Peroxynitrite resistance of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump in pig coronary artery endothelium and smooth muscle

We examined the effects of peroxynitrite pre-treatment on sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) (SERCA) pump in pig coronary artery smooth muscle and endothelium. In saponin-permeabilized cells, smooth muscle showed much greater rates of the SERCA Ca(2+) pump-dependent (45)Ca(2+) uptake/mg protein than did the endothelial cells. Peroxynitrite treatment of cells inhibited the SERCA pump more severely in smooth muscle cells than in endothelial cells. To determine implications of this observation, we next examined the effect of the SERCA pump inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) on intracellular Ca(2+) concentration of intact cultured cells. CPA produced cytosolic Ca(2+) transients in cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Pre-treatment with peroxynitrite (200 microM) inhibited the Ca(2+) transients in the smooth muscle but not in the endothelial cells. CPA contracts de-endothelialized artery rings and relaxes precontracted arteries with intact endothelium. Peroxynitrite (250 microM) pre-treatment inhibited contraction in the de-endothelialized artery rings, but not the endothelium-dependent relaxation. Thus, endothelial cells appear to be more resistant than smooth muscle to the effects of peroxynitrite at the levels of SERCA pump activity, CPA-induced Ca(2+) transients in cultured cells, and the effects of CPA on contractility. The greater resistance of endothelium to peroxynitrite may play a protective role in pathological conditions such as ischemia-reperfusion when excess free radicals are produced.     

High K(+)-induced membrane depolarization attenuates endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation

Impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation has been implicated in the development of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells communicate electrically through gap junctions; thus, membrane depolarization in smooth muscle cells would depolarize endothelial cells. In this study, we examined the effect of prolonged membrane depolarization induced by high K(+) on the endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation. Isometric tension was measured in isolated pulmonary arteries (PA) from Sprague-Dawley rats, and membrane potential was measured in single PA smooth muscle cells. Increase in extracellular K(+) concentration from 4.7 to 25 mM significantly depolarized PA smooth muscle cells. The 25 mM K(+)-mediated depolarization was characterized by an initial transient depolarization (5-15 s) followed by a sustained depolarization that could last for up to 3 h. In endothelium-intact PA rings, ACh (2 microM), levcromakalim (10 microM), and nitroprusside (10 microM) reversibly inhibited the 25 mM K(+)-mediated contraction. Functional removal of endothelium abolished the ACh-mediated relaxation but had no effect on the levcromakalim- or the nitroprusside-mediated pulmonary vasodilation. Prolonged ( approximately 3 h) membrane depolarization by 25 mM K(+) significantly inhibited the ACh-mediated PA relaxation (-55 +/- 4 vs. -29 +/- 2%, P < 0.001), negligibly affected the levcromakalim-mediated pulmonary vasodilation (-92 +/- 4 vs. -95 +/- 5%), and slightly but significantly increased the nitroprusside-mediated PA relaxation (-80 +/- 2 vs. 90 +/- 3%, P < 0. 05). These data indicate that membrane depolarization by prolonged exposure to high K(+) concentration selectively inhibited endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, suggesting that membrane depolarization plays a role in the impairment of pulmonary endothelial function in pulmonary hypertension.     

Retention of endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses in canine coronary arteries following cryopreservation

In the present study, the cryoprotective effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) and fetal calf serum (FCS) on coronary endothelium and endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) responses was studied in isolated canine coronary arteries following cryostorage at -75 degrees C. Compared to the freshly isolated coronary arteries, the EDR responses to acetylcholine, thrombin, and calcium ionophore were not significantly altered following 1 day storage at -75 degrees C in the presence of 1.8 M Me2SO and 20% FCS. Prolonged cold storage to 7 days, however, resulted in a slight, but significant, rightward shift of the concentration-response curves of acetylcholine and thrombin, but not calcium ionophore. The maximum relaxant response after 7-day cryostorage was 80 to 85% of fresh controls. Omission of FCS from the cryostorage incubation medium further accentuated the loss of EDR responses to all three endothelium-dependent vasodilators tested. Scanning electron microscopic examinations of the intimal surface of the Me2SO and FCS cryostored canine coronary arteries confirmed the preservation of intimal endothelial cells following 1 or 7 days of storage at -75 degrees C, while significant patches of loss of endothelial cells were observed in the arteries cryostored only in the presence of Me2SO. No significant inhibitory effect of cryostorage was observed for the direct, endothelium-independent relaxation induced by isoproterenol, regardless of the presence or absence of FCS. These results demonstrate that slow freezing of canine coronary arteries to -75 degrees C in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing Me2SO and FCS provides good preservation of the vascular smooth muscle function and endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses.     

Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Relaxation by the Endothelium in Health and in Diabetes (with a Focus on Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor)

Amongst its wide repertoire of functions, the vascular endothelium plays a pivotal role in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone and ultimately tissue perfusion. In healthy vessels, the endothelium exerts a vasodilator influence on the underlying smooth muscle cells. In diabetes mellitus, endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired in various vascular beds and may contribute to the increased vascular tone and reduced tissue perfusion, which are features of this disease. There are regional variations in the extent of endothelial vasodilator dysfunction in diabetes, and the basis for this variation has yet to be resolved. The complement of vasodilators involved in endothelium-dependent relaxation varies in different vascular beds. In larger arteries and conduit vessels, the role of nitric oxide (NO) has been the focus of human and animal studies on diabetes. Small arteries and arterioles are important in the local regulation of tissue perfusion, and in many of these, another endothelial vasodilator, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), plays an increasingly prominent role in overall endothelium-dependent relaxation. Surprisingly few studies have explored the influence of diabetes on EDHF; however, there is emerging evidence from a diverse range of vascular beds that the actions of EDHF are seriously compromised in diabetes. Vascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes mellitus. A better understanding of the regional differences and mechanisms involved in endothelial function and dysfunction in small arteries may reveal new strategies to aid in the prevention and/or therapeutic management of the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus.     

Age-dependent modulation of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation by chronic hypoxia in ovine cranial arteries.

Although abundant evidence indicates that chronic hypoxia can induce pulmonary vascular remodeling, very little is known of the effects of chronic hypoxia on cerebrovascular structure and function, particularly in the fetus. Thus the present study explored the hypothesis that chronic hypoxemia also influences the size and shape of cerebrovascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, with parallel changes in the reactivity of these cells to endothelium-dependent vasodilator stimuli. To test this hypothesis, measurements of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell size and density were made in silver-stained common carotid and middle cerebral arteries from term fetal and nonpregnant adult sheep maintained at an altitude of 3,820 m for 110 days. Chronic hypoxia induced an age-dependent remodeling that led to smooth muscle cells that were larger in fetal arteries but smaller in adult arteries. Chronic hypoxia also increased endothelial cell density in fetal arteries but reduced it in adult arteries. These combined effects resulted in an increased (adult carotid), decreased (adult middle cerebral), or unchanged (fetal arteries) per cell serosal volume of distribution for endothelial factors. Despite this heterogeneity, the magnitude of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation to A23187, measured in vitro, was largely preserved, although sensitivity to this relaxant was uniformly depressed. N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, and endothelium denudation each independently blocked A23187-induced vasodilation without unmasking any residual vasoconstrictor effect. Indomethacin did not significantly attenuate A23187-induced relaxation except in the hypoxic adult middle cerebral, where a small contribution of prostanoids was evident. Vascular sensitivity to exogenous nitric oxide (NO) was uniformly increased by chronic hypoxia. From these results, we conclude that chronic hypoxia reduced endothelial NO release while also upregulating some component of the NO-cGMP-PKG vasodilator pathway. These offsetting effects appear to preserve endothelium-dependent vasodilation after adaptation to chronic hypoxia.     

Human free apolipoprotein A-I and artificial pre-beta-high-density lipoprotein inhibit eNOS activity and NO release

Little is known about the effects of human free apolipoprotein A-I (Free-Apo A-I) and pre-beta-high density lipoprotein (pre-beta-HDL) on the endothelium function. In this study, we have investigated the effects of Free-Apo A-I and artificial pre-beta-HDL on endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity and on NO production by endothelial cells. Free-Apo A-I drastically inhibited NO production in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and eNOS activity in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Pre-beta-HDL and serum from human apolipoprotein A-I transgenic rabbits inhibited eNOS activity in BAECs but HDL3 did not. Free-Apo A-I displaced eNOS from BAEC plasma membrane towards intracellular pools without affecting eNOS activity and eNOS mass in BAEC crude homogenates. Free-Apo A-I and HDL3 did not decrease either caveolin bound to BAEC plasma membrane or caveola cholesterol content. As previously described, we showed that HDL3 directly induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of rings from rat aorta. We observed that pre-beta-HDL significantly decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aortic rings ex vivo.     

Propagation of calcium waves along endothelium of hamster feed arteries

An increase in tissue blood flow requires relaxation of smooth muscle cells along entire branches of the resistance vasculature. Whereas the spread of hyperpolarization along the endothelium can coordinate smooth muscle cell relaxation, complementary signaling events have been implicated in the conduction of vasodilation. We tested the hypothesis that Ca(2+) waves propagate from cell to cell along the endothelium of feed arteries exhibiting spontaneous vasomotor tone. Feed arteries of the hamster retractor muscle were isolated, pressurized to 75 mmHg at 37 degrees C, and developed myogenic tone spontaneously. Smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells were loaded with the Ca(2+) indicator Fluo-4. An acetylcholine stimulus was delivered locally using microiontophoresis (1-microm pipette tip, 1 microA, 1 s), and Ca(2+) signaling within and along respective cell layers was determined using laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Acetylcholine triggered an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) of endothelial cells at the site of stimulation that preceded two distinct events: 1) a rapid synchronous decrease in smooth muscle [Ca(2+)](i) along the entire vessel and 2) an ensuing Ca(2+) wave that propagated bidirectionally along the endothelium at approximately 111 microm/s for distances exceeding 1 mm. Maximal dilation of vessels with either nifedipine (1 microM) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 100 microM) reduced the distance that Ca(2+) waves traveled to approximately 300 microm (P < 0.05). Thus Ca(2+) waves propagate along the endothelium of resistance vessels with vasomotor tone, and this signaling pathway is compromised during maximal dilation with nifedipine or SNP.     

Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in resistance arteries from patients with end-stage renal disease

The study focuses on the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in the uremic milieu. Subcutaneous resistance arteries from 35 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and 28 matched controls were studied ex-vivo. Basal and receptor-dependent effects of endothelium-derived factors, expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), prerequisites for myoendothelial gap junctions (MEGJ), and associations between endothelium-dependent responses and plasma levels of endothelial dysfunction markers were assessed. The contribution of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) to endothelium-dependent relaxation was impaired in uremic arteries after stimulation with bradykinin, but not acetylcholine, reflecting the agonist-specific differences. Diminished vasodilator influences of the endothelium on basal tone and enhanced plasma levels of asymmetrical dimethyl L-arginine (ADMA) suggest impairment in NO-mediated regulation of uremic arteries. eNOS expression and contribution of MEGJs to EDHF type responses were unaltered. Plasma levels of ADMA were negatively associated with endothelium-dependent responses in uremic arteries. Preserved responses of smooth muscle to pinacidil and NO-donor indicate alterations within the endothelium and tolerance of vasodilator mechanisms to the uremic retention products at the level of smooth muscle. We conclude that both EDHF and NO pathways that control resistance artery tone are impaired in the uremic milieu. For the first time, we validate the alterations in EDHF type responses linked to kinin receptors in ESRD patients. The association between plasma ADMA concentrations and endothelial function in uremic resistance vasculature may have diagnostic and future therapeutic implications.     

The alpha adrenoceptors on endothelial cells

Endothelial cells release a powerful factor (endothelium-derived relaxing factor [EDRF]) that relaxes smooth muscle cells in response to some vasodilating agents such as acetylcholine. Contraction curves to norepinephrine (NE) in greyhound, mongrel dog, and pig coronary artery rings were studied in vitro in the presence of propranolol. Removal of endothelium increased the sensitivity and maximum contraction in response to NE. In other experiments pig coronary rings were precontracted with a thromboxane mimetic U 46619 in the presence of propranolol. NE relaxed these arteries only if endothelium was present. Methoxamine was without effect but the relaxation response to NE was antagonized by phentolamine, idazoxan, and yohimbine, which suggests that there are alpha 2 adrenoceptors on endothelial cells that mediate the release of EDRF. Greyhound and mongrel dog large coronary arteries relaxed to NE only if prazosin was present, which suggests that alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation on the vascular smooth muscle can override the relaxation response to EDRF. Comparison of NE responses in carotid, mesenteric, renal, and femoral large arteries of the pig, greyhound, and mongrel dog indicate the nonuniformity of distribution of alpha 2 adrenoceptors on endothelium and alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle. The integrity of the endothelium must now be considered in interpreting the vascular responses to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists.     

The role of the sodium-calcium exchanger for calcium extrusion in coronary arteries

Calcium ionophores, such as the A23187, cause endothelium-dependent relaxation of arterial strips with intact endothelium, whereas the effect of the ionophore should result from the combination of a relaxation caused by the endothelium-dependent factors and of a contraction of the smooth muscles. In addition, the application of a calcium ionophore to a strip of pig coronary arteries without endothelium does not change cytosolic free calcium concentration and force developed by the smooth muscle cells. To explain these paradoxes, the hypothesis that active calcium extrusion would match the entry of extracellular calcium caused by the ionophore was tested. We see that the sodium-calcium exchanger extrudes calcium that enters the smooth muscle cells in the absence of the ionophore. This exchanger is efficient enough to expel the increased influx of calcium created by the additional calcium carriers formed by the ionophore. This explains the inefficiency of calcium ionophores to increase cytosolic free calcium of smooth muscle cells and consequently, the fact that the ionophore does not cause a contraction of a strip without endothelium. This makes evident that a calcium ionophore fully relaxes, in an endothelium-dependent manner. an intact strip of porcine coronary artery.     

Inhibitory effect of tetrabutylammonium ions on endothelium/nitric oxide-mediated vasorelaxation

Apart from the well-described K+ channel blocking effects in vascular smooth muscle cells, monovalent quaternary ammonium ions may also interact with endothelial cells in the endothelium-intact mammalian arteries. The present study was aimed to examine the effect of tetrabutylammonium ions on endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation in the rat isolated aortic rings. Pretreatment with tetrabutylammonium concentration dependently reduced the endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine, cyclopiazonic acid and ionomycin. Tetrabutylammonium also inhibited endothelium-independent relaxation induced by hydroxylamine or nitroprusside. Pretreatment of endothelium-denuded rings with tetrabutylammonium did not affect relaxation induced by NS1619 or by diltiazem. In contrast, tetrabutylammonium significantly reduced the pinacidil- or cromakalim-induced relaxation. Tetrabutylammonium also inhibited the acetylcholine- but not nitroprusside-induced increase of tissue content of cyclic GMP in the aortic rings. The present study indicates that tetrabutylammonium ions could inhibit endothelial and exogenous nitric oxide-mediated aortic relaxation while it had no effect on relaxation induced by activation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels (by NS1619) or by inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (by diltiazem). The inhibitory effect on pinacidil- and cromakalim-induced relaxation suggests that tetrabutylammonium ions also inhibit ATP-sensitive K+ channels in aortic smooth muscle cells.     

Gender, sex hormones, and vascular tone

The greater incidence of hypertension and coronary artery disease in men and postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women has been related, in part, to gender differences in vascular tone and possible vascular protective effects of the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. However, vascular effects of the male sex hormone testosterone have also been suggested. Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone receptors have been identified in blood vessels of human and other mammals and have been localized in the plasmalemma, cytosol, and nuclear compartments of various vascular cells, including the endothelium and the smooth muscle. The interaction of sex hormones with cytosolic/nuclear receptors triggers long-term genomic effects that could stimulate endothelial cell growth while inhibiting smooth muscle proliferation. Activation of plasmalemmal sex hormone receptors may trigger acute nongenomic responses that could stimulate endothelium-dependent mechanisms of vascular relaxation such as the nitric oxide-cGMP, prostacyclin-cAMP, and hyperpolarization pathways. Additional endothelium-independent effects of sex hormones may involve inhibition of the signaling mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle contraction such as intracellular Ca2+ concentration and protein kinase C. The sex hormone-induced stimulation of the endothelium-dependent mechanisms of vascular relaxation and inhibition of the mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle contraction may contribute to the gender differences in vascular tone and may represent potential beneficial vascular effects of hormone replacement therapy during natural and surgically induced deficiencies of gonadal hormones.     

Freezing without surrounding cryomedium preserves the endothelium and its function in human internal mammary arteries

PURPOSE: Cryopreserved human blood vessels may become important tools in bypass surgery. Optimal cryopreservation of an arterial graft should, therefore, preserve both histological and physiological characteristics of smooth muscle and endothelium comparable to the unfrozen artery. METHODS: Rings from human internal mammary arteries (IMA) were investigated in vitro either unfrozen or after immersion into a cryomedium (RPMI 1640 containing 1.8M Me2SO and 0.1M sucrose) and cryostorage with and without surrounding medium. RESULTS: In unfrozen IMA, neither contractile responses to noradrenaline (NA) nor endothelium-dependent relaxant responses to acetylcholine (ACH) was modified after exposure of the IMA to cryomedium or during activation of protein kinase C by phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). Exposure to cryomedium with gradually increasing Me2SO content before starting the cooling process did not improve the post-thaw functional activity of the artery. Optimal post-thaw recovery of contractile responses to NA and PGF(2alpha) was observed after freezing at a speed of -1.2 and -3 degrees C/min in arteries stored with and without surrounding cryomedium. Compared to unfrozen controls, the ACH-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation during active tone induced by 3 microM PGF(2alpha) reached 16 and 56% after freezing with and without surrounding medium. All functional data were reflected by electron microscopy images showing considerably better preservation of the endothelial layer after freezing without medium. CONCLUSION: Freezing of human arteries at a mean cooling rate of -3 degrees C/min and storage without surrounding medium offers the prospect of optimal preservation of both smooth muscle and endothelial function in cryopreserved human IMA.     

Role of Endothelial Cell Ion Channels in the Resistance Artery Function

Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) underlies nitric oxide and prostacyclin-independent arterial relaxation. As the influence of EDHF increases with decreasing artery size, it plays an important role in vascular regulation. Initially suggested to represent a diffusible factor, EDHF is now thought to represent a variable input in different arteries from a factor(s) and the spread of hyperpolarizing current from the endothelium to the smooth muscle. Key to unravelling this pathway has been the demonstration that hyperpolarization within the endothelium can be blocked using a combination of the K_Ca channel blockers, apamin and charibdotoxin. As a consequence, the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, which represents the end point of the EDHF pathway, is blocked. This review discusses the evidence that a differential distribution of ion channels between the smooth muscle and endothelial cells underlies the EDHF pathway. Also, that a diffusible factor, which may well be K ions released by the endothelium, acts alongside the spread of hyperpolarization through myoendothelial gap junctions to explain EDHF-evoked smooth muscle relaxation. While the relative importance of each of these two components can vary between arteries, together they can explain the EDHF phenomenon.     

Hydrogen sulfide-induced relaxation of resistance mesenteric artery beds of rats

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown recently to function as an important gasotransmitter. The present study investigated the vascular effects of H2S, both exogenously applied and endogenously generated, on resistance mesenteric arteries of rats and the underlying mechanisms. Both H2S and NaHS evoked concentration-dependent relaxation of in vitro perfused rat mesenteric artery beds (MAB). The sensitivity of MAB to H2S (EC50, 25.2 +/- 3.6 microM) was about fivefold higher than that of rat aortic tissues. Removal of endothelium or coapplication of charybdotoxin and apamin to endothelium-intact MAB significantly reduced the vasorelaxation effects of H2S. The H2S-induced relaxation of MAB was partially mediated by ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel activity in vascular smooth muscle cells. Pinacidil (EC50, 1.7 +/- 0.1 microM, n=6) mimicked, but glibenclamide (10 microM, n=6) suppressed, the vasorelaxant effect of H2S. KATP channel currents in isolated mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells were significantly augmented by H2S. L-cysteine, a substrate of cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE), at 1 mM increased endogenous H2S production by sixfold in rat mesenteric artery tissues and decreased contractility of MAB. DL-propargylglycine (a blocker of CSE) at 10 microM abolished L-cysteine-dependent increase in H2S production and relaxation of MAB. Our results demonstrated a tissue-specific relaxant response of resistance arteries to H2S. The stimulation of KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle cells and charybdotoxin/apamin-sensitive K+ channels in vascular endothelium by H2S represents important cellular mechanisms for H2S effect on MAB. Our study also demonstrated that endogenous CSE can generate sufficient H2S from exogenous L-cysteine to cause vasodilation. Future studies are merited to investigate direct contribution of endogenous H2S to regulation of vascular tone.     

Involvement of endothelium/nitric oxide in vasorelaxation induced by purified green tea (-)epicatechin

The present study investigated the involvement of endothelial nitric oxide in relaxation induced by purified green tea (-)epicatechin in rat isolated mesenteric arteries. (-)Epicatechin caused both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation. NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 microM) and methylene blue (10 microM) significantly attenuated (-)epicatechin-induced relaxation in endothelium-intact tissues. L-Arginine (1 mM) partially antagonized the effect of L-NAME. (-)Epicatechin-induced relaxation was inhibited by Rp-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine. In contrast, indomethacin and glibenclamide had no effect. (-)Epicatechin (100 microM) significantly increased the tissue content of cyclic GMP and NG-nitro-L-arginine (100 microM) or removal of the endothelium abolished this increase. (-)Epicatechin (100 microM) induced an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Iberiotoxin at 100 nM attenuated (-)epicatechin-induced relaxation in endothelium-intact arteries and this effect was absent in the presence of 100 microM L-NAME. In summary, (-)epicatechin-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation is primarily mediated by nitric oxide and partially through nitric oxide-dependent activation of iberiotoxin-sensitive K+ channels. In addition, there may be a causal link between increased Ca2+ levels and nitric oxide release in response to (-)epicatechin.     

Cardiovascular risk factors, erection disorders and endothelium dysfunction

Upon sexual stimulation, penile erection, occurring in response to the activation of pro-erectile autonomic pathways, is greatly dependent on adequate inflow of blood to the erectile tissue and requires coordinated arterial endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and sinusoidal endothelium-dependent corporal smooth muscle relaxation. Nitric oxide (NO) is the principal peripheral pro-erectile neurotransmitter which is released by both non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurons and the sinusoidal endothelium to relax corporal smooth muscle through the cGMP pathway. Any factors modifying the basal corporal tone, the arterial inflow of blood to the corpora, the synthesis/release of neurogenic or endothelial NO are prime suspects for being involved in the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED). In fact, conditions associated with altered endothelial function, such as ageing, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, may, by changing the balance between contractant and relaxant factors, cause circulatory and structural changes in penile tissues, resulting in arterial insufficiency and defect in smooth muscle relaxation and thus, ED. There is increasing evidence to suggest that ED is predominantly a vascular disease and may even be a marker for occult cardiovascular disease. Recent results illustrating the importance of endothelial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of different forms of experimental ED are discussed. These pathways may represent new potential treatment targets.     

Epr Spectroscopic Studies of Detection of a Carbon-Centered Free Radical During Acetylcholine-Induced and Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation of Guinea Pig Pulmonary Artery

Vascular smooth muscle relaxation by several vasodilators, including acetylcholine (Ach) and ATP, depends on the presence of intact endothelium. Ach is thought to activate muscarinic receptors on endothelium to release an endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) which brings about relaxation of smooth muscle. In order to assess the role of free radicals in the endothelium-dependent relaxation of blood vessel, we have studied the effect of a spin-trapping agent, phenyl t-butyl nitrone (PBN). on Ach-, ATP-, and sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation of guinea pig pulmonary artery. Arterial strips were mounted in a 5-ml organ bath containing Krebs solution equilibrated with 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂ at 37°C. After increasing vascular tone by a synthetic prostaglandin endoperoxide analog (50 ng/ml), the strips relaxed dose-dependently in response to Ach (5 × 10^-8M), ATP (1.5 × 10^-6M) or sodium nitroprusside (6 × 10^-9 M). Removal of the endothelium abolished the relaxation by Ach or ATP, but did not affect the relaxation by sodium nitroprusside. PBN inhibited Ach-induced relaxation of pulmonary artery dose-dependently, but had no effect on relaxations by ATP or sodium nitroprusside. PBN did not block radioligand binding to muscarinic cholinergic membrane receptors on both chick embryonic heart and guinea pig pulmonary artery endothelial cells indicating that it does not block the muscarinic receptors. Spin trapping in combination with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectral analysis revealed a carbon-centered radical with hyperfine splitting constants of a_N = 16.0 G and a_β^H: = 3.85 G in the lipid extracts of pulmonary artery (0.2-0.4g) incubated with PBN (14mM) and Ach (3 × 10^-6M) for 20min. No signal was detected when endothelium was removed. Our data suggest that the endothelium-dependent relaxation of pulmonary artery by Ach is associated with the generation of a free-radical and can be prevented by a spin-trapping agent. ATP, however, relaxes the arterial smooth muscle by a different mechanism.     

Role of ET(A) receptors in the regulation of vascular reactivity in rats with congestive heart failure

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET)-1 interact to regulate vascular tone. In congestive heart failure (CHF), the release and/or the activity of both factors is affected. We hypothesized that the increased ET-1 production associated with CHF may result in a reduced smooth muscle sensitivity to NO. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a chronic treatment with the ET(A)-receptor (ET receptor A) antagonist LU-135252 (LU) on cerebrovascular reactivity to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in the rat infarct model of CHF. Rats were subjected to coronary artery ligation and were treated for 4 wk with placebo (n = 24) or LU (50 mg. kg(-1). day(-1), n = 29). CHF was associated with a decreased (P < 0.05) efficacy of SNP to induce relaxation of isolated middle cerebral arteries. Furthermore, neither NO synthase inhibition with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) nor endothelial denudation affected the efficacy of SNP. Thus the endothelium no longer influences smooth muscle sensitivity to SNP. LU treatment, however, normalized (P < 0.05) smooth muscle sensitivity to SNP. Sensitivity of ET-1-induced contraction was increased in CHF only in the presence of L-NNA, whereas contraction induced by ET(B) receptor (receptor B) stimulation was increased (P < 0.05) in endothelium-denuded vessels. LU treatment restored these changes in reactivity and revealed a significant endothelium-dependent ET(B)-mediated relaxation after NO synthase inhibition. In conclusion, CHF decreases and uncouples cerebrovascular smooth muscle sensitivity to SNP from endothelial regulation. The observation that chronic ET(A) blockade restored most of the changes associated with CHF suggests that activation of the ET-1 system importantly contributes to the alteration in vascular reactivity observed in experimental CHF.     

Hyperpolarization of murine small caliber mesenteric arteries by activation of endothelial proteinase-activated receptor 2

Activation of endothelial proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) relaxes vascular smooth muscle (VSM) and causes hypotension by nitric oxide (NO)-prostanoid-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We investigated whether endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of VSM was the mechanism whereby resistance caliber arteries vasodilated independently of NO. VSM membrane potentials and isometric tension were measured concurrently to correlate the electrophysiological and mechanical changes in murine small caliber mesenteric arteries. In uncontracted arteries, the PAR-2 agonist, SLIGRL-NH2 (0.1 to 10 micromol/L), hyperpolarized the VSM membrane potential only in endothelium-intact arterial preparations. This response was unaltered by treatment of arteries with inhibitors of NO synthases (L-NAME), soluble guanylyl cyclase (ODQ), and cyclooxygenases (indomethacin). L-NAME, ODQ, and indomethacin also failed to inhibit SLIGRL-NH2-induced hyperpolarization and of cirazoline-contracted mesenteric arteries. However, in blood vessels that were depolarized and contracted with 30 mmol/L KCl, the effects of the SLIGRL-NH2 on membrane potential and tension were not observed. SLIGRL-NH2-induced hyperpolarization and relaxation was inhibited completely by the combination of apamin plus charybdotoxin, but only partially inhibited after treatment with the combination of barium plus ouabain, suggesting an important role for SKCa and IKCa channels and a lesser role for Kir channels and Na+/K+ ATPases in the hyperpolarization response. We concluded that activation of endothelial PAR-2 hyperpolarized the vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells of small caliber arteries, without requiring the activation of NO synthases, cyclooxygenases, or soluble guanylyl cyclase. Indeed, this hyperpolarization may be a primary mechanism for PAR-2-induced hypotension in vivo.