尖峰岭热带天然林不同土层细菌群落多样性和组成的海拔变异规律

土壤微生物群落结构沿海拔梯度的变异是微生物生物地理学分异和群落空间分布的重要内容,然而,热带森林土壤微生物多样性及其群落特征的海拔模式尚不明确。研究海南省尖峰岭自然保护区0—20cm和20—40cm土壤细菌多样性和群落组成沿海拔梯度(400—1410m)的变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：在0—20cm土壤微生物生物量碳、生物量氮和生物量磷随海拔升高(峰顶降低)而增加,20—40cm土壤微生物生物量碳、生物量氮和生物量磷随海拔升高呈先升高后降低趋势;整体上,变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门在0—20cm中占优势,丰度总和占该层细菌总量的88.17%;变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门在20—40cm中占优势,丰度总和占该层细菌总量的90.82%;随海拔增加,0—20cm细菌多样性线性减少,20—40cm细菌多样性变化不显著;沿海拔梯度,0—20cm细菌群落组成可分为低(409—1018m),中(1018—1357m)和高(1410m)三个海拔聚集群落,20—40cm细菌群落组成随海拔无显著性变化;两土层细菌多样性与土壤pH显著正相关,土壤细菌群落组成在0...     

基于高通量测序的黄河三角洲4种人工林土壤细菌结构及多样性研究

为研究黄河三角洲不同人工林土壤细菌群落特征,应用高通量测序技术,比较分析了刺槐、榆树、白蜡、臭椿4种人工林土壤细菌结构及多样性,并结合土壤理化性质进行相关性分析。结果表明:人工林土壤中共有31门细菌;4种人工林土壤中酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门细菌以及刺槐、臭椿人工林土壤中硝化螺旋菌门细菌是土壤中的优势群落。不同人工林土壤中酸杆菌门、变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、芽单胞菌门、拟杆菌门、广古菌门、泉古菌门、蓝藻菌门细菌丰度差异显著。刺槐人工林土壤细菌多样性最高;白蜡人工林土壤细菌多样性最低。土壤pH、含水量、有机质含量与酸杆菌门细菌丰度呈显著负相关关系,土壤pH与变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、芽单胞菌门细菌丰度呈极显著正相关关系;土壤pH、有效磷含量与人工林细菌多样性呈显著正相关关系。以上研究结果表明,黄河三角洲不同人工林土壤细菌群落存在一定差异,土壤pH、含水量、有机质、有效磷含量是影响土壤细菌结构和多样性的主要土壤因素。     

基于高通量测序的禁牧对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

麋鹿的采食、躺卧和践踏行为均会对栖息地土壤环境造成影响,进而影响土壤微生物群落结构。利用高通量测序技术,分析江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区禁牧点和补饲点土壤细菌和真菌群落结构差异,并结合土壤理化性质探究禁牧对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明细菌群落的优势菌门为变形菌门,真菌群落的优势菌门为子囊菌门。禁牧改变了土壤微生物群落结构,在门水平上提高了变形菌门、放线菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度,降低了绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门和子囊菌门的相对丰度,禁牧点与补饲点土壤微生物群落多样性的相似性较低。冗余分析中,细菌受土壤环境因子的影响大于真菌,其中土壤pH是影响细菌和真菌群落最大的土壤环境因子。研究揭示了禁牧对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,为保护区制定麋鹿生境恢复方案提供参考。     

不同树盘覆盖对矮砧苹果园土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的影响

以7年生矮化中间砧苹果为试材,研究了不同材质树盘覆盖对土壤微生物丰度、群落结构和多样性的影响。高通量测序结果表明,防水园艺地布和塑膜覆盖处理提高了0-20 cm土层变形菌门的相对丰度和20-40 cm土层变形菌门的相对丰度,防水园艺地布处理还显著提高了土壤细菌Ace和Simpson指数。相较于防水、塑膜覆盖处理,透水园艺地布不仅提高了0-20 cm土层变形菌门、接合菌门的相对丰度,而且提高了土壤细菌Ace、Chao1和Simpson指数,降低了土壤真菌Ace、Chao1和Simpson指数。树状聚类图结果显示,树盘覆盖显著改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落结构,以透水园艺地布覆盖处理的改变最为显著。综合分析认为,不同覆盖措施均有利于提高土壤细菌群落的丰富度和多样性,降低土壤真菌群落的丰富度和多样性,优化土壤微生物群落结构,其中以透水园艺地布覆盖的效果最好。     

高寒地区不同海拔梯度西北小檗生境土壤微生物群落结构及多样性分析

以青海高原2 300～4 000 m海拔范围的6处西北小檗(Berberis vernae)生境土壤为试材,采用高通量测序方法,分析不同海拔梯度西北小檗生境土壤微生物群落结构及多样性。研究结果表明:(1)在西北小檗生境土壤中,细菌群落组成主要包括10个细菌门21个细菌属,真菌群落由子囊菌门、担子菌门等8个真菌门59个真菌属组成。(2)低海拔位置的海东乐都1号样点(hdld1) 0～20 cm土层的细菌群落丰富性及多样性均最高,黄南泽库样点(hnzk) 0～20 cm土层的真菌群落丰富度最高,西宁大通样点(xndt) 0～20 cm土层的真菌群落多样性最高;随着海拔的升高,0～20 cm、40～60 cm土层的细菌群落丰富度及多样性呈现出先降低再升高再降低的趋势,20～40 cm土层的细菌群落丰富度及多样性则呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,0～20 cm、20～40 cm土层土壤微生物真菌群落丰富度呈现出先升高再降低再升高的趋势,0～20 cm、40～60 cm土层真菌群落多样性呈现先升高再降低的趋势,40～60 cm土层的真菌丰富度及20～40 cm土层的真菌多样性的变化趋势不明显。(3)硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾对土壤微生物群落的影响较明显。综上可知,高寒地区不同海拔梯度西北小檗生境土壤微生物群落结构多样性呈现出一定的海拔差异趋势,其海拔差异主要受到环境条件、土壤理化性质和植被分布的影响。     

五大连池火山土壤细菌多样性及其群落结构

火山熔岩生境孕育了独特的土壤微生物群落。为了解火山生态系统土壤细菌群落多样性和群落结构及其关键影响因子,选择五大连池新、老期火山为研究样点,非火山为对照,基于高通量测序方法,分析不同采样点土壤细菌群落结构和多样性,结合土壤理化指标,进一步分析影响火山生态系统土壤细菌群落多样性的环境因子。结果表明：细菌操作分类单元（OTUs）、Ace指数、Chao1指数和Simpson指数变化趋势一致,表现为非火山 > 新期火山 > 老期火山。三个样点土壤的共有OUTs数量为713个,各自特有的OTUs数量不尽相同。三个样点土壤中检测到共有细菌16个类群,其中变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门为优势菌群,老期火山土壤中酸杆菌门、疣微菌门、Rokubacteria相对丰度最大,而Patescibacteria相对丰度最小。三个样点的土壤细菌群落具有明显的空间关系,相似性差异较大,但不符合随地理距离的增加而降低的模型。土壤理化性质测定结果标明：老期火山土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、铵态氮和硝态氮显著高于新期火山和非火山,新期火山土壤含水量和速效磷显著低于老期火山和非火山。喷发时间和火成岩基质等特性会导致不同火山土壤理化性质的差异,进而影响土壤细菌多样性和群落结构。Pearson相关性分析表明：土壤pH显著影响细菌的多样性指数。冗余分析（RDA）结果表明：土壤氮含量、pH和有机质是影响火山森林生态系统土壤细菌群落结构的主要因子。     

有机物料对设施番茄长期连作土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为研究稻草、鸡粪、牛粪和蚓粪对设施番茄长期连作(20年)土壤细菌群落结构的调节效果,应用高通量测序技术,对不同有机物料处理后的土壤细菌群落多样性和组成进行了研究,同时分析了土壤环境因子对微生物群落结构变化的贡献,为设施番茄生产的科学施肥提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)蚓粪和鸡粪对提高土壤细菌多样性和丰富度均有显著效果;牛粪显著降低了细菌多样性和丰富度;(2)与对照相比,稻草、鸡粪、蚓粪和牛粪使土壤优势菌群变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度增加了36.40%～44.27%和25.80%～29.35%,并显著降低了酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)丰度;其中变形菌门和放线菌门丰度分别在稻草和蚓粪处理中最高,酸杆菌门在牛粪处理中最低。与化肥相比,施用有机物料不同程度地促进了土壤中有益菌属的生长,如鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)和紫杆菌属(Porphyrobacter),同时也抑制了酸杆菌门细菌的生长,如Gp6、Gp16和Gp4;(3)与化肥相比,有机物料处理显著提高了土壤pH,同时降低了电导率,其中蚓粪处理pH值最高,电导率最低。Pearson相关性分析表明,土壤pH、电导率、铵态氮、全碳和有机质含量是影响土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度的主要环境因子。RDA分析表明,土壤铵态氮含量、电导率、pH和全碳含量对土壤细菌群落组成有重要作用。综上,蚓粪对番茄连作土壤细菌群落结构的调节效果优于其他有机物料,在设施番茄可持续生产中应引起更多关注。     

甘肃小陇山油松与柴胡栽培土壤细菌群落特征

土壤细菌能够有效促进土壤中物质循环和能量流动,其群落组成、数量及多样性能够反映土壤质量状况。研究不同植被对土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,有助于深入了解土壤健康状况,对实现植被管理和土地可持续利用具有重要意义。以甘肃小陇山移栽至耕地(耕地前期种植柴胡)后生长4年的人工油松苗(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr)土地和长期种植柴胡(Bupleurum chinense)土地的表层土壤(0—30 cm)为对象,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对2种人工植被下土壤细菌群落进行测定,分析了土壤细菌的Alpha多样性、群落组成和丰富度,并研究土壤化学性质对细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明:1)两种不同植被的土壤细菌群落丰度和多样性无明显差异,但油松地土壤细菌群落均匀度明显小于柴胡地土壤。2)所测土壤样品中共检测到细菌的37个门,84个纲,168个目;其中,主要的优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),放线菌门(Actinobacteria),且油松地土壤中的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的丰富度显著低于柴胡地土壤(P 0. 05),绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)丰富度却显著高于柴胡地(P 0. 05);主要的优势菌纲为酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria),β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria),放线菌纲(Actinobacteria),变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)和芽单胞菌纲(Gemmatimonadetes),但各优势菌纲的丰度在两个植被土壤之间差异不显著(P0.05)。3)变形菌门(Proteobacteria)丰富度与土壤的碱解氮含量呈显著负相关(P0.05),酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)丰富度与全氮含量显著负相关(P0.01);通过RDA分析发现,碱解氮和全氮是影响细菌群落结构的最主要因子。可见,油松和柴胡植被土壤细菌群落结构及多样性差异不大,但油松地土壤细菌群落的物种分配较柴胡地集中,且优势细菌门中的变形菌门和绿弯菌门在两者之间的差异显著,同时,碱解氮和全氮含量是影响2种植被土壤细菌群落的主要因子。这些结论为了解小陇山不同植被土壤微生物群落组成及多样性提供理论,也为当地进行人工油松苗的种植、经营及土壤管理提供参考。     

高寒湿地冻融退化下微生物群落特征变化

全球变暖大背景下,大量冻土将面临进一步退化,而冻融过程遍布整个青藏高原,土壤微生物对环境变化更有着高度的敏感性。以青海湖河源湿地湿地冻融退化下的土壤微生物为研究对象,基于16s rRNA及18s rDNA测序探究冻融退化对土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的影响。结果显示:青海湖高寒湿地有效序列注释得到1583个细菌操作分类单元以及80个真菌操作分类单元。冻融退化并未改变土壤微生物的优势菌群:细菌群落中的优势菌群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)及酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),已知的真菌菌群中相对丰度最高的均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)。冻融退化使0—10cm、10—20cm的细菌群落结构趋于相似,真菌群落中德福里斯孢属(Devriesia)、担孢酵母属(Erythrobasidium)的相对丰度显著减少。冻融退化显著影响土壤微生物的α多样性,降低了细菌群落的ACE指数、Chao1指数、Simpson指数以及真菌群落的ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数,细菌群落的Shannon指数及真菌群落的Simpson指数有所增加。本研究表明,冻融退化对土壤微生物的群...     

基于宏基因组的茉莉花内生细菌多样性分析

为了解茉莉花(Jasminum sambac)的内生菌多样性,利用16S rDNA高通量测序技术对其内生细菌组成进行测定。结果表明,茉莉花的内生细菌有38门78纲150目257科434属,其中变形菌门、放线菌门、壁厚菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门的物种丰度较高。变形菌门在6-10月的丰度均最高(70.3%～85.7%)。7月份植株的细菌Shannon指数最高(3.14)、Simpson指数最小(0.13),表明细菌群落多样性最高,且高温有利于提高植株内生细菌多样性。聚类和主成分分析表明,7和8月、9和10月的植株内生细菌群落构成相似度高,6月与其他月份的差异大。冗余分析和热图分析表明,土壤营养成分影响植株内生群落组成,以全氮、全磷和有机质含量为主要。这为挖掘利用茉莉花有益的内生菌资源奠定基础。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.