虫草蝠蛾羽化、交配和产卵的观察

通过野外和室内的观察,虫草蝠蛾成虫主要集中在月均气温6.2—8.3℃、空气相对湿度90%左右时羽化;羽化后即进行交配,交配过程中雄蛾倒悬于雌蛾体下,交配时间10—150分钟,95%以上约25分钟;雌蛾产卵2—6次,产2—3次后可产出全部卵的80%以上;雌蛾每只产卵18—890余粒;雌蛾平均寿命118小时,雄蛾平均寿命75小时;成虫交配时间的早迟随海拔高度的不同而有差异,雌雄性比率接近1:1,成虫个体生存期2—8天,群体生存期28天左右。     

深点食螨瓢虫交配及产卵习性研究

深点食螨瓢虫Stethorus punctillum Weise是叶螨的捕食性天敌,本研究以二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch为猎物,进行了深点食螨瓢虫交配及产卵习性的研究。结果表明:深点食螨瓢虫交配前期为2.64±0.19 d,产卵前期为5.27±0.28 d;交配高峰期为每天的8∶00-12∶00,产卵高峰期为成虫羽化后的第6-16天;产卵期为21-27 d,单雌产卵量为55-135粒。室内连代繁育4代,其中F_3代的产卵量显著低于F代。本研究明确了深点食螨瓢虫的交配、产卵的规律,讨论了F_3代产卵量下降的原因,为其人工繁育提供了科学依据。     

三峡河谷地区柑橘大实蝇羽化、交配及产卵习性

对柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera(Tetracus) minax(Enderlein)的羽化、交配与产卵习性进行初步观察。结果表明,柑橘大实蝇的出土始期为每年的5月8日~5月14日,高峰为5月12日~5月18日,末期为5月30日~6月4日,近几年出土时间有所提前。在早熟蜜柑上主要产卵于果腰部,深度约为4.5mm;在中晚熟蜜柑上主要产卵于果蒂部,深度约为4.1mm;在脐橙上主要产卵于果脐部,深度约为9.7mm;在柚上主要产卵于果蒂和果腰部,深度约为13.0mm。观察结果也与以往记载有所不同。     

光周期对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响

为探明光周期对毛健夜蛾Brithys crini(Fabricius)交配和产卵的影响,在实验条件下观察了5个光周期(L14∶D10、L16∶D8、L18∶D6、L20∶D4和L22∶D2)下成虫交配及产卵行为。结果表明:(1)光周期为L14∶D10、L16∶D8、L18∶D6、L20∶D4和L22∶D2时,毛健夜蛾成虫总交配率(分别为26.09%、31.25%、17.93%、26.32%和11.76%)或暗期的交配率(分别为100.00%、83.33%、100%、75.00%和100%)均有显著性差异;毛健夜蛾成虫交配起始时间(分别为21:00、22:00、0:00、3:00和5:00)和交配高峰(分别为21:00—22:00、1:00—2:00、3:00—5:00、4:00—5:00和5:00—6:00)随断光时间的延迟而推后。(2)各光周期下已交配的单雌产卵量(分别为441.33、453.80、414.00、120.80和145.50粒)或未交配的单雌产卵量(分别为115.35、77.09、90.21、17.79和12.07粒)亦有显著性差异;光周期为L14∶D10、L16∶D8和L18∶D6下,产卵高峰均在1:00—4:00之间,光周期为L20∶D4时,产卵高峰在4:00—5:00之间,而光周期为L22∶D2时,产卵高峰则出现在光期开始的1 h内(即6:00—7:00)。这些研究结果初步揭示了不同光周期对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵行为影响不同。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性小菜蛾的产卵行为和交配节律观察

【目的】为了明确氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)的交配节律、产卵节律和产卵部位偏好是否发生变化,以及这些行为变化是否有利于小菜蛾抗药性的形成。【方法】采用室内观察的方法,比较了小菜蛾氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性品系与室内品系在产卵行为和交配节律上的差异。【结果】(1)抗性品系在甘蓝植株上产卵时偏好选择中下部叶片,L1-L5叶上卵量占总卵量的比例,抗性品系显著高于室内品系;抗性品系在叶背面产卵的比例也高于室内品系,但差异不显著;而在心叶、叶柄和茎干部位3个品系间的产卵比例基本相当;(2)3个品系交配比例最高的时间段均在0:00—6:00,但交配比率第二高的时间段3个品系间存在差异,室内品系(29.40%)和中抗品系(25.91%)出现在18:00—24:00,而高抗品系(28.67%)出现在12:00—18:00;(3)室内品系、中抗品系和高抗品系白天产卵量占总产卵量的比例分别为39.49%、37.57%和42.67%,高抗品系白天产卵比例明显增加。但3个品系在4个时间段产卵从多到少规律一致,依次是0:00—6:00,12:00—18:00,18:00—24:00,6:00—12:00。【结论】抗性品系在甘蓝植株上产卵时,选择的部位更靠近植株的中下部,趋向于叶片背部。抗性品系和室内品系的交配节律也存在一定的差异,交配高峰期有一定程度的错开。氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性品系的这些行为变化有利于抗性基因的纵向传递,但是否影响抗性形成的速度需要进一步研究。     

三叶虫萤的交配与产卵行为

【目的】研究三叶虫萤Emeia pseudosauteri成虫的交配与产卵行为,丰富三叶虫萤的生物学研究,推动三叶虫萤的人工繁育。【方法】采用室内试验与野外观察相结合、仪器拍摄和人工观察相结合的方法研究三叶虫萤的交配与产卵行为。【结果】本文先描述了三叶虫萤成虫交配前雄雄相遇、雌雌相遇、雌雄相遇分别会发生的情况,然后较为详细地描述了交配的过程。交配姿势有上下体位(或称"∠"型)和尾对尾体位(或称"—"型),后者由前者转换而来。雌雄成虫可以多次交配,雄虫有交配干扰和假交配现象。成虫24 h内均有交配现象,交配高峰出现在20:00-22:00(交配率20.8%)和12:00-14:00(交配率15.1%)。雌虫多数喜将卵产在潮湿的苔藓上,卵常聚集成一丛或成簇排列。雌虫可多次产卵,但初次产卵数量最多(高达67.82%),随后产卵量则随产卵次数增加而减少。雌雄虫多次交配后单只雌虫的第一次产卵量[(45±5)粒]多于单次交配后单只雌虫第一次产卵量[(20±4)粒]。雌虫的产卵次数和产卵量与其体重相关,体重越重则其产卵次数和产卵量越多。【结论】三叶虫萤的交配产卵行为与以往报道的萤火虫交配产卵行为很多相似之处,但也有一些特殊行为或规律。     

棉花型和瓜型棉蚜产生有性世代能力的分化

为了明确寄主专化性是否会影响棉蚜的繁殖策略或生活史对策,采用低温和短光照组合（18℃,L∶D=8∶16）分别对棉花型和瓜型棉蚜进行有性世代的诱导,比较两寄主专化型棉蚜产生有翅蚜、雄性母、雌性母及无翅孤雌蚜的能力。结果表明：两寄主专化型棉蚜在产生有性世代能力上存在显著差异,表现为棉花型棉蚜在诱导后代中产生有翅蚜、雄性母和雌性母的比率显著高于瓜型棉蚜,并且雌、雄性母产生的时间明显早于瓜型棉蚜。瓜型棉蚜在诱导条件下产生无翅孤雌蚜的比率显著高于棉花型棉蚜,并且发现有不产生有性世代的营专性孤雌生殖个体,而在棉花型棉蚜中没有发现。产生性母蚜的棉花型和瓜型棉蚜均可同时产生孤雌胎生后代。寄主型与诱导时间长短对棉蚜有性世代的产生存在交互作用。采集于田间棉花和黄瓜上的棉蚜,也表现为棉花上的易产生有性世代,在诱导的第2代中产生性母蚜的比率显著高于黄瓜上的棉蚜,并且性母蚜比率在诱导的第2代与第3代间无显著差异; 但黄瓜上的棉蚜性母蚜产生比率第3代显著高于第2代。由此推测,棉蚜寄主专化性的形成与生活史特性的分化有关。     

栗山天牛成虫取食、交配和产卵行为

通过室内配对饲养和野外观察,本文研究了栗山天牛成虫的取食、交配和产卵行为。结果表明:栗山天牛成虫吸食从栎树树皮受伤处溢出的汁液补充营养。栗山天牛雄成虫比雌成虫更具攻击性,在取食和交配中的雄成虫易发生争斗,交配中的雄成虫攻击性最强。其攻击方式主要是用上颚咬住对手的触角或者足进行拖拽。70%的栗山天牛雄成虫争斗是为了争夺配偶,其次是为了争夺食物资源。栗山天牛成虫完成一次完整的交配经过4个阶段,即:识别、追逐-攀附、抚慰-插入输精-交尾间歇、配后保护。整个交配过程最长可达2 h。试探性插入、插入输精和输精后保护是整个交配过程的重点,持续时间长短不一。雄成虫输入精子的次数与交配持续的时间成正比。雄成虫每次插入输精持续的时间与次数成反比,每次输精间歇时间与次数成正比。雄成虫输入精子之后会再次插入保护,平均持续约1 min。栗山天牛雌成虫产卵于寄主树皮裂缝中。以上研究为了解栗山天牛成虫的行为及其防治提供参考。     

Relationship between rocking behaviour and copulation termination in Lygaeus equestris

ABSTRACT. During copulation (end-to-end position) females of Lygaeus equestris L. (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae) show a sideways, stereotyped movement called 'rocking', the function of which has been unclear. Since copulation interferes with other behaviours, females exposed to excess copulation have a lowered fitness, and would benefit from being able to influence the termination of copulation. It is here argued that they do so by rocking. First, it is shown that the variance of in copula duration was lower in rocking than non-rocking pairs, presumably because long copulations are avoided. Second, the frequency of rocking individuals and the intensity of the behaviour are higher in gravid than in non-gravid females. Third, defecation is hindered by copulation, which could be one reason for young, not yet reproductive females wanting to terminate copulation. Last, rocking individuals defecate sooner and lay eggs sooner than non-rocking ones. The mechanism by which rocking might effect termination of copulation is discussed.     

Mating behavior,egg laying,and embryonic development in the South American apple snail Asolene pulchella (Ampullariidae,Caenogastropoda)

Asolene pulchella is a dioecious freshwater snail from the La Plata basin, belonging to the Ampullariidae family. Our aim was to study the reproductive biology, including mating behavior, egg laying, and embryonic development under laboratory conditions. Copulations occurred underwater and lasted 2.66?h on average. The males produce fusiform paraspermatic cells (with seven to nine flagella) in addition to euspermatic cells with a corkscrew head, straight middle piece and long flagellum. Females stored sperm for up to 169?days. The egg masses (containing 98.1 eggs on average) are deposited underwater and are composed of many gelatinous packs of 1–4 eggs; the jelly matrix presented numerous calcite microcrystals. The spheroidal egg capsules measured 2.25?mm and contained a yellowish perivitellus of rubbery consistence. The embryonic development extends for 10.8?days on average. Hatchlings measured 1.4?mm and remained on the egg mass, feeding on the jelly. They resemble miniature adults but only began to feed on senescent plant material in their third week of age and begin aerial lung respiration after 8–10?weeks. The details of the structure of the egg masses and development constitute a rich source of traits for comparative and taxonomic studies in the Ampullariidae.     

Sexual coercion does not exclude luring behavior in the climbing camel-spider <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oltacola chacoensis</Emphasis> (Arachnida,Solifugae, Ammotrechidae)

Sexual coercion in the form of forced copulation has been used as a typical example to illustrate the conflict of interests between females and males. Among arthropods, forced copulation has been reported for some groups of insects and crustaceans, but not for arachnids. In the present work, we analyse and describe the behavioral patterns of mating behavior of the climbing camel-spider, Oltacola chacoensis, relating it to relevant morphological features, In this species, the male forcefully clasps the female’s genital region with his chelicerae and locks her fourth pair of legs with his pedipalps. In some cases, the cuticle of the female’s abdomen was damaged by this cheliceral clasping. In contrast to other camel-spiders, the female O. chacoensis never remained motionless during mating, but continuously shook her body, opening her chelicerae notably towards the male. Despite this coercive context, males performed copulatory courtship (tapping with pedipalps) and females showed an apparent cooperative behavior (they remained still during a short period of the sperm transfer phase). These results strengthen the idea that sexual coercion (in the form of forced copulation) and luring behavior (in the form of copulatory courtship) are not two mutually-exclusive male’s strategies during a single copulation.     

The oviposition behavior ofAphidius ervi andMonoctonus paulensis (Hymenoptera: Aphididae) encountering different host species (Homoptera: Aphididae) in sequential patches

Two-day-old mated females ofAphidius ervi Haliday andMonoctonus paulensis (Ashmead) were each provided with two sequential host patches. Patches were comprised of plastic petri dishes containing either 15 pea aphids,Acyrthosiphum pisum (Harris), or 15 alfalfa aphids,Macrosiphum creelii Davis. Both wasp species parasitized more hosts in patches containing pea aphids than in those containing alfalfa aphids, regardless of sequence. Females ofA. ervi also laid more eggs per aphid in patches containing pea aphids than in patches containing alfalfa aphids. When both patches contained alfalfa aphids,M. paulensis females parsitized more aphids in the second patch than in the first. Fewer alfalfa aphids were parasitized in the second patch when the first patch contained pea aphids, and fewer eggs were laid per alfalfa aphid. Parasitoid females of both species exhibited consistently higher rates of oviposition into their preferred host species and adjusted their reproductive allocation to hosts and host patches as a function of their experience in previous patches.     

区域性农田景观格局对棉蚜种群数量的生态学效应

农田景观格局的变化显著影响害虫的发生和危害,不同景观格局会对害虫的种群数量产生不同程度的影响,因而明确农田景观格局对害虫的生态学效应是控制害虫的重要前提之一。以山东省的棉花种植区为研究区域,选取14个典型的尽量临近不同土地覆盖类型的棉花生产县,通过卫星遥感影像和土地覆盖分类数据综合分析获得取样县/区的景观因子指数,并系统调查对应县/区的棉蚜种群数量。省级范围的大空间尺度下分析景观组成、景观构成和景观结构等多因子分别与棉田中苗蚜和伏蚜种群的相关性。研究结果表明棉蚜的种群数量与景观格局有密切的关系,且棉蚜发生的两个时期苗蚜和伏蚜对景观因子的响应特征并不完全一致。苗蚜的种群数量与景观总面积、耕地的分形指数、县域范围的蔓延度和县域范围的回旋半径等呈显著正相关,与Simpson多样性指标呈显著负相关;伏蚜的种群数量与斑块丰富密度、居住工业交通的蔓延度等呈显著正相关。总之,苗蚜和伏蚜对景观的蔓延度(形)响应基本上是一致的,景观的破碎化程度越小,伏蚜和苗蚜发生越重。而苗蚜和伏蚜对景观多样性(质)的响应不一致,景观多样性高的农田景观不利于苗蚜的发生,对伏蚜的影响不显著;而丰富度密度有助于伏蚜的发生,却对苗蚜没有显著影响。这一结果显示了农业害虫的不同发生时期对农田景观格局响应的复杂性。     

对害虫具自然控制能力的益害比指标模型研究

在害虫测报和防治工作中,经常要考虑天敌与害虫数量的比例问题,以决定是否需对害虫进行防治或决定相应的防治措施。如果采取防治措施过早,不能充分发挥天敌的自然控制作用,则会浪费人力物力;如采用化防还会加     

转Bt基因棉对棉大卷叶螟种群动态的影响

2年的研究发现,棉大卷叶螟SyleptaderogataFabricius的种群数量在不同棉花品种田均呈现上升趋势,但转基因抗虫棉“国抗2 2”的为害程度及百株虫量均小于亲本对照棉“泗棉3号”,其差异达显著或极显著水平;该虫的室内饲养结果表明,2个棉花品种均有利于棉大卷叶螟的增殖,但“国抗2 2”对棉大卷叶螟的抗性明显优于“泗棉3号”,且对棉大卷叶螟成虫存在一定的产卵排斥效应。