Selecting shelter dogs for service dog training

Service dogs are an essential aid to persons with disabilities, providing independence, mobility, and improved self-esteem. Because of these proven benefits, the growing use of service dogs is creating a demand and supply crisis. One major cause is the 50% average dropout rate for dogs selected for training. Weiss and Greenber (1997) recently found that a dog, successful on the most commonly used selection test items, was as likely to be either a poor or a good candidate for service work. The experiment presented here evaluated test items developed by the author in 15 years of experience with dogs. The test items were administered to 75 dogs from the Kansas Humane Society. Once tested, the dogs received obedience and retrieval training. The experiment assessed each dog on behavior over 5 weeks of training versus performance on each selection test item. A subset of the selection items, combined in a regression analysis, accounted for 36.4% of the variance with R = 0.603. This research also revealed a reliable test for dog aggression without risking injury to dog or tester. Items for testing included fear, motivation, and submission. Another set of selection items reliably predicted the trait of “high energy ”commonly described as “high strung. ”Future research should involve investigating the effectiveness of both cortisol levels and blood pressure in predicting traits to help strengthen the predictive value of the tool and then testing on dogs trained to be full service dogs.     

Effects of training and anabolic steroids on collagen synthesis in dog heart.

The effects of endurance training and anabolic steroid (Methandienone 1.5 mg.kg-1 p. o. daily) and their combination on regional collagen biosynthesis and concentration in the hearts of male beagle dogs were studied by measuring prolyl 4-hydroxylase (PH) activity and hydroxyproline (HYP) concentration. The PH (P less than 0.05) and HYP (P less than 0.05) were both greater in the subendocardinal layer than in the subepicardium (EPI) of the left ventricular wall in controls, whereas opposite gradients (P less than 0.05) were observed in the right ventricle. Endurance exercise caused an increase of PH activity in EPI of the left ventricular wall (P less than 0.01). The HYP concentration increased in both layers of the right ventricle in the exercise plus steroid group (P less than 0.05). The results suggest that transmural differences exist in the rate of collagen synthesis and concentration in canine cardiac ventricles and that endurance exercise may accelerate collagen synthesis in EPI of the left ventricle and the combination of exercise and anabolic steroid causes an increase in collagen concentration in the right ventricular wall.     

Observations on the use ofSesbania rostrata as green manure in paddy fields

Summary Sesbania rostrata is a wild annual legume that grows in West Africa in waterlogged soils during the rainy season. This plant can bear N₂-fixing nodules on roots and stems at the same time. Stem nodules result from the infection of predetermined sites (dormant root primordia distributed on the stems) by a specific strain ofRhizobium. The mode of infection ofS. rostrata is unique among the legumes, as it involves both an intercellular invasion by rhizobia and the development of infection threads. Inoculation of the stems is achieved by spraying a liquid culture of the specificRhizobium on the shoots. Properly inoculatedS. rostrata can fix up to 200 kg N₂/ha in 50 days. A unique property ofS. rostrata is to nodulate and fix nitrogen even when the amount of combined nitrogen in the soil is high. Based on 1 m² microplot trials conducted in Senegal during the summer the use ofS. rostrata as green manure doubled rice yields. These results were later confirmed in trials conducted on 25 m² plots. In winter, when the day length is shorter,S. rostrata grows poorly but flowers readily.Sesbania rostrata trials should be conducted in two successive stages: (1) assessment ofS. rostrata behaviour in a given geographic region; (2) assessment of the effect ofS. rostrata green manure on rice yields.

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Observaciones sobre el uso de Sesbania rostrata como abono verde en arrozales

Resumen Sesbania rostrata es una planta leguminosa anual que crece espontaneamente en el Oeste de Africa en suelos inundados durante la temporada de lluvias. Esta planta puede formar nódulos fijadores de nitrógeno en raíces y tallos simultaneamente. Los nódulos en tallos resultan de la infección por una cepa específica deRhizobium de lugares predeterminados (primordios de raíces latentes, distribuidos en el tallo). El tipo de infección que ocurre enS. rostrata es único en leguminosas ya que aparte de una invasión intercelular deRhizobium conlleva el desarrollo de hebras de infección. La inoculación de los tallos se realiza pulverizando sobre estos una cultura líquida delRhizobium especifico mediante un spray.Sesbania rostrata adecuadamente inoculada puede fijar hasta 200 kg/ha de nitrógeno en cincuenta días. Una propiedad singular de esta planta es su capacidad para nodular y fijar nitrógeno aún cuando el nitrógeno combinado existente en el suelo sea elevado. En experiencias realizadas durante el verano en Senegal en pequeñas parcelas de un metro cuadrado el uso deS. rostrata como abono verde dobló la cosecha de arroz. Estos resultados se confirmarén más tarde en parcelas experimentales de 25 m². Durante el invierno cuando el dia se acorta nel crecimiento deS. rostrata se ve frenado y tiene lugar la floración. Los próximos ensayos conS. rostrata deberían de realizarse a dos nivels: (1) estudio del comportamiento deS. rostrata en una determinada área geográfica; (1) estudio del efecto de la utilización deS. rostrata como abono verde en arrozales.

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Observations sur l'utilisation de Sesbania rostrata comme engrais vert dans les rizières

Résumé Sesbania rostrata est une légumineuse annuelle poussant dans les sols inondés de l'Afrique de l'Ouest pendant la saison des pluies. Cette plante peut porter des nodules fixateurs d'azote à la fois sur les racines et sur les tiges. Les nodules de tige proviennent de l'infection de sites prédéterminés (primordia de racines répartis sur les tiges) par une souche spécifique deRhizobium. Le mode d'infection deS. rostrata est unique parmi les légumineuses; il comporte en effet deux étapes: invasion intercellulaire par lesRhizobiums et développement de cordons d'infection. On inocule les tiges en pulvérisant sur les parties aériennes une culture liquide duRhizobium spécifique. S'il est convenablement inoculé,S. rostrata peut fixer jusqu'à 200 kg N₂/ha en 50 jours. Une caractéristique remarquable deS. rostrata est de noduler et de fixer l'azote même en présence de doses élevées d'azote combiné dans le sol. Des expériences conduites pendant l'été sur des microparcelles de 1 m² au Sénégal ont montré que l'utilisation deS. rostrata comme engrais vert pourrait doubler les rendements du riz. Ces résultats ont été confirmés ultérieurement sur des parcelles de 25 m². En hivers, lorsque la durée du jour est plus courte,S. rostrata se développe mal et fleurit facilement. Les essais à conduire surS. rostrata doivent comporter deux étapes: (1) évaluation du comportement deS. rostrata dans une région géographique donnée; (2) évaluation de l'effet de l'emploi de l'engrais vertS. rostrata sur les rendements du riz.

     

The dog genome map and its use in mammalian comparative genomics

The dog genome organization was extensively studied in the last ten years. The most important achievements are the well-developed marker genome maps, including over 3200 marker loci, and a survey of the DNA genome sequence. This knowledge, along with the most advanced map of the human genome, turned out to be very useful in comparative genomic studies. On the one hand, it has promoted the development of marker genome maps of other species of the family Canidae (red fox, arctic fox, Chinese raccoon dog) as well as studies on the evolution of their karyotype. But the most important approach is the comparative analysis of human and canine hereditary diseases. At present, causative gene mutations are known for 30 canine hereditary diseases. A majority of them have human counterparts with similar clinical and molecular features. Studies on identification of genes having a major impact on some multifactorial diseases (hip dysplasia, epilepsy) and cancers (multifocal renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis) are advanced. Very promising are the results of gene therapy for certain canine monogenic diseases (haemophilia, hereditary retinal dystrophy, mucopolysaccharidosis), which have human equivalents. The above-mentioned examples prove a very important model role of the dog in studies of human genetic diseases. On the other hand, the identification of gene mutations responsible for hereditary diseases has a substantial impact on breeding strategy in the dog.     

Rat lymphoma cell bioassay for prolactin: Observations on its use and comparison with radioimmunoassay

The rat Nb₂ node lymphoma cell bioassay (BA) for prolactin (PRL) was validated for use in our laboratories. During the course of this validation we observed that rat prolactin (NIAMDD-RP-1) stimulated cell division by as much as 16.5 fold over the range of 0.04 to 40.0 ng/ml at the end of 72 hours of incubation. We also observed a dose related increase in the size of the lymphoma cells. Prolactin concentrations in rat plasma, serum, anterior pituitary (AP) homogenates and milk were measured by both radioimmunoassay (RIA) and BA. In individual BA's there was parallelism between samples and standard; but when several dilutions of the same plasma and pituitary homogenates were assayed repeatedly, higher PRL levels were consistently observed for the more concentrated samples. At low or moderate levels of plasma PRL there was excellent agreement between RIA and BA; however, at high levels plasma PRL bioactivity exceeded radioimmunoactivity by a small, but significant, amount. A comparison of pituitary PRL concentrations measured by RIA and BA were in good agreement when homogenization was done at pH 10.6. However, when homogenization was done at pH 7.6, slightly but significantly more PRL was extracted when assayed by BA than when assayed by RIA.