波法能够有效获取丝状真菌PCR反应模板,与试剂盒抽提法相比具有操作简便、快速高效的优点,提高丝状真菌PCR鉴定效率。     

MALDI-TOF MS技术在侵袭性丝状真菌快速鉴定中的应用

目的 探索不同培养基、不同培养时间和不同蛋白质提取方法对侵袭性丝状真菌质谱鉴定准确率的影响,旨在提高基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱技术鉴定侵袭性丝状真菌的准确率。方法 采用分子生物学方法为金标准,同时运用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱技术对所收集临床丝状真菌进行鉴定。根据分子生物学的鉴定结果,去除VITEK-MS v3.0数据库中没有的菌株,其余菌株接种在沙氏葡萄糖琼脂(SDA)、马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)和察氏培养基(CA)3种不同的培养基中,采用2种不同的蛋白质提取方法(甲酸乙腈法和磁珠法),获得了不同培养时间点(2、3、5、7和9 d)的特异性质谱指纹图谱。结果 不同丝状真菌蛋白质提取方法进行比较,甲酸乙腈法总鉴定准确率为79.8%,磁珠法总鉴定准确率为77.5%,2种丝状真菌蛋白质提取方法的质谱鉴定准确率差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.040,P=0.308)。不同培养基进行比较,SDA培养基总鉴定准确率为90.7%,PDA培养基总鉴定准确率为81.4%,CA培养基总鉴定准确率为67.4%,3种不同培养基的丝状真菌质谱鉴定准确率差异有统计学意义(χ     

真菌菌丝中类胡萝卜素的提取方法

建立一种从丝状真菌的菌丝体中快速提取类胡萝卜素的方法。发现类胡萝卜素在菌丝体中以色素颗粒形式存在。当饱和NaCl溶液存在于磨碎的菌丝体中,色素颗粒被破坏,类胡萝卜素可以被石油醚萃取。该方法适合根霉属（Rhizopus)、笄霉属（Choanephora)、毛霉属（Mucor)、脉孢霉属（Neurspora)、镰胞霉属（Fusarium)、布拉霉属（Blakeslea）、根霉属（Rhizopus)等丝状真菌菌丝体中类胡萝卜素的提取。     

白念珠菌破壁方法的研究应用进展

细胞壁作为真菌中特殊和必须的细胞结构,相对于哺乳动物的细胞膜更加坚硬,难以用简单的方法使其充分破碎。因此,达到理想的破壁效果是白念珠菌研究中的关键步骤之一。在提取白念珠菌RNA、DNA和蛋白质等细胞组分的过程中,为获得足量和稳定的实验样品。该文对多种白念珠菌破壁方法作一综述,以便为白念珠菌相关研究提供适用、高效的破壁方案。     

冻融法快速提取真菌微量培养物基因组DNA

目的:外生菌根真菌松茸Tricholoma matsutake(S.Ito et Imai)Sing.又名松口蘑,是一种极其珍稀昂贵的野生食用蘑菇资源.为了保护利用松茸资源的生物多样性,需要研究发展适用松茸的基因组DNA的提取方法.方法:对传统的液氮冷冻研磨的细胞破壁方法加以改进,采用液氮冷冻与室温融化交替处理松茸菌丝体与其它供试真菌细胞,进而萃取、浓缩、沉淀DNA.结果:利用本文研究的方法分离纯化出了满足分子生物学实验要求的高质量细胞总DNA.结论:该法相对简便、安全,可行、可靠,对供试真菌培养物需求量较少,既适用于担子真菌松茸,也适用于供试的其它真菌类群如酵母菌、丝状霉菌,应用前景广阔.     

一种高效的灵芝菌丝体总蛋白的提取方法

灵芝基因组精细图谱的完成必将推动灵芝蛋白质组学的快速发展,因此,建立一种高效稳定的灵芝菌丝体总蛋白的提取方法是蛋白质组学研究的首要步骤。本文以灵芝菌丝为研究对象,使用超声波、液氮冷冻研磨和超声波联合液氮冷冻研磨等三种破碎细胞壁的方法,采用含不同蛋白酶抑制剂的尿素-硫脲法溶解菌丝体总蛋白,经SDS-PAGE电泳分析和蛋白浓度测定,发现液氮冷冻研磨结合尿素-硫脲溶解蛋白质的方法适合灵芝菌丝体总蛋白的提取,从每克新鲜菌丝中能提取16 g蛋白质,且蛋白质种类多,条带丰度高。     

一种快速制备丝状真菌PCR反应模板的方法

为建立一种快速、简便制备丝状真菌PCR反应模板的方法,提高丝状真菌菌株鉴定与转化子筛选效率,本试验以10种不同种丝状真菌为材料,比较了3种不同试剂微波法制备丝状真菌PCR反应模板的效果,并优化了微波处理的时间。试验结果表明,取少量菌丝,加入50mmol/L NaOH,无菌吸头将菌丝打散,微波炉高火处理30s,离心取上清,即可获得用作PCR反应的模板。该方法制备的10种不同种丝状真菌PCR反应模板用ITS引物进行扩增,都可得到与传统CTAB法提取的DNA模板同样清晰明亮的扩增条带。该法制备的PCR模板可用于不同引物和不同公司的PCR反应产品扩增。将该方法制备的PCR模板用于囊状匍柄霉Stemphyliumvesicarium转化子的筛选,其结果与传统CTAB法提取的DNA结果一致。此法为丝状真菌提供了更加快速简便的PCR模板制备方法,极大减少了DNA提取的人力和物力成本。     

一种用于PCR扩增的丝状真菌DNA快速提取方法

丝状真菌在工业、农业、医药以及基础生物学研究中具有重要作用。利用遗传转化技术对丝状真菌进行菌株改良和基因功能分析, 也越来越受到重视。然而, 丝状真菌DNA提取方法繁琐、费时, 难以满足利用PCR技术高通量筛选转化子的需要。本文以曲霉菌为例建立了一种快速提取丝状真菌DNA的实验方法, 微波处理置于10 × TE buffer中的菌丝即可得到DNA。RAPD试验和PCR扩增证明, 该方法提取的DNA能够达到PCR扩增的要求。研究结果为高通量快速筛选丝状真菌转化子奠定了基础。     

酶法协同超声波提取赤芝菌丝体多糖条件的优化

目的:本研究旨在优化赤芝菌丝体多糖提取条件。方法:采用酶法协同超声波法提取赤芝菌丝体多糖,以赤芝菌丝体粗多糖提取率为考察目标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定赤芝菌丝体多糖提取的最佳条件。结果酶法最佳提取条件为:果胶酶用量2.0%,酶解温度45℃,p H值为6.0,酶解时间60 min,多糖提取率为2.38%。在酶法处理基础上,进行超声波处理,超声处理最佳提取条件是:超声功率550 W,超声时间30 min(占空比5s/5s),料液比为1:35,多糖提取率为3.12%。     

Comparison of air-drying methods for evaluating the desiccation tolerance of liquid culture-produced blastospores of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Various drying methods were tested to identify a standard procedure for evaluating the desiccation tolerance of liquid culture-produced blastospores of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Since our work is focused on optimizing fermentation conditions for the production of P. fumosoroseus, the criteria for selecting a drying method included ease of use, moderate spore survival after drying and limited variation in spore survival. Three air-drying methods were tested: P. fumosoroseus blastospores mixed with silica gel, with sand, or with diatomaceous earth. Humidity controlled drying was used in the diatomaceous earth drying method. Blastospore survivals after drying were 19% (C.V. range, 32 to 45%), 82% (C.V. range, 26 to 43%), and 2% (C.V. range 32 to 50%) for the silica gel, sand, and diatomaceous earth methods, respectively. Blastospores dried using the silica gel and sand methods had been rinsed in 0.7 m polyethylene glycol before drying and rehydrated in the same solution for determination of survival. The variation observed within each method was similar. The silica gel drying method was selected as most appropriate for our studies based on moderate blastospore survival (19%) and ease of use.     

厌氧产氢颗粒污泥蛋白质组分析样品的高效制备方法

【背景】厌氧产氢颗粒污泥比絮状产氢污泥具有更高的生物量、沉降性与反应效率,对颗粒污泥进行蛋白质组学研究,有助于揭示其代谢调控的分子机制,从而对厌氧代谢过程进行优化调控。目前关于产氢颗粒污泥蛋白质组分析样品制备方法的研究尚未见文献报道。革兰氏阳性菌Ethanoligenens harbinense YUAN-3是自凝集产氢发酵细菌,在间歇和连续流培养中可形成自聚集的厌氧颗粒,由于其全基因组信息清楚,可作为模式研究材料对制备方法进行评估。【目的】针对厌氧产氢颗粒污泥的蛋白质组学研究,比较不同蛋白质提取方法进行优化。【方法】分别利用液氮研磨、超声破碎、匀浆破碎对产氢颗粒污泥破碎,比较这3种方法对总蛋白提取量的影响;通过双向电泳比较三氯乙酸(Trichloroacetic acid,TCA)-丙酮沉淀法与苯酚抽提法对总蛋白提取效果的影响;对总蛋白样品分别进行同位素标记相对和绝对定量标记(Isobarictagsforrelativeandabsolutequantification,i TRAQ)、串联质谱标签(Tandemmasstag,TMT)标记以及质谱鉴定。【结果】液氮研磨、超声破碎、匀浆破碎3种破碎方法下总蛋白的提取量分别是对照样品的2.0、3.9与5.2倍。与TCA-丙酮沉淀法相比,苯酚抽提法总蛋白样品在双向电泳图谱上的蛋白质点明显增多,分布均匀,同时其在碱性蛋白端与小分子量蛋白端的蛋白质点也明显增多。质谱分析发现,iTRAQ标记样品与TMT标记样品中分别鉴定到1797个与1644个蛋白,在分子量、等电点、亚细胞定位的各个分布范围内,这些蛋白良好地覆盖了E.harbinenseYUAN-3中各个类型的蛋白。【结论】匀浆破碎与苯酚抽提法联用的总蛋白制备方法更适用于厌氧产氢颗粒污泥,该方法有利于后续的蛋白质双向电泳和定量蛋白质组质谱分析,可作为产氢颗粒污泥以及革兰氏阳性菌总蛋白制备的方法参考。     

基于液氮研磨法的流式细胞术检测马铃薯倍性的研究

染色体组倍性鉴定是马铃薯种质资源评价的重要内容,流式细胞仪能够快速、准确地对细胞核DNA含量进行测定,从而广泛用于检测植物染色体组倍性。建立适于马铃薯倍性鉴定的高通量流式细胞术体系,对马铃薯育种工作提供依据。以20份马铃薯合作88孤雌诱导后代为材料,用液氮研磨法制备叶片细胞核悬液,并将其与传统刀片切碎法制备的细胞核悬液进行比较,对已知四倍体马铃薯合作88和二倍体马铃薯IVP101进行染色体倍性测定,结果发现这两种方法在倍性测定结果之间无明显差异,但是液氮研磨法操作简单、耗时少。基于液氮研磨法的流式细胞术可快速、准确检测其倍性。另外,在液氮研磨法中,对细胞核悬液染色时间的长短(从15 min到12 h)并不会影响倍性测定结果,从而方便研究人员在实际操作中灵活选择染色时间。     

Effect of the conditions of analysis and obtaining of the sample on the level of free fatty acids in the brain of the rat

Free fatty acids (FFA) have been determined in the rat brain by gas-liquid chromatography after isolation by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. The brains were removed under three experimental conditions, 1) after freezing in situ with liquid nitrogen, 2) after immersion of the animal in liquid nitrogen, 3) after decapitation, the brain being frozen 3 minutes later. The total FFA level was found to be equal respectively to 20.1, 33.1 and 168 micrograms/g. In any case, the main fatty acids were palmitic, stearic and oleic acid but there were marked increases in arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids following decapitation. A cause of error in the FFA determination originated in the use of commercial silica gel which contained significant amounts of fatty acids.     

油气田土壤DNA提取方法及油气指示菌基因定量结果的比较

采用4种提取方法对油田上方6个土壤样品微生物总基因组DNA进行提取,并比较了其纯度和浓度。利用定量PCR技术定量分析各土壤中甲烷单加氧酶基因（pmoA）和丁烷单加氧酶基因（brnoX）。与DNA试剂盒法相比,玻璃珠击打法、液氮研磨法、反复冻融法得到DNA纯度较低,需纯化才能进行后续的PCR扩增。液氮研磨法得到的DNA完整性、纯度和得率较其他提取方法均较好,尤其对于生物量较少的深层油田土壤DNA提取较为实用,成本较低。甲烷单加氧酶基因（pmoA）和丁烷单加氧酶基因（bmoX）的定量PCR结果表明,液氮研磨法提取DNA样品的定量结果在气区和油区均出现一定的高值。液氮研磨法较其他方法更适合于油田土壤DNA的提取。下一步研究可以把丁烷氧化茵作为油气指示茵研究中的重点检测对象。     

Evaluation of different methods for the extraction of DNA from fungal conidia by quantitative competitive PCR analysis.

Five different DNA extraction methods were evaluated for their effectiveness in recovering PCR templates from the conidia of a series of fungal species often encountered in indoor air. The test organisms were Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium chrysogenum, Stachybotrys chartarum, Cladosporium herbarum and Alternaria alternata. The extraction methods differed in their use of different cell lysis procedures. These included grinding in liquid nitrogen, grinding at ambient temperature, sonication, glass bead milling and freeze-thawing. DNA purification and recovery from the lysates were performed using a commercially available system based on the selective binding of nucleic acids to glass milk. A simple quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) assay was developed for use in determining copy numbers of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal RNA operon (rDNA) in the total DNA extracts. These quantitative analyses demonstrated that the method using glass bead milling was most effective in recovering PCR templates from each of the different types of conidia both in terms of absolute copy numbers recovered and also in terms of lowest extract to extract variability. Calculations of average template copy yield per conidium in this study indicate that the bead milling method is sufficient to support the detection of less than ten conidia of each of the different organisms in a PCR assay.     

A comparison of cell wall disruption techniques for the isolation of intracellular metabolites from Pleurotus and Lepista sp

Different techniques were compared for their effectiveness in the disruption of the rigid cell walls of Basidiomycetes. Grinding under liquid nitrogen, stirred glass bead milling and enzymatic cell lysis were applied to the mycelia of Pleurotus sapidus and Lepista irina grown submerged. Each of the disruption procedures was evaluated by testing the quantity and quality of released intracellular metabolites: DNA, RNA, enzymes, and secondary metabolites. The most suitable method for nucleic acid isolation was grinding under liquid nitrogen, while bead mill homogenization was the superior technique for isolation of active enzymes. A new effective method is proposed for isolation of secondary metabolites with the aid of bead milling of fungal mycelia.     

Cryopreservation of nodal explants of an endangered plant species (Centaurium rigualii Esteve) using the encapsulation–dehydration method

Nodes from in vitro grown shoots of the endemic endangered plant Centaurium rigualii Esteve (Gentianaceae) were successfully cryopreserved. A protocol for improving survival after direct immersion in liquid nitrogen (–196°C) was developed using the encapsulation–dehydration technique for protection against ice-crystal formation. Nodes immersed in liquid nitrogen for 1 h and subsequently thawed in a water bath showed 70% survival after 8 weeks in culture, when they had been previously precultured for 1 day on medium containing 0.3 m sucrose, encapsulated in alginate beads, cultured for 19 h in 0.75 m sucrose and desiccated with silica gel.     

Cytotoxicity of yellow sand in lung epithelial cells

The present study was carried out to observe the cytotoxicity of yellow sand in comparison with silica and titanium dioxide in a rat alveolar type II cell line (RLE-6TN). Yellow sand (China Loess) was obtained from the loess layer in the Gunsu Province of China. The mean particle diameter of yellow sand was about 0.003 +/- 0.001 mm. Major elements of yellow sand were Si(27.7 +/- 0.6%), Al(6.01 +/- 0.17%), and Ca(5.83 +/- 0.23%) in that order. Silica and yellow sand significantly decreased cell viability and increased [Ca2+]i. All three particles increased the generation of H2O2. TiO2 did not change Fenton activity, while silica induced a slight increase of Fenton activity. In contrast, yellow sand induced a significant increase of Fenton activity. Silica, yellow sand and TiO2 induced significant nitrite formations in RLE-6TN cells. Silica showed the highest increase in nitrite formation, while yellow sand induced the least formation of nitrite. Silica and yellow sand increased the release of TNF-a. Based on these results, we suggest that yellow sand can induce cytotoxicity in RLE-6TN cells and reactive oxygen species, Fenton activity and reactive nitrogen species might be involved in this toxicity.     

Transmission electron microscopy observations of sonication-induced changes in liposome structure.

Freeze-fracture Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used to show that sonication does not homogeneously disrupt liposome dispersions to form vesicles. Many large multilamellar particles remain intact after sonication and small, unilamellar vesicles are present after just 10 s of exposure. Small vesicles appear to coexist with large liposomes even before sonication. The mechanical and thermal stresses induced by sonication nucleate liquid crystalline defects in the liposomes, including edge and screw dislocations and +1 disclinations, but the Dupin cyclide structure of unsonicated liposomes is still recognizable in the larger particles after sonication. Defects in the bilayer organization may provide pathways for enhanced transport within the liposome, as well as from the liposome interior to exterior. A screw dislocation-catalyzed mechanism of liposome-to-vesicle conversion is proposed that accounts for the TEM observations.