漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种间联结与相关分析

种间联结能够反映植物群落中物种间的关系和群落的稳定程度,对植被的恢复与重建、生物多样性保护等具有重要的意义和价值。为了解漓江河岸带枫杨群落的种间联结特征,基于2×2联列表,通过方差比率(VR)、χ~2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数检验及PCA排序等,对枫杨群落主要木本植物种间关联性进行定量分析和生态种组划分。结果表明:(1)乔木层、灌木层以及乔木和灌木层的总体种间关联性均呈不显著正联结,表明枫杨群落处于较稳定的阶段;(2)χ~2检验结果显示,绝大多数种对呈不显著关联,说明群落各种对间关联较弱,各物种间呈独立分布格局;(3)Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验发现各层次的显著率均较低,种间相关性不显著的种对占绝大部分,种间相关性不强;(4)χ~2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验结果虽具有一致性,但也存在一定的差异,Spearman秩相关系数检验更具灵敏性,结合3种方法使用效果更佳;(5)根据PCA排序和种间联结关系,将20个主要物种划分为4个生态种组。     

武陵山大木山自然保护区红豆杉群落优势乔木种群生态位和种间联结

应用Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验。对武陵山大木山自然保护区红豆杉群落内13个优势乔木种群的种间关联（或相关）性进行研究,并对13个优势乔木种群生态位宽度、生态位重叠进行分析。结果表明,红豆杉种群对资源的利用能力较强,生态位宽度值较大：红豆杉与其他物种生态特性差异较大,生态位重叠值较低;群落内各种群间关系的相对独立性较弱,红豆杉种群与其他物种大多呈正相关关系。生态位宽度值大的物种,与其他物种的生态位重叠值一般较大;生态位重叠值较大的物种对,其种间联结一般也较显著。     

山西陵川南方红豆杉群落种间联结与生态位特征研究

基于对山西陵川县境内野生南方红豆杉群落的样地调查,采用总体相关性VR检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数和生态位测度方法,在群落尺度上对南方红豆杉群落的种间联结性和生态位特征进行了研究。结果显示:(1)南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis(Pilger)Rehd.var.mairei(Lemee et Levl.)Cheng et L.K.Fu)、荆条(Vitex negundo L.var.heterophylla(Franch.)Rehd.)、鹅耳枥(Carpinus turczaninowii Hance)、连翘(Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl)和三裂绣线菊(Spiraea trilobata L.)的重要值和生态位宽度较大,为群落中的建群种和优势种;(2)物种间生态位重叠指数总体偏高,种间竞争较强,尤其是南方红豆杉与其他物种之间;(3)群落总体呈显著负联结,大多数种对间呈中性关联(χ23.84,P0.05);(4)群落中物种间的Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数与生态位重叠指数之间表现为极显著的正相关(P0.01),而生态位宽度与生态位重叠指数之间未表现出线性关系,即物种间的竞争关系随种间关联性的增大而增强,而与生态位宽度没有直接关系。本研究可为保护和利用本区现有野生南方红豆杉资源提供合理的理论支撑。     

云丘山地区灌木群落优势种数量关系

以68个灌木样方的重要值矩阵和2×2列联表为基础,结合实地调查,应用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数法,对云丘山地区灌木群落的20个优势种、190个种对的关联性进行了定量研究。方差比率法结果表明,20个优势种总体间关联为显著正相关,云丘山地区的灌木群落处于较稳定的状态;χ2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相个关系数结果表明,大部分种对的种间关联未达到显著程度,种间联结较为松散,群落结构及其种类组成将逐渐趋于完善和稳定;根据这20个优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素辅助以PCA排序,可将它们划分为两种生态种组。以上结果揭示了该地区主要优势物种与环境的相互关系。     

台州玉环北部沿岸海域主要游泳动物生态位和种间联结性

基于2016年11月(秋季)和2017年4月(春季)在玉环北部沿岸海域渔业调查所获的数据资料,运用相对重要性指数(IRI)、生态位宽度、生态位重叠、方差比率法、X² 检验、联结系数(AC)、Jaccard指数(JI)、点相关系数(Φ)和Spearman秩相关系数等方法对主要游泳动物物种间的生态位和种间联结性进行研究.结果表明: 三疣梭子蟹的生态位宽度值最大,占绝对竞争优势;重要经济种类刀鲚与长蛸的生态位宽度值最小,处于弱势竞争地位.该海域主要游泳动物生态位重叠程度不均匀,可能是由于生活环境多样化所致.总体联结性分析表明,本海域物种之间呈不显著负关联. X²检验、AC、JI结果均与总体联结性的结果一致且物种之间趋于独立.Φ和Spearman秩相关系数的结果显示,正联结的种对多于负联结的种对,可能是由于所捕获的大个体海鳗对其他物种产生空间排斥,使得其余14个物种组成的种对间多呈现正联结所致.根据Spearman秩相关系数计算结果,采用聚类分析方法将15个物种分为5个生态种组:同一生态种组内,各物种对生境具有相似的生态适应性要求;不同生态种组的物种之间则具有不同的生活习性和不同的生态要求.     

鹫峰国家森林公园低效人工林林下植物种间关联

种间关系能够反映植物群落的结构和功能、演替的类型和阶段以及群落的稳定程度,对保护生物多样性和促进植被恢复具有重要意义。为探明鹫峰国家森林公园低效人工林林下主要物种的种间关系,以样地中出现频度较高的植物为研究对象,在2×2联列表的基础上,通过χ2检验、种间联结系数AC和Spearman秩相关系数检验进行种间联结性分析。研究结果表明:灌木层在χ2检验中表现为显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01)的种对共有11个,在Spearman秩相关系数检验中共有23个;草木层在χ2检验中表现为显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01)的种对共有15个,在Spearman秩相关系数检验中共有27个;灌草两层大多数种对联结程度不显著。灌木层正关联种对数与负关联基本持平,草本层正负种对关联比接近1∶2;灌草两层皆处在动态变化之中。林下植被种间关系是上层乔木影响、群落演替进程、物种生态习性以及群落环境条件等因素共同作用的结果。根据PCA排序可把灌草两层主要植物分别划分为4个生态种组。     

漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群生态位

为了解漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群的生态位特征,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度、Schoener生态位相似性和Pianka生态位重叠指数对漓江河岸带枫杨群落乔木层、灌木层主要种群生态位进行定量分析.结果表明: 乔木层的枫杨、灌木层的石榕树和桑的生态位宽度较大;重要值较大的物种,其生态位宽度一般较大,但两者排名顺序并不完全一致.乔木层主要种群生态位相似性普遍小于灌木层,平均值分别为0.151和0.236,主要种群间的生态位相似性较小,各种群对资源利用的相似程度不高;乔木层主要种群生态位重叠普遍小于灌木层,它们的平均值分别为0.217和0.273,主要种群间的生态位重叠程度较低;生态位宽度与生态位相似性之间无显著相关关系,生态位宽度大的物种与其他物种发生重叠的概率更大,但生态位重叠值不一定大,生态位相似性大的物种,其生态位重叠值一般较大.漓江河岸带枫杨群落属于地带性顶极群落,种间关系相对稳定,种群更新缓慢,在发展中有衰退趋势.     

季风常绿阔叶林不同恢复阶段乔木优势种群生态位和种间联结

生态位和种间联结是群落动态研究的重要内容之一,物种间相互作用影响着群落的恢复和演替。本文在对云南普洱地区不同恢复阶段(恢复15年、恢复30年和原始林群落)季风常绿阔叶林群落的野外调查基础上,采用生态位宽度、生态位重叠、方差比率(VR)和基于2×2联列表的χ2检验、联结系数(AC)等方法,分析了不同恢复阶段各种群的变化趋势。结果表明:3种群落类型中物种的重要值与相对应的生态位宽度之间存在着显著的正相关,恢复15年群落有78.22%的种对之间的生态位重叠值在0.4～0.8,说明其群落优势物种存在较强的资源利用性竞争,而恢复30年和原始林群落结构则具有一定的稳定性,多数生态位宽度较大的物种之间的生态位重叠要大于生态位较小的物种,反映出优势物种具有较强的竞争能力;恢复15年和恢复30年群落物种间总体呈不显著正联结,原始林群落则呈不显著负联结;3种群落231种对中,绝大多数种对联结系数未达显著水平,种对间的独立性相对较强,群落中物种间正负联结对数占总种的比例随恢复进程而出现下降趋势。不同恢复阶段群落中联结系数与生态位重叠值之间存在显著正相关,生态位重叠值越大,其联结系数也越大。     

三峡水库涪陵-奉节段消落带优势草本植物生态位与种间联结性研究

参照相邻格子法对三峡水库中段(重庆市涪陵—奉节段消落带)地上植被进行调查,并运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠度、χ~2检验等手段对优势草本植物生态位与种间联结性进行分析,能在一定程度上揭示三峡水库消落带优势草本植物的生态学特性、进而推测植被群落的演替趋势,以期为三峡水库消落带植被生态修复提供理论基础或参考建议。结果表明：(1)本次调查发现共有优势植物57种、隶属22科44属,其中狗牙根的生态位宽度最大、占绝对竞争优势。(2)在105个种对中,生态位相似比(C_ih)≥0.50的种对有4个,生态位重叠值(L_ih)≥0.50的种对有7个,种间相似性较小、竞争关系较弱。(3)χ~2检验结果显示,优势植物种间正负联结比为1.33,正联结优势不明显;而Pearson与Spearman秩相关检验结果显示,种间正负联结比分别为0.54、0.75,负联结占优势。三种检验方式均表明,优势植物种间联结性较弱、稳定性相对较差、独立性相对较强。(4)种间联结系数(AC)≥0.60的种对数为7种,共同出现百分率(PC)≥0.7的种对数仅为1种。种间总体正联结性不强,物种趋于独...     

安徽鹞落坪国家级自然保护区落叶阔叶林树种多样性、种间联结及群落稳定性变化

基于样方法的种间联结性研究多集中于群落不同层次联结性与相关性,群落内主要物种的生态位与种间联结特征,但对群落内物种的种间联结及群落稳定性变化系统性研究不足。研究利用鹞落坪落叶阔叶林11.56 hm²森林动态监测样地间隔5年(2016—2021年)的2次群落调查数据,采用α多样性指数、方差比率法(VR)、χ²检验、Pearson相关检验、Spearman秩相关检验和M. Godron稳定性等方法,对鹞落坪落叶阔叶林群落树种多样性、种间联结及群落稳定性变化进行分析。2021年与2016年比较结果表明：(1)群落优势种重要值增加,其中杜鹃、大果山胡椒和垂枝泡花树等灌木或小乔木数量急增导致累积重要值增加。(2)方差比率从1.35提升为2.87,总体正联结有了显著提高;χ²检验结果显示主要物种间正负关联种对比值由0.97提升为1.25,正关联种对开始占据优势。(3)Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验显示极显著和显著相关种对分别由132对和160对增加到152对和226对,种间相关性增强。(4)M. Godron稳定...     

Vermicomposting in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong

The treatment and disposal of pig-waste in Hong Kong has received much attention in recent years but, following any of the presently used treatment processes, solids remain to be further stabilized. Vermicomposting is a waste stabilization technique which converts waste into potentially recyclable materials such as worm protein and worm casts. The earthworm, Pheretima asiatica, can stabilize most of the solids arising from the treatment of pig-waste, including raw pig manure, suggesting that vermicomposting has a high potential as a unit process in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong.S.H. Wong is with the Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong; and D.A. Griffiths is with the Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.     

Removal of wastewater pathogen indicators in a constructed wetland in Leon, Spain

This paper studies the seasonal presence and removal of the pathogenous micro-organisms Escherichia coli, total coliforms (TC), Clostridium perfringens (Cp), faecal streptococci (FS), Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs, in a constructed wetland treatment system. The removal efficiency of this system with respect to the indicator micro-organisms achieved maximum values in spring and autumn at 99.9% for E. coli and TC, respectively, in winter at 97.0% for FS, in summer at 100% for Clostridium and throughout the year, also at 100%, in the case of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs. In general, very low protozoan and helminth egg counts were found, and the system demonstrated efficient reduction of the wastewater indicator pathogens.     

Biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in mitochondrial outer membranes

The results reported in this paper show two distinct ways for the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine into mitochondrial outer membranes. The first one is the glycosylation of dolichol acceptors, which is indicated by the inhibition of the synthesis of these products by the inhibitors of the dolichol intermediates (tunicamycin and GDP). The second one is the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine into protein acceptors directly from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This second way of glycosylation is only localized in mitochondria outer membranes.The existence of a direct route forN-glycoprotein biosynthesis has been based on the following evidence. First, the synthesis of theN-acetylglucosaminylated protein acceptors was not inhibited by tunicamycin or GDP. Second, the addition of exogenous dolichol-phosphate did not change the rate of biosynthesis of glycosylated protein material. Third, the sequential incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine and mannose from their nucleotide derivatives in the presence of GDP and tunicamycin led to the synthesis of glycosylated protein material which entirely bound to Concanavalin A-Sepharose. The oligosaccharide moiety of the glycosylated protein material resulting from the direct transfer of sugars from their nucleotide derivatives to the protein acceptor is of theN-glycan type. On sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this glycosylated material migrated as a marker protein with a molecular weight between 45 000 and 63 000. HPLC chromatofocusing analysis revealed that the fraction studied was anionic. The oligosaccharide moiety of the glycoprotein material can only be elongated by the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine and galactose from their nucleotide derivatives.     

Isolation of spore-forming bacilli from mosquitoes in natural breeding habitats in Iraq

New isolates of spore-forming bacilli from larvae and pupae of 3 species of mosquitoes are recorded in central Iraq.Bacillus sphaericus Meyer and Neide was isolated fromCulex pipiens (L.) larva.Bacillus carotarum Koch andBacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland were isolated fromTheobaldia longiareolata (Macquart) pupae.Bacillus laterosporus Laubach andBacillus thuringiensis (H 18) were isolated fromAedes caspius (Pallas) larvae. In addition, unidentifiedBacillus spp. were isolated fromCx. pipiens, T. longiareolata andAe. caspius larvae. Examination of soil samples collected from mosquito natural breeding habitats revealed isolates ofB. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis H4a 4b; H 12 and H 16 and an unidentifiedBacillus sp.

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Résumé Des souches bactériennes sporogènes sont isolées de moustiques qui se trouvent dans la région centrale de l'Irak. Les résultats obtenus sont les suivants:Bacillus sphaericus Meyer & Neide [Culex pipiens (L.), larve],Bacillus carotarum Koch etBacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland [Theobaldia longiareolata (Macquart), nymphe],Bacillus laterosporus Laubach etBacillus thuringiensis (H 18) [Aedes caspius (Pallas), larvel]. L'examen des larves deCulex pipiens. T. longiareolata etAe. caspius, ainsi que l'analyse des échantillons du sol prélevés dans la région montrent la présence deBacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis H4a 4b; H12 plus H16 et d'autresBacillus non identifiés.

     

Adaptive ecology of traditionally derived agroforestry in China

This research was designed to test the following hypothesis: Among traditional (nonliterate and minimally literate) people residing in their home environment, traditionally derived knowledge of specific cases of ecological processes can approximate scientifically derived knowledge of those same cases. After locating three minimally literate peasant family lineages in Lijiayang and Linfengkeng villages, Shouning County, Fujian Province, China, not applying science-based systems of agroforest management, a decision-tree model of an indigenous agroforest management system was constructed from extensive interviews. The system was centered around shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata),an important timber species with a long history of management in China. A major part of the management system is agricultural intercropping with a wide variety of cereal, cash, medicinal, and oil-producing crops. Intercropping is practiced in the initial phases of afforestation; is an integral aspect of site preparation and the tending of the young stand; and contributes to tree establishment, growth, and survival. The cases presented demonstrate that local peasant knowledge of the effects of burning, site preparation, crop selection, crop tending, and intercropping duration on soil quality and the survival and development of shamu is strongly analogous to the knowledge derived through systematic scientific research. This process of deriving scientifically valid ecological knowledge through traditional means is called protoscience.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Advances in cultivation of Gelidiales

Currently, Gelidium and Pterocladia (Gelidiales) are collected or harvested only from the sea. Despite several attempts to develop a cultivation technology for Gelidium, no successful methodology has yet been developed. Initial steps towards developmental efforts in Portugal, Spain, South Africa and Israel have been published. More developments have probably been performed but have not been published. Two different technological concepts have been tested for Gelidium cultivation: (1) the attachment of Gelidium fragments to concrete cylinders floating in the sea, and (2) free-floating pond cultivation technology. These vegetative cultivation technologies might be partially optimized by controlling physical, chemical and biological growth factors. The pond cultivation technology is the much more controllable option. The effects of all factors are discussed in detail in this review. It seems that the main difficulty with cultivation of Gelidium is its low growth rate. The claimed yields of the two technologies are far from being economically attractive at this stage of their development. It seems that in order to introduce Gelidium into commercial cultivation, major efforts in genetic improvement through selection or genetic engineering will be required. Only high yield strains will have the potential to compete economically with the present harvesting tradition. However, accumulated experience with genetic improvement of other useful seaweed species suggests that this is possible.     

Comparison of two methods for detection of Mollicutes (Mycoplasmatales and Acholeplasmatales) in cell cultures in The Netherlands

A total of 1949 cell cultures was tested for contamination with mollicutes by cultivation on and in mycoplasma media, 25.7% of the cell cultures was positive, 243 strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis were isolated. Furthermore, mainly M. arginini and M. orale were detected, less often Acholeplasma laidlawii, M. fermentans and M. pneumoniae. Optimal conditions for isolation were discussed. About one third of 217 hybridoma cultures and two third of 57 myeloma cultures proved to be contaminated, all with M. hyorhinis. A DNA fluorochrome staining method (DAPI-test) was compared to cultivation for testing 1039 cell cultures. The efficiency of the DAPI-test could be estimated to be about 96% that of cultivation about 89%, but cultivation is more specific. The highest assurance is obtained when both methods are applied.     

Air spore microfungi in dwellings of south of Spain

Summary Indoor and outdoor airborne microfungi were studied in fourteen homes of Córdoba (Spain) for two years. Samplings were done gravimetrically in three rooms in each home and, for comparison, also outdoors. An overall 128 taxa were identified, which were classified according to their occurrence into occasional, frequent and permanent. No statistically significant quantitative differences were found between the microfungi in each room. On the other hand, there were significant quantitative differences between indoor and outdoor microfungi. Spores occurred at their maximum concentrations in spring. Finally,Aspergillus andCladosporium were found to be the most abundant genera indoors and outdoors, respectively.     

Epimerization of Hydroxyl Group in Lupan Series Triterpenoids

Two methods of obtaining 3-betulinic acid and related compounds from their 3-epimers were studied: the reaction of bimolecular substitution and the stereoselective reduction of 3-ketoderivatives. The substitution of acyloxy by formyloxy group in 3--tosyllupeol or of the belulin hydroxyl by benzoyloxy group resulted only in ^{2, 3}-elimination products, with none of the expected products of bimolecular substitution being found. The catalytic hydrogenation of betulonic acid over Raney nickel resulted only in reduction of the isopropenyl double bond, whereas the use of 5% Ru/C gave a 60 : 40 mixture of epimers of dihydrobetulinic acid. Practically the same mixture of betulinic acid epimers was obtained when reducing betulonic acid with L-Selectride. The cytotoxic activity of 3-betulinic acid increased toward the Bro melanoma cells and decreased toward the MS melanoma cells.