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1.
Summary A micropropagation protocol was developed using cacao somatic embryo-derived plant as a source for nodal and apical stem explants,
and apical microcuttings. Microcuttings were efficiently rooted and developed into plantlets. Axillary meristems within the
remaining decapitated plantlets subsequently developed and were used for production of additional microcuttings, with an average
2.4 growing shoots per decapitated stem. The remaining plantelts were maintained as microcutting stock plants. When nodal
stem explants were cultured on thidiazuron medium, axillary buds proliferated and developed into shoots, which were excised
and rooted. However, the efficiency of this method is lower than rooting of apical microcuttings harvested directly from stock
plants. During root induction, short treatment with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) increased the total percentage of rooted microcuttings
up to 89%. Longer exposures to IBA increased the average number of roots per microcutting (from 1.7 to 5.2). Plant acclimatization
after rooting was achieved with an average success of 87%. During several months of growth in the greenhouse, the micropropagated
plants developed functional taproots. Currently, cocoa plants produced by this micropropagation method have been successfully
acclimated to field conditions in Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Saint Lucia. 相似文献
2.
Bat and Bird Assemblages from Forests and Shade Cacao Plantations in Two Contrasting Landscapes in the Atlantic Forest of Southern Bahia, Brazil 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Deborah Faria Rudi Ricardo Laps Julio Baumgarten Maurício Cetra 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2006,15(2):587-612
In the core region of Brazilian cocoa production, shade cacao plantations (so-called cabrucas) are important components of
regional landscapes, constituting potential habitat for a vast array of the regional biota. This research focuses on the ability
of cabrucas to harbor bird and bat species in two nearby districts – Una and Ilhéus – with contrasting landscapes. At Una,
cabrucas represent less than 6% of the land and are surrounded by large tracts of forest, whereas at Ilhéus these shade plantations
are the landscape's dominant feature. Bird and bat communities were richer in cabrucas located in Una compared to nearby forest,
while cabrucas from the Ilhéus landscape were significantly poorer in species than nearby forest fragments. However, bird
assemblages in cabrucas were characterized by the loss of understory specialists and the increase of more open area and generalist
species, whereas forest dwellers still comprised most of the bat species reported in cabrucas. Species richness and composition
differed between the two landscapes. Forest fragments and cabrucas from Ilhéus harbored fewer forest-dwelling species than
similar habitats in Una. Our study shows that cabrucas support high species richness of birds and bats from the native assemblages
but are no surrogates for intact forests, since the presence and representativeness of some forest species apparently depends
on the existence of nearby forests. A landscape dominated by cabrucas with a minor portion of native forest is unlikely to
ensure long-term conservation of many target species, particularly those of major conservation concern. 相似文献
3.
David N. Kuhn Antonio Figueira Uilson Lopes Juan Carlos Motamayor Alan W. Meerow Kathleen Cariaga Barbie Freeman Donald S. LivingstoneIII Raymond J. Schnell 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2010,6(5):783-792
The seeds of Theobroma cacao (cacao) are the source of cocoa, the raw material for the multi-billion dollar chocolate industry. Cacao’s two most important
traits are its unique seed storage triglyceride (cocoa butter) and the flavor of its fermented beans (chocolate). The genome
of T. cacao is being sequenced, and to expand the utility of the genome sequence to the improvement of cacao, we are evaluating Theobroma grandiflorum, the closest economically important species of Theobroma for its potential use in a comparative genomic study. T. grandiflorum differs from cacao in important agronomic traits such as flavor of the fermented beans, disease resistance to witches’ broom
and abscission of mature fruits. By comparing genomic sequences and analyzing viable inter-specific hybrids, we hope to identify
the key genes that regulate cacao’s most important traits. We have investigated the utility in T. grandiflorum of three types of markers (microsatellite markers, single-strand conformational polymorphism markers and single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) markers) developed in cacao. Through sequencing of amplicons of 12 diverse individuals of both cacao and
T. grandiflorum, we have identified new intra- and inter-specific SNPs. Two markers which had no overlap of alleles between the species were
used to genotype putative inter-specific hybrid seedlings. Sequence conservation was significant and species-specific differences
numerous enough to suggest that comparative genomics of T. grandiflorum and T. cacao will be useful in elucidating the genetic differences that lead to a variety of important agronomic trait differences. 相似文献
4.
A new species of Carapichea was discovered in the Atlantic Forest of Bahia, Brazil. Carapichea lucida J. G. Jardim &; Zappi is described, illustrated, and its phenology, habitat and conservation status are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Claudio Nicoletti de Fraga 《Brittonia》2008,60(4):355-361
Three new species of Davilla (Davilla sessilifolia, Davilla minutifolia and Davilla aymardii) from Bahia, Brazil, are described and illustrated. Affinities and diagnostic characteristics of each species are discussed. The new species belong to Davilla sect. Homalochlaena. 相似文献
6.
Marcos Ramos da Silva Didier Clément Karina Peres Gramacho Wilson Reis Monteiro Xavier Argout Claire Lanaud Uilson Lopes 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2016,12(3):62
Sexual compatibility limits the production of cacao plantations, being an important selection criterion in breeding programs. However, the current method for characterizing compatibility, based on the frequency of flower setting after controlled pollination, is time consuming, requiring a long time to identify self-compatible individuals. The identification of molecular markers in genomic regions can be an alternative to allow early selection of self-compatible plants. The present study aimed to identify SNP markers associated with sexual compatibility in cacao, by utilizing genome-wide association (GWAS) mapping. A population of 295 individuals mostly from third-generation breeding populations, but also founder clones, was used. This population was phenotypically characterized by hand pollinating 8199 flowers and evaluating the flower retention 15 days after pollination. In addition, leaf samples of each individual were collected and DNA extracted for genotyping by sequencing, generating 5301 SNP markers after cleaning. Genome-wide association mapping analysis was performed using Synbreed, GCTA, and TASSEL softwares. Significant markers associated to incompatibility, likely in strong linkage disequilibrium, were found within a region of 196 kb, in the proximal end of chromosome 4, suggesting the existence of a major gene in that region. However, this result should be validated in a larger population, considering that only 295 trees were used here. When the SNP effects were treated as random in the estimation process, many other regions in the genome appears to be involved with sexual incompatibility in cacao. Candidate genes were found not only in the proximal end of chromosome 4 but also spread in several other regions of the genome. 相似文献
7.
Summary
Erythroxylum longisetulosum I. Loiola & M. F. Sales and E. timothei I. Loiola & M. F. Sales (sect. Rhabdophyllum) from north-eastern Brazil are described and illustrated, and their taxonomic and ecological relationships are discussed. 相似文献
8.
9.
Summary Three new species of Abarema Pittier (Leguminosae) are described and illustrated: A. villosa Iganci & Morim, A. limae Iganci & Morim and A. barnebyana Iganci & Morim from the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. A. villosa is similar to A. brachystachya (DC.) Barneby & J. W. Grimes, but has villous leaflets, a pilose and truncate ovary and a corolla three times longer than
the calyx. Both A. limae and A. barnebyana resemble A. jupunba (Willd.) Britton & Killip in having rhombic leaflets and heteromorphic inflorescences, but are differentiated by leaflet
size and indumentum, and pod size and shape. 相似文献
10.
Michaele Alvim Milward de Azevedo 《Brittonia》2008,60(4):310-317
Three new species from Brazil are described and illustrated. Passiflora cervii, P. jiboiaensis, and P. transversalis all belong to Passiflora subg. Decaloba. 相似文献
11.
João Marcelo Alvarenga Braga 《Kew Bulletin》2008,63(2):309-314
Summary
Calathea dryadica and Calathea reginae are described, circumscribed and illustrated. These new species are probably endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro
State in Southeast Brazil and are considered critically endangered because of the restricted geographic area of occurrence,
sometimes enclosed by densely urbanised areas. 相似文献
12.
13.
Summary A new and probably endemic species of Cambessedesia DC. is described from campo rupestre vegetation, as part of a floristic survey of Melastomataceae from the S?o José mountain range, Tiradentes District, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.
Miscellaneous Accepted for publication April 2008. 相似文献
14.
Morphological variation was examined in Neomysis integer and Mesopodopsis slabberi, two abundant, low dispersal mysid species (Crustacea, Mysida) along the European coasts. Both species dominate the hyperbenthic communities in the northeast Atlantic, and M. slabberi is also widely distributed in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Three populations of these species were sampled throughout their distribution range; samples of N. integer were collected in the northeast Atlantic Eems-Dollard, Gironde and Guadalquivir estuaries; in the case of M. slabberi, mysids were sampled in two northeast Atlantic estuaries (Eems-Dollard and Guadalquivir) and one Mediterranean site (Ebro Delta). A total of 12 morphometric and 2 meristic characters were measured from 30–64 mysids per sample. Multivariate analysis showed clear morphometric differences between populations of both species. The morphological differentiation within M. slabberi was highly concordant with the available genetic data from mitochondrial loci, pointing to a large divergence between the Atlantic and Mediterranean populations. However, due to some overlap of individuals between the different populations, the present morphometric analysis does not suffice to assign the different populations to a separate (sub)species status. In the case of N. integer, the morphometric patterns showed a divergence of the Gironde population. Differentiation of populations within this mysid, as in M. slabberi, were mainly related to eye and telson morphology. Potential interactions of the mysid morphology and environmental conditions are discussed. 相似文献
15.
Summary A new species of Macroptilium sect. Microcochle (Benth.) J. A. Lackey is herein described from the states of Piauí and Bahia, Brazil. Macroptilium cochleatum is characterized by few-flowered inflorescences, calyx teeth longer than the tube, a tightly four-coiled keel, and linear,
patent fruits. The discovery of this unique Macroptilium species, with its distally coiled keel, expands the diagnostic features of the genus. A key to the Brazilian species of sect.
Microcochle is provided. 相似文献
16.
Ioná S. Araújo Aline C. Intorne Messias G. Pereira Uilson V. Lopes Gonçalo A. de Souza Filho 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2007,20(1):73-81
The cacao plant, Theobroma cacao L., produces white seeds (beans) that form the major ingredient of processed chocolate. A great deal of research effort has
been expended to the development of new genetically modified cacao plants with improved productivity and resistance and beans
of good industrial quality. The availability of suitable genetic markers is an important aspect of the efficient selection
and breeding of this perennial species. We describe the development of 123 microsatellite loci of cacao. An optimized protocol
was used to construct and screen a microsatellite-enriched genomic library from which we isolated 64 di-nucleotide, 45 tri-nucleotide
and 14 tetra-nucleotide microsatellite loci. The primers were tested on samples from five different T. cacao accessions, one accession from T. grandiflorum and one accession from Herranea sp. Among the 123 loci, 54 were polymorphic, 61 were monomorphic and eight did not present an amplification product. These new
markers will be useful in future studies by increasing the accuracy of genotypic assessments in diverse cocoa tree populations
as well as in other species of the Theobroma genus. 相似文献
17.
Regina H. R. Sambuichi Daniela B. Vidal Flora B. Piasentin Jomar G. Jardim Thiago G. Viana Agna A. Menezes Durval L. N. Mello Dario Ahnert Virupax C. Baligar 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2012,21(4):1055-1077
In southern Bahia, Brazil, cabrucas are the traditional agroforests in which cacao trees are planted under thinned-out native forests. To analyze the role of
cabrucas in tree species conservation, we inventoried the non-cocoa trees in 1.0 ha plots of cabruca in 16 cocoa farms and compared our results with a similar survey undertaken in the early 1960s in the same region to analyze
the long term changes. We also interviewed 160 cocoa farmers to investigate their preferences for species and the main practices
used in managing shade trees. The cabrucas showed high levels of tree diversity for an agroforestry system (Shannon index ranging from 2.21 to 3.52) and also high variation
in structure and composition among the different farms. Forest specialist trees accounted for most species (63.9%) in the
survey and were among the species most preferred by the farmers, although we found evidence that some of these trees are gradually
being replaced by other species. Our results indicate that cabrucas are poor substitutes for undisturbed forests in terms of tree species richness, but their presence in human-altered landscapes
is of utmost importance to the conservation of forest tree species as they increase overall heterogeneity and may serve as
ecological corridors, additional habitats, and buffer zones. 相似文献
18.
Summary
Bulbophyllum fendlerianum is newly described based on a collection of August Fendler in Venezuela, deposited at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It
was previously confused with B. manarae, but differs significantly from the latter species in its petal and lip shape, particularly the callus. 相似文献
19.
New combinations are proposed in anticipation of the Polygonaceae treatment in the forthcoming volume of Intermountain Flora:
Polygonum kelloggii var. esotericum, P. kelloggii var. watsonii
,
Rumex densiflorus var. pycnanthus
,
R. salicifolius var. utahensis, and R. occidentalis var. tomentellus. Typifications are proposed to facilitate ongoing studies in Polygonaceae and to maintain current usage. 相似文献
20.
Prescottia mucugensis C. O. Azevedo & van den Berg, a new orchid species from the district of Guiné, municipality of Mucugê, Bahia, Brazil, is
described and illustrated and a key for the related species is presented. 相似文献