犬瘟热和犬冠状病毒联合RT-PCR检测方法的应用

塔里木农垦大学乔军、解放军大学夏咸柱、东北农业大学何宠彬等对此课题进行了研究。他们利用犬瘟热(CDV)和犬冠状病毒(CCV)牧异性引物对同一样品中CDV和CCV的RNA模板进行联合RT—PCR扩增,并优化其扩增条件,得到两条大小与试验设计完全相符的特异性扩增带,且不扩增犬细小病毒、犬腺病毒、犬副流感病毒、轮状病毒的核酸。其敏感性试验表明：该联合PCR能检测出10^-4倍稀释的CDV模板(10^6.6TCID50／0．1mL)。对7份临床发病犬病科检测,其阳性检出率可高于电镜负染检查。这表明此法有高度敏感、特异、准确、快速等特点,适用于当前民用和军用兽医临床对CDV、CCV的检测和对犬的其他疾病的鉴别诊断。     

虎血清犬腺病毒抗体调查

犬腺病毒（Canine adenovirus,CAV）属于腺病毒科哺乳动物腺病毒属成员,分为犬腺病毒Ⅰ型（CAV-1）和犬腺病毒Ⅱ型（CAV-2）,其中CAV-1主要引起狐狸（Vulpes vulpes）脑炎和犬（Canis familiaris）传染性肝炎（殷震和刘景华,1997;胡体拉,1963）。在国内,夏咸柱等（1984）首次分离到CAV-1,随后,多个地区的不同动物中又有相继分离到该病毒的报道（钟志宏等,1990;范泉水和袁国庆,1992;夏咸柱等,1984）。CAV-2主要引起犬的喉气管炎和幼犬咳嗽,在我国的感染也比较普遍（范泉水和夏咸柱,1999）。     

犬细小病毒的PCR诊断试剂盒的研制

目的　建立检测犬细小病毒的PCR诊断试剂盒。方法　通过在犬细小病毒 (CPV)的基因组中设计的特异性寡核苷酸引物 ,利用PCR技术研制犬细小病毒的PCR诊断试剂盒。结果　在特定的反应条件下 ,使用该试剂盒能特异地扩增含有犬细小病毒的样品 ,且能检出痕量 (10ng)的犬细小病毒DNA ,被测粪样只需进行简单煮沸就能进行PCR反应 ,该试剂盒能在常温下保存 1周以上、4℃保存 1年以上。同血凝试验 (HA〕及单克隆抗体ELISA方法比较 ,对 6 6份样品进行检测 ,显示该PCR试剂盒具有特异、灵敏等优点。结论　成功研制了犬细小病毒的PCR诊断试剂盒 ,利用该试剂盒能从DNA水平上对犬细小病毒进行监控     

表达犬细小病毒VP2蛋白重组犬2型腺病毒的构建及鉴定

对CAV-2的E3区的Ssp I片段进行缺失构建了E3区缺失载体pVAXΔE3,然后将CPV VP2表达盒连接到pVAXΔE3的E3区缺失处,构建了CPV VP2表达盒的转移载体pΔECPV-VP2,用SalI NruI分别对pPoly2-CAV2和pΔECPV-VP2进行双酶切,分别进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳回收目的片段,将含CPV VP2表达盒的SalI NruI片段定向克隆入pPoly2-CAV-2载体,获得了含CPV VP2表达盒重组CAV-2基因组的质粒pCAV-2/CPV-VP2。用AscI ClaI对pCAV-2/CPV-VP2进行双酶切,释放CAV-2/CPV-VP2重组基因组,将CAV-2/CPV-VP2基因组与去除SalI NruI片段的CAV-2基因组的两个片段混合,利用脂质体介导共转染DK细胞,出现病变,获得重组病毒CAV-2/CPV。并且,从形态学、基因组水平、目的基因的转录及重组病毒的生长特征等方面进行了鉴定。结果证明,CAV-2/CPV具有典型的CAV-2形态特征,CAV-2/CPV在繁殖的过程中没有对CPV VP2表达盒片段进行缺失或重排,并且能够转录CPV VP2的mRNA。CAV-2/CPV的繁殖速度比野生型CAV-2的繁殖速度慢。     

腹泻犬中细小病毒携带情况以及VP2基因进化分析

为了解四川省部分地区腹泻犬中细小病毒的感染情况以及VP2基因的遗传变异情况。从四川省部分地区收集了50例疑似CPV感染的腹泻犬粪便,对标本采用PCR扩增VP2,并对VP2基因全序列进行测序分析。PCR检测阳性标本19份。序列分析显示,15份扩增出VP2基因全序列标本均为CPV-2a型,聚类分析显示全部序列聚类在同一分支,本次研究的四川省部分地区流行的CPV均为CPV-2a型。可推测目前四川省部分地区所常见的CPV流行株依然以CPV-2a型为主。本次试验所扩增的15份CPV阳性标本与国内外传统毒株有着极高的同源性,提示目前四川省部分地区CPV还未出现重大的变异情况。     

犬细小病毒四川流行株分离鉴定及其遗传进化分析

从犬粪便中分离到1株细小病毒,在F81细胞出现明显的CPV病变,电镜观察可见细小病毒样粒子,进一步理化性质鉴定该病毒具有细小病毒的特征,表明所分离病毒为CPV,命名为CPV-04-08-CN-6.根据特异性引物,采用PCR技术扩增出VP2全长基因,将PCR产物克隆入pMD18-T载体,进行测序分析.结果,CPV04-08-CN-6 VP2基因全长1755bp,编码584个氨基酸,与CPV参照株的VP2基因核苷酸同源性为99.69%,12个核苷酸发生错义突变,导致4个氨基酸发生变异.VP2基因的系统发生分析表明CPV-04/08/CN-6在细小病毒分类上属于CPV-2a型.     

不同型犬腺病毒纤突蛋白基因序列的比较分析

根据已发表的CAV纤突基因序列,用PCR方法,对4个CAV-2毒株和4个CAV-1毒株的纤突基因进行了扩增和测序,测定的核苷酸序列经推导得到分别编码543和542个氨基酸的CAV纤突蛋白全序列.测定的CAV2比较表明我国流行的CAV-2 SY强毒株与国外标准强毒株Toronto A26/61株柏同,其驯化致弱的毒株与驯化前相比在1134位发生碱基颠换.测定的CAV-1比较表明我国流行的CAV-1株与标准强毒RI261株差异相对较大,而国内CAV-1毒株互相之间相对差别较小.CAV-2与CAV-1纤突基因的同源性为80.48%.     

犬细小病毒中国内蒙株VP2基因克隆及序列分析

从我国内蒙古地区流行的犬细小病毒病病犬的肠溶物中分离提纯犬细小病毒(CPV).提取病毒基因组DNA,并以此DNA为模板,采用人工合成的引物进行PCR 扩增,PCR产物经BamHI、SacI双酶切后,克隆于pUC19质粒的BamHI/Sac I位点.重组质粒pUCVP2经PCR鉴定、限制酶切分析和序列分析,结果表明:获得了犬细小病毒内蒙株(CPV-IM)VP2基因的全长克隆, VP2基因全长1755nt,与国外报道的美国1株(CPV-N)、美国2株(CPV-B)和猫全白细胞减少症病毒(FPLV)的核苷酸序列同源性分别为99.32%、98.29%、98.52%,氨基酸序列同源性分别为98.87%、97.09%、97.77%.     

犬冠状病毒S糖蛋白基因重组犬2型腺病毒的构建及其免疫原性研究

首次构建了能表达犬冠状病毒纤突糖蛋白(CCVS1)的重组犬2型腺病毒(CAV-2)。用RT-PCR方法从CCVDXMV株细胞培养物中扩增出编码S糖蛋白A、B、C和D4个抗原位点的基因片段S1,将其克隆到pVAX1中,然后将含有CCVS1基因的完整表达盒(CMV-S1-PolyA)进一步定向克隆到含有CAV-2E3区的穿梭质粒pVAXE3中,构建出pVAX△E3S1。通过SalⅠ NruⅠ双酶切pVAX△E3S1回收含有目的基因的表达盒,将其克隆入含有CAV-2全基因组的骨架质粒pPoly2-CAV-2中,获得重组质粒pCAV-2-CCV-S1。ClaⅠ AscⅠ酶切pCAV-2-CCV-S1释放重组基因组,转染MDCK细胞,获得了重组病毒CAV-2-S1。该重组病毒在MDCK细胞上能产生典型的腺病毒细胞病变。通过mRNA水平和Westernblot检测,证实重组病毒能表达CCVS1蛋白。动物免疫试验表明,该重组病毒可以有效地诱导免疫犬产生抗CCV和CAV-2抗体。     

圈养小熊猫几种病毒的PCR检测

本文采用巢式PCR/ RT-PCR 方法,对我国10 个动物园中无临床症状的圈养小熊猫的71 个肛拭子和61 个唾液拭子样品,进行犬瘟热病毒(CDV)、犬细小病毒(CPV)、犬冠状病毒(CCV)、犬腺病毒(CAV)和犬疱疹病毒(CHV)的检测,以评估我国圈养小熊猫是否面临这几种病毒的威胁。对阳性PCR 结果进行测序分析,并与GenBank 上的序列进行比较。结果,在肛拭子样品中检测到3 个CPV 和6 个CCV 阳性结果,经测序后,与GenBank 上序列的同源性分别达99% 和100% 。而在唾液拭子样品中没有检测到任何阳性结果,且CDV、CAV和CCV 的检测结果均为阴性。从阳性CPV 的肛拭子样品中分离到一株细小病毒毒株,表明圈养小熊猫已受到细小病毒和犬冠状病毒的感染,今后应加强这两种病毒的预防工作。本文所采用的PCR 方法检测病毒性疾病,能检测到微量的病毒模板,可对小熊猫病毒性感染进行早期诊断。     

犬瘟热减毒疫苗对小熊猫安全性与免疫原性研究

犬瘟热病毒(canine distemper virus,CDV)是副粘病毒科麻疹病毒属成员,与麻疹病毒和牛瘟病毒亲缘关系很近,其基因组为不分节、非重叠的负链RNA,长15 960bp,由6个基因组成,编码N、P、M、F、H、L蛋白.此外,还包括由P基因编码的V和C蛋白[1].由CDV感染引起的犬瘟热,是一种急性、高度接触性传染病,主要引起犬科、鼬科和浣熊科动物的犬瘟热(CD),但是伴随生态环境的变化和犬瘟热病毒对动物流行病因素的适应,它的自然感染宿主范围在不断扩大,危害也越来越大.大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是我国特产的世界级珍稀濒危动物,由于大熊猫具有极高的科研和观赏价值,成了世界人民保护自然资源的象征.近年来有大熊猫发生CD的报道[2],研究大熊猫CD的预防是必要的.小熊猫作为浣熊科的动物,对CDV非常敏感[3].本研究通过犬瘟热减毒疫苗对小熊猫安全性与免疫原性研究,探讨小熊猫作为评价犬瘟热弱毒疫苗对大熊猫的安全性与免疫原性动物模型的可能性.     

犬瘟热病毒细胞膜受体的鉴定

犬瘟热病毒（ＣＤＶ）敏感细胞Ｖｅｒｏ用ＳＤＳ或ＲＩＰＡ溶解缓冲液溶解,利用病毒铺覆蛋白印迹技术（ＶＯＰＢＡ）鉴定犬瘟热病毒疫苗株（ＣＤＶ－ｏｎｄｅｓｔｅｐｏｏｒｔ）的细胞受体。结果发现,在Ｖｅｒｏ细胞上有两组ＣＤＶ结合蛋白质,即高分子量组蛋白质（１２７ｋＤ、１２０ｋＤ、１１０ｋＤ）与低分子量组蛋白质（２７ｋＤ和３０ｋＤ）。这些ＣＤＶ结合蛋白组分的性质及在ＣＤＶ致病中的作用有等进一步研究。     

The morbillivirus receptor SLAM (CD150)

Morbilliviruses are highly contagious pathogens that cause some of the most devastating viral diseases of humans and animals, including measles virus (MV), canine distemper virus (CDV), and rinderpest virus (RPV). They replicate mainly in lymphoid organs throughout the body and cause severe immunosuppression accompanied with lymphopenia. We have recently shown that human, canine, and bovine signaling lymphocyte activation molecules (SLAMs; also known as CD150) act as cellular receptors for MV, CDV, and RPV, respectively. In these three morbilliviruses, all strains examined were shown to use SLAMs of their respective host species, and laboratory strains passaged on SLAM-negative cells were found to use, besides SLAM, alternative receptors, such as human CD46 for the Edmonston strain of MV. The use of SLAM as a receptor may be a property common to most, if not all, of the members of morbilliviruses. Human SLAM is a membrane glycoprotein selectively expressed on the cells of the immune system (immature thymocytes, activated lymphocytes, activated monocytes, and mature dendritic cells) and seems to mediate lymphocyte activation and to control interferon-gamma production. The destruction and/or impairment of infected SLAM-positive cells may be a mechanism for the immunosuppression induced by morbilliviruses, but other mechanisms may be also involved.     

Basement membrane and interstitial proteoglycans produced by MDCK cells correspond to those expressed in the kidney cortex

Multiple proteoglycans (PGs) are present in all basement membranes (BM) and may contribute to their structure and function, but their effects on cell behavior are not well understood. Their postulated functions include: a structural role in maintaining tissue histoarchitecture, or aid in selective filtration processes; sequestration of growth factors; and regulation of cellular differentiation. Furthermore, expression PGs has been found to vary in several disease states. In order to elucidate the role of PGs in the BM, a well-characterized model of polarized epithelium, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells has been utilized. Proteoglycans were prepared from conditioned medium by DEAE anion exchange chromatography. The eluted PGs were treated with heparitinase or chondroitinase ABC (cABC), separately or combined, followed by SDS-PAGE. Western blot analysis, using antibodies specific for various PG core proteins or CS stubs generated by cABC treatment, revealed that both basement membrane and interstitial PGs are secreted by MDCK cells. HSPGs expressed by MDCK cells are perlecan, agrin, and collagen XVIII. Various CSPG core proteins are made by MDCK cells and have been identified as biglycan, bamacan, and versican (PG-M). These PGs are also associated with mammalian kidney tubules in vivo.     

Interaction of the EGFR signaling pathway with porcine cumulus oocyte complexes and oviduct cells in a coculture system

It has become increasingly recognized that coculture has a beneficial effect on the in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes and embryo development in many species. However, these effects of coculture on IVM have been documented only for their positive conditioning roles without any evidence on the precise mechanisms underlying the action of coculture systems on the development of cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs). It has been suggested that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is important for development of COCs, mediated by several epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like proteins with downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/3 signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that canine oviduct cells (OCs) in a coculture system, which shows improvement of oocyte quality in several species, are associated with EGFR signaling by exposure to progesterone (P4; imitating its production before ovulation and its continuous increase while oocytes reside in the oviduct to complete maturation in dogs). We designed three experimental groups: control, OCs coculture exposed to P4, and OCs coculture without exposure to P4. The result showed that the OCs coculture exposed to P4 strongly expressed EGF-like proteins and significantly improved COCs and subsequent embryo development. Furthermore, the expression of EGFR-related genes in cumulus cells and GDF9 and BMP15 in oocytes was upregulated in the P4-treated group. This study provides the first evidence that OCs exposed to P4 can induce strong expression of EGF-like proteins, and OCs effectively mediate improved porcine COCs development and subsequent embryo development by altering EGFR signaling related mRNA expression.     

Investigation of the role of opsin gene polymorphism in generalized progressive retinal atrophies in dogs

The generalized progressive retinal atrophies (gPRAs) form a group of retinal degenerations of pedigree dogs and cats, which have a variety of genetic origins (mostly unknown). We have examined the opsin gene for polymorphisms in several breeds of pedigree dog suffering from distinct forms of gPRA, by methods including single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, microsatellite analysis and direct sequencing. The breeds examined included the Tibetan terrier, the miniature schnauzer, the Irish setter, the miniature poodle, the Labrador retriever and the English cocker spaniel, as well as individuals from breeds in which PRA has not been described and of mixed breed. Individuals from each of the named breeds suffering from PRA were compared with clinically normal dogs. Two polymorphisms were found. One, segregating within the Tibetan terrier population, but not seen in other breeds, was a synonymous transition at nucleotide position 780 in exon 3. Inheritance of this polymorphism suggests that opsin is unlikely to contain mutations causative of gPRA in this breed. The other polymorphism occurred between all miniature schnauzers examined and dogs of other breeds. It consisted of a single base insertion in intron 2. No polymorphisms in the opsin sequence were detected in any other breed. DNA sequencing allowed rigorous exclusion of mutations in opsin as a cause of gPRA in miniature poodles, English cocker spaniels or Labrador retrievers.     

Five new linkage groups in the canine linkage map

Nineteen further polymorphic loci were typed on the DogMap reference panel. Five new linkage groups were identified. Additionally, five markers were added to earlier defined linkage groups. Three of the new linkage groups contain markers mapped earlier to specific dog chromosomes by physical mapping. These results make a further contribution to the canine genome map and provides more linkage groups physically assigned to known chromosomes.