四川洪雅县赤腹松鼠的食性观察

2008年1月至2010年8月,在主要树种为柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei的四川省洪雅县林场中,采用直接观察和胃容物分析法对赤腹松鼠Callosciurus erythraeus食性进行研究.发现赤腹松鼠取食的植物共有14科23种,如小柱悬钩子Rubus columellaris和板栗Castanea mollissima的果实,油茶Camellia oleifera的花及柳杉和杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata的树皮.结合往年文献,已知确认洪雅县赤腹松鼠取食的植物共28种.根据胃容物分析,果实种子的比例为秋季(75.60％±0.53％)＞夏季(63.32％±0.69％)＞冬季(34.02％±0.43％)＞春季(14.35％±0.71％),差异显著(P＜0.05);而树皮在夏季和秋季分别为7.32％±0.50％和8.30％±0.87％,显著低于冬季和春季的28.13％±0.72％和28.71％ ±0.84％ (P ＜0.05).根据结果分析,赤腹松鼠的主要食物是植物的果实种子,在冬春取食较多的树皮可能与果实种子短缺有关.     

四川洪雅县赤腹松鼠巢址选择研究

赤腹松鼠Callosciueus erythraeus在四川省洪雅县已经成为第一大森林害鼠.为了揭示赤腹松鼠巢址选择特征并为控制该物种的危害服务,2008年3～8月采取样线法对洪雅县赤腹松鼠的巢址选择状况进行了调查.共发现81棵巢树,对其巢位参数的统计显示,赤腹松鼠可在11种阔叶树和3种针叶树上营巢,对柏木Cpuressus funebris和楠木Phoebe zhennan有明显选择性,分别为营巢树数量的34.6%和33.3%.营巢树平均高度为18.6 m±0.6 m,巢距地面平均高度为16.2 m±0.5 m,巢位置一般靠近树的顶端,多朝东、南和东南方向,76.5%的巢位于树干与树枝的交界处.对无重复取样的巢址样方(n=65)和对照样方(n=65)中15个生境因子的对比分析表明,赤腹松鼠倾向在乔木平均高度较高、林下灌木盖度相对较高、坡度较大的生境中营巢.     

人工林赤腹松鼠春夏季活动节律与行为特征观察

2009年3～8月,通过观察和运用无线电遥测对四川洪雅县人工林赤腹松鼠活动节律和行为特征进行了研究.结果 显示,赤腹松鼠为昼行型动物,其春夏活动节律呈晨昏双高峰型.春夏季雄性赤腹松鼠日活动时间分别为5.00 h/d±1.39 h/d(占日长的39.62%)和7.54 h/d±1.20 h/d(占日长的55.12%),雌性夏季日活动时间为6.48 h/d±0.98 h/d,占日长的46.82%.雄性赤腹松鼠春季活动强度为37.38%±8.75%,夏季雌雄性活动强度分别为46.30%±7.04%和53.85%±8.60%.雄性赤腹松鼠春夏季之间以及夏季雌雄之间的日活动时间和活动强度均存在显著差异.赤腹松鼠清晨出巢及傍晚回巢时间与日出日落显著正相关.春夏季赤腹松鼠的行为以取食为主,占日活动行为时间分配的比例分别为86.23%和79.54%.赤腹松鼠的活动节律和活动时间办受天气状况、日照时间等因素的影响.     

城市公园中赤腹松鼠的家域特征及昼间活动规律初探

2015年12月至2016年5月,对上海动物园内活动的9只赤腹松鼠进行无线电遥测,应用Homing法进行空间定位,基于最小凸多边形（MCP）和95%固定 核空间（95%Kernel）模型估算城市绿地中赤腹松鼠的家域面积、空间分布特征及个体间的重叠情况,同时记录赤腹松鼠的昼间行为规律。赤腹松鼠 家域面积平均值为12376（MCP）~18146 m²（95%Kernel）,雌雄个体间家域面积无显著差异（Independent-sample test,t= -0.101,P=0.922）。 赤腹松鼠冬季家域面积与春季家域面积间无显著差异（One way ANOVA,MCP：F=3.900,P=0.070;95%FK：F=3.566,P=0.081）。部分赤腹松鼠家域 间存在重叠,冬季重叠指数0.36~0.63,春季重叠指数0.02~0.43。赤腹松鼠的昼间行为以移动（29.4%）、取食（25.1%）和休息行为（24.7%）为主 。在不同季节,赤腹松鼠的取食行为发生显著变化（One way ANOVA,F=119.268,P<0.001）,冬季取食行为发生频率最高（33.3%）,夏季最低 （16.4%）;领域行为在夏（15.8%）、秋（16.2%）季发生频率较高,春季（5.8%）降低（One way ANOVA,F=140.416,P<0.001）。赤腹松鼠昼间 活动呈“U”型分布,主要集中于05:00—08:00和15:00—18:00,休息主要分布于12:00—13:00。     

利用毒饵站防治赤腹松鼠危害的可行性研究

赤腹松鼠剥食树皮的行为常给人工林造成严重危害。因赤腹松鼠在树上活动,防治难度较大,为此进行了在树上放置毒饵站防治其危害的可行性研究。2012年9月~2013年7月,为选择合适的毒饵站类型,对毒饵站的材料、口径和放置高度进行了实验;并调查了赤腹松鼠对毒饵站中饵料取食的季节性变化,评估玉米和大米在不同季节作为饵料防治危害的可行性。研究结果显示,毒饵站的材料(塑料喉管和竹筒)以及在树上的放置高度(0.8 m和1.8 m)对赤腹松鼠的取食无影响,但赤腹松鼠对口径较大(90 mm)的毒饵站的访问显著高于对口径较小(80 mm)的毒饵站的访问。赤腹松鼠对饵料的访问结果显示:赤腹松鼠对玉米的取食率在秋季达到最高32.40%,最低时为夏季8.44%;对大米的取食率在春季达到了最高29.38%,最低时为冬季8.33%。根据实验结果,认为在各个季节利用毒饵站法防治赤腹松鼠的危害都是可行的,可根据具体的防治时间选择玉米或大米作为饵料。此外,赤腹松鼠对大颗粒的玉米饵料的访问显著高于对小颗粒的玉米饵料的访问。在实验过程中通过红外线摄像机采集到的4120张图片和830段视频显示超过99%的饵料均是赤腹松鼠取食的,极少有非靶动物访问毒饵站。赤腹松鼠对饵料的访问行为表现出了晨昏双高峰的特点。     

赤腹松鼠一新亚种

在查对中国南部赤腹松鼠标本(401号)的基础上,发现分布于云南东北部昭通地区的赤腹松鼠与赤腹松鼠其他亚种有明显的区别.毛色特征:背部棕黄色,背中央区域稍带黑色;腹部至前胸栗红色;喉、颏部棕灰色;尾毛背腹无明显差异,尾毛末端棕黄、次末端黑,尾末端具棕黄色(稍黄白)区域;前后足背棕褐色,稍带黑色.进一步对头骨可量性状数据进行分析(差异系数),结果表明:分布于该地区的赤腹松鼠分别与赤腹松鼠其他13个亚种两两之间至少有一项差异系数大于1.28,系一新亚种Callosciurus erythraeus zhaotongensis subsp.nov..     

赤腹松鼠防治指标研究

通过调查洪雅林场不同年龄柳杉林赤腹松鼠危害情况,测量各年龄段被害木与健康木的生长差异,计算出单株材积损失率,用回归拟合危害程度与单株材积损失率的关系,计算当地柳杉经济允许损失水平和防治指标。结果表明:材积损失率与危害等级均成正相关。赤腹松鼠危害造成的材积损失率随着树龄略有差异,10~12年、13~15年生柳杉林的经济允许材积损失率分别为2.411%和2.742%,对应的新危害指数(∑(各危害级株数×危害等级)/(调查株数×危害最高级)×100%)为2.42和2.92。     

赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus）的三个新亚种

本文根据1980-1986年查考和搜集采集分布于我国云南、贵州、广西、广东、湖北、福建、浙江、安徽、江苏 、陕西和四川等地赤腹松鼠文献资料和31O宗号标本,按同质性原则对其各亚种在形态上进行全面比较分析研究,发现分布于陕西秦玲南坡．四川大巴山中段南坡和四川武陵山北坡等3个地区的赤腹松鼠分别为3个独立的新亚种,订名为赤腹鼠秦岭亚种、大巴山亚种和武陵山亚种。在详细描述其形态特证的基础上,提出鉴别特征并划出其地理分布图。     

繁殖期不同时段赤腹松鼠巢域的变化

繁殖期巢域的研究对了解繁殖期间动物的社群关系、种群动态、繁殖策略等有重要作用。2009 年3 ～12月和2010 年3 ～9 月对洪雅县赤腹松鼠的巢域面积变化进行观察。使用最小凸多边形(Minimum convex polygon,MCP)法计算赤腹松鼠各时期的巢域面积,结果显示: (1)整个繁殖期,雄性赤腹松鼠的巢域面积为1.34 ±0. 34 hm² ,显著大于雌性的巢域面积(0.60 ± 0. 08 hm² ); (2)雄性赤腹松鼠在求偶交配期主动增加其巢域面积,可能会增加雄性与雌性的遇见率,从而增加与雌性的交配数量;雌性赤腹松鼠在求偶交配期不主动增加巢域面积,而是具有较为稳定的活动范围。在妊娠育幼期雌性的巢域面积会减小,这可能是雌性为提高后代的成活率,在增加能量和降低捕食风险两者间做出的权衡;(3)整个繁殖期,雌性赤腹松鼠间无巢域重叠现象,而雄性间存在巢域重叠。两性之间仅在求偶交配期存在巢域重叠现象,因此,雌性赤腹松鼠在繁殖期有较强的领域性。     

人工林赤腹松鼠危害程度与生境因子的关系研究

2009年3～6月,采用样方法对四川省洪雅县人工林赤腹松鼠危害相关的生境因子进行了调查。共设置了240个样方。样方调查中记录了2个反应危害等级的变量(危害株数和乔木总数)和11个生境变量(森林类型、海拔、坡向、坡度、坡位、距最近道路距离、距最近水源距离、乔木均高、乔木平均胸围、灌木盖度和草本盖度)。通过广义线性模型研究这些因子与人工林赤腹松鼠危害程度的关系。结果显示,赤腹松鼠危害程度与森林类型、坡度、坡向、乔木平均胸围呈显著性相关,与其他因子无显著相关性,在柳杉-杉木林中的危害高于纯柳杉林,在阴坡的危害低于其他坡向,危害程度随坡度和乔木平均胸围的增加而增加。     

Home Range Size and Habitat Use in the Black Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)

The black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus) is a threatened species due to past destruction of its natural habitat, thus knowledge of its home range size and use is essential in planning for its conservation. I studied one group for 4 months in the Morro do Diabo State Park, in São Paulo State, Brazil. I estimated the home range of the group to be 64 and 127 ha via the quadrat and convex polygon methods, respectively, while a composite method yielded an estimate of 106 ha. They ate insects most frequently (38% of scans), a resource which was distributed throughout their home range. Fruit was the second major resource, but when it was not available, they ate more gum. The exploitation of fruits was associated with dryland forest, while gum-feeding occurred mainly in swamp forest. The study group used a transition zone between dryland and swamp forest most frequently, and all of their sleeping trees were located there. Although the vegetation reached 15–20 m, the group spent most of the time (55%) in the upper understory, between 4 and 8 m high. The study group revealed more specific habitat needs than thought previously, suggesting that the current population may be smaller than estimated.     

Home range and habitat use by the sable<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Martes zibellina brachyura</Emphasis> in a Japanese cool-temperate mixed forest

Home range and habitat use of the sable Martes zibellina brachyura were studied in a cool-temperate mixed forest in northernmost Japan. In both sexes, some sables showed a wide range of migration without establishing home ranges and the others had home ranges of 0.50–1.78 km² (mean: 1.12±SD 0.495 km², n =6) which were not significantly correlated with body weight or age. The analysis of canine tooth annuli revealed that the maximum age was 5.5 years. The home ranges of some sables overlapped so extensively that the home ranges and even the core areas did not appear exclusive to other sables. We determined resting sites and foraging routes in snow in winter. Comparison of vegetation at the resting sites and foraging routes with habitat availability suggested that the sables preferred resting in dense-tree forests with many tree species and debris probably in order to avoid predators (red foxes) and strong wind and foraging in forests of climax succession which are usually rich in their prey such as voles and mice.     

海南文昌昌洒荒坡地生境中蜡皮蜥繁殖期家域

为掌握蜡皮蜥(Leiolepis reevesii)繁殖期家域大小、家域内是否存在核域,以及家域与核域的重叠程度,分别于2010年和2011年的3月至5月在海南文昌荒坡地生境中,应用无线电遥测技术对蜡皮蜥家域进行了研究,采用最小凸多边形、固定核域、线家域等方法分析了13只个体(10雄3雌)的家域、核域及其重叠度。雄性最小凸多边形(100%MCP)家域面积为(14 091.6±5 718.0)m2,显著大于雌性的(253.3±106.5)m2(t=4.064,df=11,P=0.002);雄性95%固定核域(FK)和75%FK面积为(10 707.8±2 388.5)m2和(3 282.7±1 022.8)m2,分别显著大于雌性的(379.1±74.1)m2(t=7.262,df=11,P0.001)和(172.1±37.9)m2(t=5.107,df=11,P0.001);雄性线家域为(205.8±52.5)m,显著大于雌性的(25.0±2.0)m(t=5.781,df=11,P=0.034);分析遥测个体位点利用方式,蜡皮蜥个体家域内核域明显,雄性核域为(1 380.5±429.1)m2,显著大于雌性的(80.2±18.5)m2(t=5.088,df=11,P0.001),且雄性核域占100%最小凸多边形家域面积的比例为10.9%±3.9%,显著低于雌性的33.3%±6.1%(t=﹣7.834,df=11,P0.001);雄性100%MCP面积不仅与头体长(SVL)之间线性相关显著(n=10,r=0.815,P=0.004),而且与体重(BM)之间也具有明显的线性相关(n=10,r=0.683,P=0.029);个体之间具有家域和核域重叠,雄性个体之间100%MCP家域重叠指数为0.26±0.17,显著低于雌性的0.66±0.02(t=﹣3.372,df=34,P=0.002),而雄性核域重叠面积占核域比例为2.50%±1.70%、重叠指数为0.02±0.02,雌性比例为0.34%±0.01%、重叠指数为0.01,表明蜡皮蜥具有明显的领域性,且雌性在繁殖季节其领域性明显高于雄性。     

黑顶麻雀的活动区及其影响因素

2017和2018年每年6至10月,在甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区利用无线电遥测技术对繁殖期16只黑顶麻雀(Passer ammodendri)(9♀,7♂)和繁殖期后1个月内雌雄各1只的活动区进行了监测。使用95%固定核空间法(FK)计算活动区面积,60%固定核空间法求得的活动区面积作为核心区面积。结果显示,在繁殖期雌雄黑顶麻雀个体间的平均活动区面积分别为(23.88±4.50)hm²(n=9)和(32.36±7.24)hm²(n=7),核心区面积分别为(3.92±0.70)hm²和(5.55±1.55)hm²,繁殖期雌雄个体间的活动区和核心区面积均无显著差异。繁殖结束后一个月内雌雄活动区面积分别为123.86hm²和272.40 hm²,核心区面积分别为23.68 hm²和64.88 hm²。雌、雄性个体繁殖期的活动区面积和核心区面积均显著小于繁殖期后。个性表现为羞怯的个体活动区面积显著小于个性表现为勇敢...     

Home range of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in three contrasting French populations

Despite their pest status in numerous areas throughout the World, the populations of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) have strongly decreased in South Western Europe since the mid-20th century. Such a decrease constitutes a major threat on top predators and calls for a better understanding of its mechanisms to provide suitable management responses. Infectious diseases have been invoked as the main responsible factors, but they cannot by themselves explain the magnitude of this decrease. Habitat fragmentation may indeed act as a synergetic factor, and habitat use studies are needed to better understand the impact of fragmentation on rabbit population dynamics. We investigated the variability of home range size with respects to age, sex and season in three wild populations of rabbits using telemetry. Home ranges were smaller in the highest density populations (7333 and 6878 vs. 20,492 m²) suggesting differences in habitat quality between the populations. In addition, home range sizes were larger during the reproductive season for both sexes, and adults tended to have smaller home ranges than juveniles. Clearly, the home range sizes reported here were smaller than those previously reported in rabbits.     

北京地区红隼的迁徙路线和活动区域

红隼(Falco tinnunculus)被列为国家二级重点保护野生动物,是能同时适应农村和城市环境的小型猛禽,对维持城市生态系统稳定具有重要意义。2022年4月至7月,为在北京救助的7只红隼佩戴了卫星追踪器,追踪其活动轨迹,依据追踪的动物活动位点数据,采用净平方位移-时间曲线依次对各红隼的迁徙模式进行了判别,深入分析了迁徙红隼的迁徙时间、距离和路线等,并采用核心密度法分别计算了迁徙及留居型红隼95%及50%活动区面积。研究结果表明,在北京地区红隼的迁徙模式为部分迁徙,追踪的7只红隼个体(N01 ~ N07)中,4只为留鸟,1只为迁徙鸟,2只居留类型无法准确判断。N01为迁徙红隼,其度夏地和越冬地分别在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟和河北廊坊,此红隼秋季迁徙速度明显高于春季,其春季迁徙距离551 km,历时25 d,平均迁徙速度为22 km/d,而秋季迁徙距离412 km,历时2 d,平均迁徙速度为203 km/d,河北承德滦平县是其春季迁徙的重要中途停歇地。不同红隼个体间95%及50%活动区面积均存在较大差异,迁徙红隼N01 95%、50%活动区面积在度夏区分别为93.10 km²、17.50 km²,在越冬区分别为7.03 km²、0.99 km²;留居型红隼95%、50%活动区面积均值分别为1 165.34 km²、178.71 km²(n = 4),其中最大95%、50%活动区面积分别为4 320.26 km²(N02)、648.22 km²(N02),最小95%、50%活动区面积分别为2.80 km²(N03)、0.29 km²(N03)。本研究揭示了北京地区红隼的迁徙模式、迁徙路线、重要停歇地及活动区状况,为红隼的针对性保护和管理提供了科学依据。     

Habitat Use of Booted Eagles (Hieraaetus pennatus) in a Special Protection Area: Implications for Conservation

We examined the patterns of habitat use of six radio-tagged booted eagles (Hieraaetus pennatus) in a Special Protection Area (SPA) in southeastern Spain. Variable percentages of radio locations (20.8–72.0 %) and home range areas (45.2–81.3 %) lay outside the SPA limits. A model selection procedure showed that habitat use was mainly influenced by habitat type and the distance to the nest. Edges and open lands were the most selected habitat types at long distances, while the probability of forest use strongly decreased with the distance. We conclude that effective conservation strategies for this species should encourage not only the protection of the forest nesting habitats, but also the traditional agricultural practices of the surrounding agroecosystems.     

Habitat Use and Mobility of Two Threatened Coastal Dune Insects: Implications for Conservation

We studied the habitat use and mobility of the Grayling butterfly (Hipparchia semele) and the Blue-Winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda caerulescens), two threatened insects within spatially structured blond and grey dunes in a nature reserve along the Belgian coast. Although both species occur in the same biotope, H. semele were more abundant in open, dynamic sites with a relatively high amount of bare sand, while O. caerulescens preferred sheltered, more stable environments with a lower amount of bare sand. Unlike H. semele, substrate use varied in accordance to body colouration in O. caerulescens, especially on cold days, with light-coloured animals being more abundant on sand and dark-coloured animals more abundant on moss. During a mark-recapture-study, we marked 493 Grayling butterflies and 1289 Blue-Winged Grasshoppers. On average, both sexes of H. semele were equally mobile (about 150 m/day; maximum recorded distance of about 1700 m) while male O. caerulescens were significantly more mobile than females (daily average 47 vs. 5 m; maximum distances observed for O. caerulescens were about 800 m). The importance of habitat heterogeneity (within and among patches) and the consequences of habitat use and mobility of both species for the conservation of typical coastal dune habitats are discussed. The complementary use of species-specific information to site-based management measures is advocated.     

Insights into habitat utilisation of the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766), using acoustic telemetry

Patterns of distribution, key biometric parameters and home range extent were determined for hawksbill turtles at Lighthouse Reef Atoll (LRA), Belize over two field seasons (16 days, 2009; 30 days, 2010). Relative abundance was determined using 49 sightings transects (≈ 1 km) distributed across the atoll and of all turtles encountered (n = 68), 91% were immature (CCL_min ≤ 65 cm). Habitat type was significantly correlated with abundance, with more turtles encountered on the coral reef than in the lagoon (GzLMM, χ²₂ = 6.85, p < 0.05; CPUE reef = 1.41 turtles h^− 1, CPUE lagoon = 0.62 turtles h^− 1). Hawksbills were also significantly more abundant within protected areas (GzLMM, χ²₁ = 8.69, p < 0.05; CPUE Blue Hole Natural Monument (BHNM) = 2.96 turtles person^− 1 h^− 1; CPUE Half Moon Caye Natural Monument (HMCNM) = 2.34 turtles h^− 1; outside boundaries = 0.88 turtles h^− 1). Of 26 captures, 19 focal individuals were equipped with ultrasonic transmitters for active acoustic telemetry, and tracked for 6-25 days (n = 10, 2009; n = 9, 2010). Spatial habitat utilisation was found to be highly variable, with large areas of overlap between distinct home ranges. Home range averaged 31.2 ha ± 32.6 (range 5.1-111.3 ha) for the juveniles that were successfully tracked (n = 15), with maximum displacement in the order of 1.8 km ± 1.0 (range 0.5-4.0 km) and net displacement at 1.2 km ± 0.9. This offshore atoll constitutes an important developmental habitat for the regional population and although our tracking durations were limited, home range of juvenile hawksbills at this site is significantly more expansive than that documented elsewhere.