基于氢氧稳定同位素的哈尼水稻梯田湿地水源补给分析

湿地生态系统的发育和维持受水文过程尤其是补给水源稳定性的影响和控制。为探明哈尼水稻梯田湿地水源的时空稳定性及其补给关系,在2015年5—10月的水稻生长期(雨季),对不同海拔田水、降水和地下水进行采样并测定其氢氧稳定同位素。结果表明:在水稻生长期内,降水同位素δ~(18)O雨量效应明显,相关系数为-0.94;地下水同位素δ~(18)O海拔效应梯度为-0.1‰/100 m;田水同位素δ~(18)O值的同位素效应不显著;梯田田水的主要补给水源是降水和地下水,其中水稻生长初期(5—6月)田水的补给为雨季到来之前的田水和降水,水稻生长中期(7—8月)为降水补给,水稻生长末期(9—10月)为地下水补给;在整个水稻生长期内,绝大部分区内梯田以降水补给为主,少部分梯田则一直以地下水补给为主,这两种不同补给水源的梯田在空间上呈镶嵌分布格局并形成水源相互补给关系。正是由于田水补给水源在时间上形成的3个补给时期和在空间上呈现的2个补给类型的镶嵌格局,才使得梯田区形成了稳定的水源补给时空格局,这是哈尼水稻梯田湿地持续千年的关键原因。     

哈尼梯田水源区大气降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源

基于哈尼梯田水源区 2014 年 6—8 月和 2015 年全年(共 15 个月)采集的 89 个事件降水同位素数据, 结合相关气象资料, 分析了降水中氢氧同位素组成的变化及其影响因子。利用后向轨迹模型(HYSPLIT)追踪了梯田水源区降水的水汽来源。结果表明: 研究区大气降水中稳定同位素组成具有明显季节差异, 湿季(5 月—10 月)δ D 和 δ¹⁸O 贫化, d 值低; 干季(11 月至次年 4 月)δ D 和 δ¹⁸O 值相对偏正, d 值偏高。区域降水线的斜率和截距均低于全球和中国大气降水线。降水同位素组成存在一定的降水量效应, 但不存在温度效应。干季大气降水的水汽主要来源于西风带输送的印度洋水汽以及局地蒸发, 湿季的水汽主要来源于西太平洋和印度洋。     

江苏高邮大气降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源

为了研究江苏高邮局地水循环特征,应对气候变化和减缓洪涝灾害.本研究采集江苏高邮自2015年7月—2017年10月的121个大气降水样品及环境因子数据,分析该区大气降水氢氧同位素特征,揭示不同季节水汽来源及影响因素.结果表明: 大气降水δD(δ¹⁸O)季节变化明显,冬半年偏正,夏半年偏负;过量氘值亦呈现冬高夏低;年尺度上,大气降水中δD(δ¹⁸O)与温度和降水量皆为负相关关系,呈现“反温度效应”和“降水量效应”;季节尺度上,均未呈现出“温度效应”,秋冬两季呈现出“降水量效应”;HYSPLIT气团轨迹模型结果进一步表明,江苏高邮夏季水汽主要来源于我国南海、印度洋及太平洋,而春、秋、冬季水汽主要来源于亚欧大陆、大西洋、北冰洋水汽混合及局地蒸发.大气降水δD(δ¹⁸O)值的季节变化主要受到季风活动以及厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)的影响,降水中氢氧同位素值清晰地记录了厄尔尼诺向拉尼拉之间的过渡.     

水汽来源和环境因子对湖南会同大气降水氢氧同位素组成的影响

氘(D)和¹⁸O是水中常见的环境示踪剂,研究大气降水氢氧稳定同位素组成是研究区域及全球水循环过程的必要前提。为了揭示降水同位素组成对环境因子的响应机制,本研究在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站收集了2017年5月—2019年8月149次不同量级大气降水样品及环境因子数据,分析该地区大气降水氢氧同位素的时间变化特征,探讨水汽来源和环境因素对降水氢氧稳定同位素组成的影响。结果表明: 湖南会同大气降水线方程为: δD=(7.45±0.17)δ¹⁸O+(10.10±1.25) (R²=0.93,P<0.01),斜率比中国及全球大气降水线斜率略低;大气降水中稳定同位素组成与局地环境因子密切相关,并对季风气候中的水汽来源响应敏感,表现为夏季风期间¹⁸O和D贫化,冬季风期间¹⁸O和D富集;夏季风期间,受到孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋在夏季风和季风后3种不同气压下远距离海洋水汽的影响,过量氘均值接近全球平均值;冬季风期间,大气降水氢氧同位素值受到远距离西风气团、孟加拉湾退化热带海洋气团、季风前期内陆水汽和局地环境因子的共同作用,大气降水线斜率偏低,过量氘值偏大。     

陕甘宁地区降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

依据全球大气降水稳定同位素观测网络(GNIP)和已有研究中陕甘宁地区的大气降水氢氧稳定同位素资料,并结合相关气象数据,分析了陕甘宁地区大气降水氧稳定同位素的时空分布特征及其影响因子,并建立了大气降水线方程.结果表明:3省大气降水线的斜率、截距由小到大依次为:甘肃、陕西、宁夏,且均小于全球大气降水线方程的斜率、截距,表明3省的降水过程受蒸发作用影响程度沿宁夏、陕西、甘肃增强;陕甘宁地区大气降水中δ18O值在时间变化上,表现为夏秋季节富集、冬春季节贫化,从空间分布来看,由西北至东南,加权平均δ18O值呈减小趋势;3省降水中δ18O温度效应显著,但不存在降水量效应,这体现了中高纬度大陆性气候的特征;高程效应的定量关系为-0.12‰·(100 m)^-1,纬度效应更显著(纬度每增加1°,降水中δ18O相应贫化0.27‰);采用HYSPLIT模型对各站点的水汽来源进行追踪,气团聚类轨迹表明,夏半年主要有来自孟加拉湾的水汽、东南季风水汽和西风带水汽,冬半年以西风带水汽为主.     

陕北黄土区大气降水同位素特征及其水汽来源

为探究陕北黄土区大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源,以陕西省定边县为研究区,于2018—2020年共收集107次降水事件样品,分析了该区降水中δ¹⁸O和δ²H组成特征,并探讨了不同季节的水汽来源。结果表明: 定边氢氧稳定同位素存在明显的季节变化,湿季(6—9月)偏贫化,干季(4—5月、10—11月)偏富集;氘盈余呈现干季高湿季低的特点。当地大气降水线方程为δ²H=7.35δ¹⁸O+4.19 (R²=0.96, P<0.01),斜率和截距均小于全球大气降水线,表明该区域降水受到一定程度的蒸发分馏影响。全年降水同位素组成表现出温度效应,而湿季和干季差异较大,仅干季存在温度效应,湿季降水同位素组成可能受温度和降水量的共同影响。HYSPLIT气团轨迹模型表明,干季水汽主要来自大西洋和极地北冰洋地区,而湿季降水主要来自印度洋和太平洋,同时受到西风带的影响。     

脱甲河氢氧同位素组分时空分布特征及其影响因素

河水氢氧稳定同位素特征是研究水体转化和示踪水循环过程的重要内容.为研究河水氢氧稳定同位素特征,揭示河水补给来源,于2017年4—8月对亚热带农业小流域脱甲河4级河段(S_1、S_2、S_3和S_4)水体氢(D)、氧(¹⁸O)稳定同位素进行了监测,分析其时空动态特征和过量氘(d-excess)的变化规律,并探讨了它们与降水、高程和水质等影响因子的相关关系.结果表明:δD、δ¹⁸O和d-excess的变化范围分别在-43.17‰^-26.43‰(-35.50‰±5.44‰)、-7.94‰^-5.70‰(-6.86‰±0.74‰)和16.77‰~23.49‰(19.39‰±1.95‰).受季风环流的影响,δD和δ¹⁸O具有明显的季节变化特征,即春季(δD和δ¹⁸O为-29.88‰±3.31‰和-6.18‰±0.57‰)>夏季(δD和δ¹⁸O为-39.25‰±2.65‰和-7.32‰±0.42‰);空间上,δD和δ¹⁸O表现出明显的沿程变化,随着采样点的位置到河流源头的距离波动增加,δD为S_118O为S_118O与水温呈显著负相关(δD:r=-0.92;δ¹⁸O:r=-0.88);δ¹⁸O与海拔呈显著负相关(r=-0.96);在空间上,δ¹⁸O与水温呈显著正相关(r=0.98);δD和δ¹⁸O与降水量呈不显著负相关.     

哈尼梯田区优势景观类型对泉水氢氧同位素效应的影响

氢氧稳定同位素是示踪流域水循环过程的有效手段,流域景观类型及其格局对泉水同位素效应的影响是景观生态学与同位素水文学的全新交叉领域.本文以哈尼梯田文化景观遗产核心区的全福庄河小流域为研究对象,在2015年3月—2016年3月间,逐月在海拔1500 m的梯田、1700 m的梯田和1900 m的森林景观类型下分别采集78个泉水样和39个大气降水样进行氢氧稳定同位素分析.结果表明:小流域的优势景观类型是森林和梯田,两者面积分别占总面积的66.6％和22.1％,并具有森林在上、梯田在下的垂直格局.相关分析表明,泉水除受降水补给外,还受到景观内其他同位素值偏正的水源补给,景观位置较高的森林区泉水主要由降水补给,位于森林之下的梯田泉水受大气降水、河水、梯田水、地下水等多种水源补给,其同位素混合作用强烈;泉水δ¹⁸O和δD值整体海拔效应明显,其海拔梯度分别为-0.125‰·(100 m)^-1和-0.688‰·(100 m)^-1;研究区氘盈余值随海拔升高而增大与景观格局和同位素循环过程有关.总之,优势景观类型对泉水氢氧同位素效应具有显著影响,泉水氢氧同位素可作为景观水文过程对景观格局的响应指标.     

黄土塬区大气降水的氢氧稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

降水是水资源的主要输入,分析其氢氧稳定同位素特征可为水循环研究提供重要的背景信息。基于4a的降水样品采集,测定和分析了黄土塬区降水氢氧同位素(2H,17O和18O)的组成特征,进而分析了其水汽来源。降水同位素有明显的年内变化,2—6月富集而7—11月贫化;δD和δ18O存在雨量效应和温度效应,分别出现在6—9月和10—5月;但这些组成特征受气候变异影响存在年际差异。综合分析降水方程线、D盈余和17O盈余,发现黄土塬区6—9月降水来自海洋性气团,10—5月降水是局地水汽蒸发和大陆性气团起主导作用;雨季少数降水事件直接来源于海洋性气团,其他降水事件则是海洋性气团经再分配相对湿度达90%左右时才产生。全年至少30%的降水事件经历了严重的二次蒸发。     

黄河三角洲降水同位素变化特征及水汽来源

为揭示黄河三角洲盐碱地地区的降水来源、形成及影响机制,利用降水稳定同位素,特别是δ¹⁷O、¹⁷O-excess,以及气团轨迹模型HYSPLIT,研究黄河三角洲东营地区5—10月不同时间尺度及降水强度[(<5、5～10、10～25、25～50、>50 mm·d^-1)]的降水同位素变化特征及水汽来源。结果表明：5—10月降水同位素的变化范围较大,旱季降水的同位素变化范围小于雨季,且比雨季富集。降水强度<5 mm·d^-1的降水,δ′¹⁸O[δ′¹⁸O=ln(δ¹⁸O+1)]与δ′¹⁷O[δ′¹⁷O=ln(δ¹⁷O+1)]的降水线斜率最小,为0.5211,降水易受水汽源地蒸发作用的影响;10 mm·d^-1≤降水强度<25 mm·d^-1时,斜率最大,为0.5268。对于0～50 mm·d^-1...     

Centrifugal precipitation chromatography

Centrifugal precipitation chromatography separates analytes according their solubility in ammonium sulfate (AS) solution and other precipitants. The separation column is made from a pair of long spiral channels partitioned with a semipermeable membrane. In a typical separation, concentrated ammonium sulfate is eluted through one channel while water is eluted through the other channel in the opposite direction. This countercurrent process forms an exponential AS concentration gradient through the water channel. Consequently, protein samples injected into the water channel is subjected to a steadily increasing AS concentration and at the critical AS concentration they are precipitated and deposited in the channel bed by the centrifugal force. Then the chromatographic separation is started by gradually reducing the AS concentration in the AS channel which lowers the AS gradient concentration in the water channel. This results in dissolution of deposited proteins which are again precipitated at an advanced critical point as they move through the channel. Consequently, proteins repeat precipitation and dissolution through a long channel and finally eluted out from the column in the order of their solubility in the AS solution. The present method has been successfully applied to a number of analytes including human serum proteins, recombinant ketosteroid isomerase, carotenoid cleavage enzymes, plasmid DNA, polysaccharide, polymerized pigments, PEG-protein conjugates, etc. The method is capable to single out the target species of proteins by affinity ligand or immunoaffinity separation.     

Alcohol precipitation of proteins: The relationship of denaturation and precipitation for catalase

The precipitation of crude beef liver catalase at 4°C by the lower alcohols could be correlated in a manner analogous to that used for salting out precipitations with ammonium sulfate. At high alcohol concentrations, however, the analogy breaks down since denaturation effects must betaken into account Depending upon the concentration of the alcohol and temperature, the denaturation transition may be either thermally induced or solvent induced. When the precipitated enzyme was redissolved in buffer, not all forms could refold spontaneously to a catalytically active conformation. The data on the precipitation yields of catalase correlated well with denaturation diagrams previously developed. Thus, a quantitative basis could be established to relate the sensitive performance of the technique to the experimental conditions. A further correlation between the amino-acid composition of the enzyme and the optimal concentration of alcohol required for precipitation may provide a guide for the extension of this work to other systems.     

Botanical aspects of Acidic precipitation

Acidic precipitation can be characterized as wet or frozen atmospheric deposition with a hydrogen ion concentration greater than 2.5 μeq liter^-1. Acidic precipitation is perceived as a significant air pollution problem derived chiefly from combustion of fossil fuels, smelting of sulfide metals, and other industrial processes. Precipitation data from the northeastern United States show a mean pH of between 4.0 and 4.2 with a range of from 3.0 to 6.0 among individual events. Although visible injury to plant foliage has been documented in a variety of studies only one case of visible foliar injury from the acidity in ambient rainfalls has been documented. Acidic precipitation can contribute nutrients to vegetation and could also influence nutrient leaching rates from vegetation. Although these processes occur, there are no data that show changes in nutrient levels in foliage that relate to crop or natural ecosystem productivity. Although no consistent patterns are presently known, acidic precipitation may affect host-plant pathogen interactions. Few experiments with field-grown crops or vegetation under natural conditions have been performed. Many of the studies are inadequate because they have been conducted with inadequate replication of treatments coupled with vigorous statistical analyses. Studies with field-grown crops are evaluated. Acidification of fresh waters of the northeastern United States is caused by acid deposition. Such regions in which this acidification occurs have in common, volume weighted mean H⁺ concentrations of 25μeq liter-1 or higher and slow weathering of granitic or Precambrian bedrock with thin soils deficient in minerals that provide buffering capacity. As freshwater acidification occurs, many plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates are progressively eliminated. Generally, fisheries are severely impacted when lake pH falls below 5.0. Fish are almost always eliminated when the lake pH is below 4.8.     

Metal affinity precipitation of proteins

Proteins containing multiple surface-accessible histidine residues can be precipitated using small quantities of bis-copper chelates. The chelates serve to crosslink the proteins, presumably via the accessible histidines, leading to the formation of large, insoluble complexes. When excess copper chelate is used to carry out the precipitation, the resulting precipitate has a stoichiometry of 1:1 copper:accessible histidine. The precipitation is analogous to antibody-antigen precipitin reactions and can be described qualitatively using simple equilibrium theory developed for those systems. Human hemoglobin contains a large number of surface histidines and is efficiently precipitated by the copper salt CuSO4 as well as by bis-copper chelates. Sperm whale myoglobin contains many fewer surface histidines and is precipitated only by the bis-chelates. The effects of the number of accessible histidines on the protein, the chain length separating the two chelates, and the pH on the precipitation reaction have been investigated.     

CTAB precipitation of cestode DNA

DNA probes are proving extremely valuable in the characterization o f cestodes - as well as other parasites. In this article, Kok Wei Yap and Andrew Thompson discuss some of the problems of DNA isolation, stressing the need for a gentle and economical procedure such as CTAB precipitation.