中国尖音库蚊复合组支序系统学的研究

本文应用支序系统学原理和方法,采用形态和生态性状,对尖音库蚊复合组的４个成员进行了支序系统学研究,提出在尖音库蚊复合组中,尖音库蚊是原始的类群,骚扰库蚊为较进化的类群,而致倦库蚊和淡色库蚊是最为进化的类群。     

Developmental pathways of anthozoans

Stage of propagule release from female parent, and site of development and nutritive mode of embryo are the factors used here to define developmental pathways of anthozoans. Nearly every possible combination of variables of the 3 factors exists, forming a mosaic. Further, a larva may experience serially more than one development site, and may derive nutrition serially or simultaneously from more than a single source. Thus, no fundamental patterns appear to exist. This is probably due to the simplicity of cnidarians, which constrains their development far less than that of other animals.     

Phylogenetic analysis of the aquatic Oligochaeta under the principle of parsimony

Phylogenetic relationships between five subfamilies of Tubificidae and ten other families of microdrile oligochaetes were estimated by a Wanger parsimony analysis using PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, by D. L. Swofford). As the apomorph character state is ambiguous for some characters, different assumptions of directionality as well as deletions of some characters are tested in a number of analyses. A general pattern is evident from the study; (1) the majority of the aquatic families are members of a large monophyletic group (the order Tubificida in a somewhat restricted sense) defined by the shared possession of atria (generally with well developed external prostate glands), but the family Tubificidae is paraphyletic within this group; (2) the Enchytraeidae appear to form a second group (the Enchytraeida) together with the exclusively marine Capilloventridae and Randiellidae, all three families characterized by the anterior location of the spermathecae; (3) the Haplotaxidae are a plesiomorph family, which stands out as a branch of its own and constitutes the ancestral part of a group comprising also all the megadriles (the Haplotaxida). However, monophyly of the Haplotaxida is likely only if the haplotaxid octogonadial condition is assumed to be derived from the tetragonadial condition characterizing most microdriles, a situation not envisaged by previous authors. The implications of the parsimony method are briefly discussed.     

The Unique Adaptation of the Life Cycle of the Coelomic Gregarine Diplauxis hatti to its Host Perinereis cultrifera (Annelida,Polychaeta): an Experimental and Ultrastructural Study

ABSTRACT. The coelomic gregarine Diplauxis hatti exhibits a unique adaptation of its life cycle to its polychaete host Perinereis cultrifera. Experimental and ultrastructural observations on natural populations from the English Channel showed that release of parasite spores is concomitant with the polychaete spawning. As the development of P. cultrifera is direct, the notochete larva ingest parts of the jelly coat covered with numerous sporocysts of D. hatti during hatching. Transepithelial migration of the sporozoites takes place in the gut of three‐ or four‐segment notochete larvae and syzygies of about 20 μm are observed in the coelom. Growth of these young syzygies is slow: after 18–24 mo they reach only 60–70 μm. They exhibit active pendular movements. In the English Channel, female and male gametogenesis of P. cultrifera begins at 19 mo and 2 yr, respectively; the somatic transformations (epitoky) in the last 4 mo of their 3‐year life. During epitoky, the syzygies undergo an impressive growth and reach 700–800 μm within a few weeks. A shift from pendular to active peristaltic motility is observed when the syzygies reach 200–250 μm. When gamogony occurs, syncytial nuclear divisions are initiated and cellularization produces hundred to thousands of male and female gametes of similar size. The male gametes exhibit a flagellum with 3+0 axoneme. The mixing of the gametes (“danse des gametes”) and fertilization are observed during 4–5 h. Zygotes differentiate sporoblasts with eight sporozoites. The sporozoites exhibit the canonical structure of Apicomplexa, a polarized cell with micronemes and rhoptries.     

A cladistic study of Arillastrum, Angophora and Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae)

A cladistic study of Anllastrum, Angophora and Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae). Transformed cladistic; character compatibility; branch and bound, and Farris-Wagner methods gave similar solutions in a cladistic study of Arillastrum, Angophora and Eucalyptus. These analyses, based on morphological characters, indicate that Eucalyptus is a monophyletic group and that its sister taxon is Angophora.
Within Eucalyptus , subgenera Blakella and Corymbia are sister taxa to all other groups; subgenera Monocalyptus, Idiogenes and Gaubaea form a monophyletic group with subgenus Monocalyptus sister to subgenera Idiogenes and Gaubaea ; subgenera Symphyomyrtus and Telocalyptus together also form a monophyletic group and, with Eucalyptus similis (subgenus Eudesmia group 4), are sister to the Monocalyptus group. Eucalyptus subgenus Telocalyptus (4 species), Eucalyptus subgenus Idiogenes (1 species) and Eucalyptus subgenus Gaubaea (2 species) should not be recognized as subgenera and some individual species need further examination. Eucalyptus subgenus Eudesmia is a paraphyletic group.
Some characters are identified as parallelisms, e.g. axillary inflorescences, sepaline operculum, bristle glands, and clustered anthers. A more congruent interpretation of the single operculum of Eucalyptus subgenus Monocalyptus as at least partly petaline rather than solely sepaline in origin is suggested.
The area relationships for the taxa are concordant with those derived from geological and climatological information. New Caledonia is sister area to Australia, and within Australia southwestern Australia is sister area to south-eastern and north-eastern Australia.